Chapter 13Chapter 13

Part 1Part 1

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Renaissance means Renaissance means rebirthrebirth

Began in Italy 13Began in Italy 13thth Century Century Spread north (like the plague)Spread north (like the plague) In England by the 16In England by the 16thth Century Century Called the Elizabethan Age thereCalled the Elizabethan Age there

Characterized byCharacterized by

Changes in the Arts Changes in the Arts Voyages of DiscoveryVoyages of Discovery Interested in learning “new” old ideas: Interested in learning “new” old ideas:

Greek and Roman Greek and Roman Classical HeritageClassical Heritage HumanismHumanism: The study of Ancient : The study of Ancient

ManuscriptsManuscripts 1453 The Fall of Constantinople = new 1453 The Fall of Constantinople = new

ideas to the Westideas to the West New Inventions: Printing Press & in New Inventions: Printing Press & in

NavigationNavigation The ReformationThe Reformation

HumanismHumanism In Italy: What can the ancient texts In Italy: What can the ancient texts

teach us about Human Nature so that we teach us about Human Nature so that we might reach our might reach our individualindividual potential and potential and achievement?achievement? = More secular in Italy= More secular in Italy

In the North: In the North: Christian HumanismChristian Humanism: we : we can use these new insights into human can use these new insights into human nature and blend them with Christian nature and blend them with Christian principles to create a better principles to create a better societysociety for for all of us all of us = More Christian (religious) in the North= More Christian (religious) in the North

Ideas spread more Ideas spread more rapidlyrapidly

The Printing Press/ movable type The Printing Press/ movable type (1454)(1454)

Increased trade due to better Increased trade due to better navigation and technologynavigation and technology

New National LanguagesNew National Languages

RenaissanceRenaissance

Had an impact on the Upper Class onlyHad an impact on the Upper Class only Only 2% of the population!Only 2% of the population!

UrbanUrban Not RuralNot RuralStressed the IndividualStressed the Individual Not the Not the

Common GoodCommon Good

SecularSecular Not ReligiousNot Religious

Jacob BurckhardtJacob Burckhardt

1919thth Century Historian Century Historian Saw a distinct contrast between the Saw a distinct contrast between the

Renaissance and the Middle AgesRenaissance and the Middle Ages

BUT OTHERS: saw the changes begin BUT OTHERS: saw the changes begin in the later Middle Ages: More trade, in the later Middle Ages: More trade, rise of the Middle Class, rise of Nation rise of the Middle Class, rise of Nation States, calls for Church Reform, Upper States, calls for Church Reform, Upper Middle Class educationMiddle Class education

Why Italy first?Why Italy first?

Surrounded by (Roman) classical ruinsSurrounded by (Roman) classical ruins Great commercial revival due to Great commercial revival due to

increased trade (due to new sails, increased trade (due to new sails, ships, technology and gaining the ships, technology and gaining the Straits of Gibraltar and footholds in the Straits of Gibraltar and footholds in the Mediterranean)Mediterranean)

Big increase in ship buildingBig increase in ship building Italy a crossroads between the East Italy a crossroads between the East

and the Westand the West

Increase in Wealth in Increase in Wealth in ItalyItaly

More wealth to urban areas (due to trade)More wealth to urban areas (due to trade) Impoverished nobility married into wealthy Impoverished nobility married into wealthy

merchant classes = New merchant classes = New Urban NobilityUrban Nobility

Rulers of city-states were…Rulers of city-states were… SignoriSignori (Despots) (Despots) Or Or OligarchiesOligarchies (merchant aristocrats) (merchant aristocrats) Most CLAIMED to be fairly democratic BUT Most CLAIMED to be fairly democratic BUT

ruled as monarchs..crushed urban revolts, ruled as monarchs..crushed urban revolts, killed enemies, taxedkilled enemies, taxed

Commenda: Commenda:

Contract between Italian Merchants Contract between Italian Merchants and Merchant Adventurersand Merchant Adventurers

Merchant-adventurer acquired goods Merchant-adventurer acquired goods directly from the source and delivered directly from the source and delivered to merchantsto merchants

Great risks but great profitGreat risks but great profit 1/3 of the profits to the merchant-1/3 of the profits to the merchant-

adventureradventurer

First Renaissance art in First Renaissance art in FlorenceFlorence

By the end of the 13By the end of the 13thth Century Century Art was one way to flaunt one’s Art was one way to flaunt one’s

wealthwealth

BankingBanking

Florentine merchant-Banker families Florentine merchant-Banker families collected taxes for the papacy (usury collected taxes for the papacy (usury no longer an issue)no longer an issue)

Soon had offices in cities all over Soon had offices in cities all over EuropeEurope

Dominated European bankingDominated European banking

The Medici FamilyThe Medici Family Important Banking FamilyImportant Banking Family Controlled Florence from behind the scenesControlled Florence from behind the scenes Controlled politics AND the artsControlled politics AND the arts One of the first families to patronize the One of the first families to patronize the

ArtsArts Donatello’s Donatello’s DavidDavid was commissioned for the was commissioned for the

wedding of Lorenzo the Magnificentwedding of Lorenzo the Magnificent Florence economy strong and stableFlorence economy strong and stable Took many hits: Plague, repudiation of Took many hits: Plague, repudiation of

debtsdebts

Italian City-States 1494Italian City-States 1494

Italian City StatesItalian City States

Began as communes with much Began as communes with much guild involvementguild involvement

Free men who were sworn to work Free men who were sworn to work for complete economic and political for complete economic and political independence from feudal lordsindependence from feudal lords

By 12By 12thth Century communes in Milan, Century communes in Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena and Pisa Florence, Genoa, Siena and Pisa fought for and won independence fought for and won independence from feudal lordsfrom feudal lords

Merchant Guilds were the Merchant Guilds were the basis of communesbasis of communes

Built city wallsBuilt city walls Regulated tradeRegulated trade Levied taxesLevied taxes Kept orderKept order

The displaced feudal The displaced feudal lordslords

Settled in the cities and became Settled in the cities and became partners of the new commercial partners of the new commercial aristocratsaristocrats

Many business deals were sealed with a Many business deals were sealed with a marriagemarriage

Northern Feudal nobility + Commercial Northern Feudal nobility + Commercial Aristocracy = New Urban NobilityAristocracy = New Urban Nobility

Formed tightly-knit alliances to defend Formed tightly-knit alliances to defend and protect their rights and privileges and protect their rights and privileges

Citizenship limited to Citizenship limited to very few:very few:

Property ownersProperty owners Social connectionsSocial connections Years of residence in citiesYears of residence in cities

POPOLOSPOPOLOS: the vast majority of the : the vast majority of the population who were population who were disenfranchised and overtaxeddisenfranchised and overtaxed

PopolosPopolos

Claimed to want a more Claimed to want a more representative form of governmentrepresentative form of government

After much violence, Popolos took After much violence, Popolos took power in Bologna, Siena, Parma, power in Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, Genoa and moreFlorence, Genoa and more

BUT New governments did not last BUT New governments did not last because:because: Popolos excluded othersPopolos excluded others Popolos could not keep orderPopolos could not keep order

Some City-States had Some City-States had Constitutions or ChartersConstitutions or Charters

Mainly for showMainly for show Real power at the princely courts of Real power at the princely courts of

the City-Statesthe City-States Signori and Oligarchies ruled as Signori and Oligarchies ruled as

monarchsmonarchs

Much flaunting or wealth at the courtsMuch flaunting or wealth at the courts Patronized the ArtsPatronized the Arts

Italians were:Italians were:

Intensely loyal to their city-statesIntensely loyal to their city-states Fiercely competitive with one anotherFiercely competitive with one another The idea of The idea of BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER was was

importantimportant Weak city-states would make alliances Weak city-states would make alliances

with each other to prevent domination with each other to prevent domination of the peninsula by a single stateof the peninsula by a single state

Constant shifting of alliances to keep Constant shifting of alliances to keep all in checkall in check

1454 Peace Treaty of 1454 Peace Treaty of LodiLodi

1450 Milan’s Francesco 1450 Milan’s Francesco SforzaSforza acquired the title: Duke of Milanacquired the title: Duke of Milan

Venice (and Papal States) made war on Venice (and Papal States) made war on Milan in protestMilan in protest

Cosimo de Cosimo de MediciMedici (Florence) ended his (Florence) ended his alliance with Venice and joined Milan alliance with Venice and joined Milan and Naples against Venice and Papal and Naples against Venice and Papal StatesStates

Treaty at LodiTreaty at Lodi = Venice recognized = Venice recognized Sforza’s title in exchange for territorySforza’s title in exchange for territory

LaterLater

European Nations in the North will European Nations in the North will adopt the Balance of Power idea for adopt the Balance of Power idea for the same purpose: to prevent the the same purpose: to prevent the domination of Europe by any single domination of Europe by any single powerpower

Balance of Power in ItalyBalance of Power in Italy

The Italians’ failure to unify will The Italians’ failure to unify will make them vulnerable to invading make them vulnerable to invading armies of the French and Spanish in armies of the French and Spanish in the late 15the late 15thth and early 16 and early 16thth centuries centuries

Italian city-states created the Italian city-states created the concept of the Resident Ambassador concept of the Resident Ambassador used in modern diplomacyused in modern diplomacy

The major city-statesThe major city-states

FlorenceFlorencedominated by the Medici dominated by the Medici FamilyFamily

MilanMilan after 1450, dominated by the after 1450, dominated by the Sforza familySforza family

Rome and the Papal StatesRome and the Papal States: the Popes : the Popes were the religious and political were the religious and political leadersleaders

VeniceVenice NaplesNaples

The Italian City-StatesThe Italian City-States

The major city-states controlled the The major city-states controlled the smaller onessmaller ones

Florence, for instance, controlled GenoaFlorence, for instance, controlled Genoa All ruled as monarchs, crushed revolts, All ruled as monarchs, crushed revolts,

raised taxesraised taxes All had mercenary armies led by All had mercenary armies led by

Condottieri:Condottieri: who were mercenary who were mercenary generals of private armies hired by the generals of private armies hired by the city-statescity-states

The Republic of FlorenceThe Republic of Florence

Cosimo de MediciCosimo de Medici (1389-1464) allied his (1389-1464) allied his family with other powerful families of family with other powerful families of FlorenceFlorence

Banking familyBanking family Medicis never held political office but Medicis never held political office but

ruled from behind the scenes.ruled from behind the scenes. Those who DID hold political office Those who DID hold political office

probably owed the Medici banks $ so probably owed the Medici banks $ so they were controlled by the Medici familythey were controlled by the Medici family

FlorenceFlorence

Lorenzo the Magnificent (son of Cosimo) Lorenzo the Magnificent (son of Cosimo) (1449-1492) a great patron the arts(1449-1492) a great patron the arts

Went through much of the family fortuneWent through much of the family fortune Donatello’s Donatello’s DavidDavid was commissioned for was commissioned for

his weddinghis wedding Pedro (Piero) ruled on the death of his Pedro (Piero) ruled on the death of his

father, Lorenzofather, Lorenzo

MilanMilan

Ruled by Sforza family after 1450Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 Traditional enemy of Venice and Traditional enemy of Venice and

Florence until the Peace of Lodi Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454)(1454)

The treaty brought 40 years of peace The treaty brought 40 years of peace between the Italian city-statesbetween the Italian city-states

Rome and the Papal Rome and the Papal StatesStates

Included much of central Italian Included much of central Italian PeninsulaPeninsula

Popes were political and spiritual leadersPopes were political and spiritual leaders All Renaissance Popes were patrons of All Renaissance Popes were patrons of

the Artsthe Arts

Alexander VI (Spanish…Borgia)Alexander VI (Spanish…Borgia)

Julius II (the Warrior Pope)Julius II (the Warrior Pope)

Leo XLeo X

othersothers

VeniceVenice

One of the world’s greatest naval and One of the world’s greatest naval and trading powers of the 14trading powers of the 14thth and 15 and 15thth centuriescenturies

Longest-lasting of the Italian city-statesLongest-lasting of the Italian city-states

Was not ruled by a foreign power until Was not ruled by a foreign power until Napoleon’s armies at the turn of the Napoleon’s armies at the turn of the 1919thth century century

Naples (Kingdom of the Naples (Kingdom of the Two SiciliesTwo Sicilies

Southern portion of the Italian Southern portion of the Italian Peninsula and SicilyPeninsula and Sicily

Only city-state to have an official Only city-state to have an official kingking

1266-1435 controlled by the French1266-1435 controlled by the French After 1435 controlled by SpainAfter 1435 controlled by Spain

The Invasion and Downfall The Invasion and Downfall of the City-Statesof the City-States

Late 15Late 15thth Century: Florence and Naples Century: Florence and Naples allied to take territory from Milanallied to take territory from Milan

Ludovico the Moor (Milan’s leader) Ludovico the Moor (Milan’s leader) asked for help from FRANCEasked for help from FRANCE

French armies (Charles VIII) swept French armies (Charles VIII) swept through the peninsula with little through the peninsula with little opposition in 1494opposition in 1494

Invasion continuedInvasion continued

Pedro de Medici (Florence) went to the Pedro de Medici (Florence) went to the French camp to ask for peace termsFrench camp to ask for peace terms

When the Florentines found out, they When the Florentines found out, they expelled Pedro…all Medicies were expelled Pedro…all Medicies were overthrownoverthrown

Medicies will return to power later but Medicies will return to power later but will be severely weakenedwill be severely weakened

Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola

Became the official leader of Florence Became the official leader of Florence in the absence of the Medici Family in the absence of the Medici Family 1494-14981494-1498

A Dominican friar who established a A Dominican friar who established a theocracy in Florencetheocracy in Florence

Pledged to rid Florence of decadence Pledged to rid Florence of decadence and corruptionand corruption

Had predicted French invasion and Had predicted French invasion and blamed it on moral decay of Florenceblamed it on moral decay of Florence

SavonarolaSavonarola

Became a puppet of the FrenchBecame a puppet of the French Had the Florentines burning their Had the Florentines burning their

valuables, books in bonfiresvaluables, books in bonfires

Was overthrown and burned at the Was overthrown and burned at the stake by the Florentines when French stake by the Florentines when French were ousted in 1498were ousted in 1498

Pope Julius II (the Warrior Pope) was Pope Julius II (the Warrior Pope) was instrumental in ousting the Frenchinstrumental in ousting the French

The Hapsburg-Valois The Hapsburg-Valois WarsWars

A series of wars between the French A series of wars between the French Valois family and the Spanish and Valois family and the Spanish and HRE HapsburgsHRE Hapsburgs

First phase in Italy (1519-1527)First phase in Italy (1519-1527) Will be fought in Germany (HRE) Will be fought in Germany (HRE)

later (1527-1555)later (1527-1555)

Background to the Background to the Hapsburg-Valois WarsHapsburg-Valois Wars

1508 French king, 1508 French king, Louis XIILouis XII (cousin (cousin and heir of Charles VIII) formed the and heir of Charles VIII) formed the League of Cambrai League of Cambrai with with

Pope Leo XPope Leo X and and German HRE German HRE Maximillion IMaximillion I

Purpose: Purpose: to strip Venice of its to strip Venice of its mainland possessionsmainland possessions

BUT THEN…BUT THEN…

Pope Leo X had second thoughtsPope Leo X had second thoughts Was worried that once the French Was worried that once the French

entered Italy, they would not leaveentered Italy, they would not leave SO…Pope invited the Spanish SO…Pope invited the Spanish

Hapsburgs into Italy to oust the Hapsburgs into Italy to oust the French!French!

And Then…And Then…

Maximillion I (HRE) died suddenlyMaximillion I (HRE) died suddenly Maximillion’s grandson and heir Maximillion’s grandson and heir

Charles V (who was already the King Charles V (who was already the King of Spain) inherited the HRE!of Spain) inherited the HRE!

So…Italy became a battleground So…Italy became a battleground between the French Valois and the between the French Valois and the Spanish HapsburgsSpanish Hapsburgs

Ancestors of Charles VAncestors of Charles V

Maximilian I (HRE)Maximilian I (HRE) Ferdinand of Ferdinand of Aragon (Sp)Aragon (Sp)

&& && Mary of BurgundyMary of Burgundy Isabella of CastileIsabella of Castile

(Sp)(Sp) \\ //

\\ / / Philip of Burgundy m Joanna of CastilePhilip of Burgundy m Joanna of Castile

== Charles I of Spain Charles I of Spain

(Charles V of HRE)(Charles V of HRE)

Now Spanish and HRE are Hapsburg! France is Now Spanish and HRE are Hapsburg! France is surrounded! surrounded!

The War in ItalyThe War in Italy Ended with the Sack of Rome in 1527 by Ended with the Sack of Rome in 1527 by

Charles V (which ended the Italian Charles V (which ended the Italian Renaissance)Renaissance)

The Treaty (later in 1559 after the The Treaty (later in 1559 after the German phase) the German phase) the Treaty of Cateau-Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis:Cambresis:

Spain received control or virtual control Spain received control or virtual control of Sicily, Naples, Milan and huge of Sicily, Naples, Milan and huge influence in Papal Statesinfluence in Papal States

The war caused much suffering in Italy The war caused much suffering in Italy AND in Germany later onAND in Germany later on

Cesare BorgiaCesare Borgia

Son of earlier Renaissance Pope, Son of earlier Renaissance Pope, Alexander VIAlexander VI

Had earlier tried to unite the Italian City-Had earlier tried to unite the Italian City-States unsuccessfully States unsuccessfully

His ambitions ended with the death of his His ambitions ended with the death of his fatherfather

BUT was the inspiration for BUT was the inspiration for The PrinceThe Prince by by Machiavelli Machiavelli

Will influence European rulers for Will influence European rulers for centuriescenturies

The PrinceThe Prince

Was THE political treatise of the 16Was THE political treatise of the 16thth centurycentury

Manual: How to take and Keep powerManual: How to take and Keep power Said that (politically) the end justifies the Said that (politically) the end justifies the

meansmeans Said that for rulers, it was better to be Said that for rulers, it was better to be

feared than lovedfeared than loved Said that rulers had to be cunning (like a Said that rulers had to be cunning (like a

fox) and ruthless (like a lion)fox) and ruthless (like a lion) Was amoralWas amoral