chapter 13 european middle ages 500-1200. section 1 charlemagne unites germanic kingdoms
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CHAPTER 13EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES500-1200
Section 1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
Middle Ages
• Began with the fall of the Roman Empire
• Lasted from 500-1500• Roots:
• Roman heritage• Catholic Church• Germanic customs
German Invasions in Western Europe
• Disrupted trade• Cities become less
important and money becomes scarce
• Shifts in population• As cities became less
important, people will flee to the countryside
Decline in Learning• Germanic invaders were
illiterate• Germanic tribes had no
written language• Rich oral tradition of songs
and legends
• In addition, less people spoke Latin, leading to French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages emerging• Signaled the breakup of the
Roman Empire
Germanic Kingdoms• German traditions
changed Roman government• Germans focused on
family and loyalty rather than government/law
• The Franks controlled Gaul (France)• Clovis will convert the
region to Christianity and become linked to the Church
Growth of Monasteries• Monasteries (religious
communities) are built in response to people moving to the country
• Monks/Nuns will become the most educated people• Preserved learning and ancient
literature• Learning was based only on
mastering existing knowledge• Have the only medical care in
the region
Pope Becomes Secular
• Gregory I will make the papacy more secular (worldly) in 590• Raised armies, fixed
roads, and negotiated treaties
• Claimed responsibility for all of Western Europe
Evolving Empire• With Rome gone, many small kingdoms will emerge• The Franks will control
the largest region
• The Carolingian Dynasty will be started by the pope in 751• Despite the fact that the
Franks already had a king
Charlemagne• Built the greatest European
empire since Rome• Sometimes called the “light of
the Dark Ages”
• Crowned emperor by the pope in 800• Signaled the joining of German
and Church power
• Reformed society by limiting nobles’ power, encouraging education, supporting justice
• His sons will split the empire into 3 parts (Treaty of Verdun)• This ends the empire
And now…• Finish Chapter 13/14 Crossword• Begin working on Renaissance Project
• Choose person on Moodle• 3 slide presentation (picture on each slide)
• Title• Background• Significance
• 1 Question that can be answered using your PowerPoint• Submitted via Moodle
Warm-up #11.1 (13.1)
1.What leader is most known for building the largest European Empire since Rome?
2.What impact did the invasion of Germanic tribes have on learning?
3.As centers for education and medical care, ______ became important in the Middle Ages
4.To what areas did #3 spread Christianity?
1. Charlemagne
2. Inability to read/write stopped learning
3. Monasteries
4. Countrside
Section 2Feudalism in Europe
Invasions From Everywhere• Vikings from the North:
Very quick invasions, warlike nature, and seafaring tactics made them hard to defeat
• Magyars/Muslims from the East/South
• These invasions caused widespread disorder and suffering• Result: people no longer
trusted the central authority
New Social Order: Feudalism• Based on rights and
obligations• Lord owned the land• Granted a fief (piece of
land) to a vassal (noble)
• Feudal Structure• King – vassals – knights
(horsemen) – peasants/serfs• Peasants and serfs fought in
service of the knights• Most peasants were serfs
(bound to the land but could not be bought/sold)
Manor System• Feudalism created a
social order, the manor system created an economic system• Granted rights/obligations
between serfs/lords• Serfs got protection (home,
land)• Lords got military service
• The peasant’s world was the manor• 15-30 families• Self-sufficient
Manor Life• Peasants paid a tax for
just about everything• Grain they ground at the
mill• Marriage• Tithing the village priest
(10% income tax)
• Life was work: Avg life expectancy: 35 years
• Most accepted this because Church taught that it was God’s plan
Section 3The Age of Chivalry
Knights
• Refers to the important warriors on horseback
• Wars were fought between the nobles, not countries
• The knights sole job was to be prepared to fight for their lord
Code of Chivalry• Refers to the set ideals that a
knight stood for• Lord (Heaven)• lord (political)• Lady
• Boys trained for 14 years before becoming knights.
• Participated in tournaments (mock battles) to show skills
• With the castles as a primary defense, battles were more gory than they had been in the past
And now…• Finish Chapter 13/14 Crossword
• ONLY ONCE YOU HAVE FINISHED AND SHOWN IT TO ME MAY YOU GET A COMPUTER
• Quiz Thursday
• Continue working on Renaissance Project• Choose person on Moodle• 3 slide presentation (picture on each slide)
• Title• Background• Significance
• 1 Question that can be answered using your PowerPoint• Submitted via Moodle
Warm-up #11.2 (13.2-3)
5. According to the code of chivalry, knights fought for their ____, ____, and ____
6. What was the bargain between lord and vassal?
7. While ____ was a social order, the ____ system was the economic system that supported it.
8. ____, while being bound to the land, fought for their knights
5. Lord, lord, Lady
6. Lord gave land while vassal gave military service
7. Feudalism; manor
Section 4The Power of the Church
Church Authority• Influenced both spiritual and
political matters• While feudalism created a
social structure, the Church created its own structure.
• The clergy (church workers)• Pope – bishops – priests
• Unlike the feudal system, the Church united people across Europe• Performing the sacraments
(holy ceremony) ave people hope in everlasting life
Church Law• The Church created
Canon Law to guide people in their daily lives
• Used 2 main tools over kings• excommunication -
denied salvation• the interdict- denied
sacraments to the people of a region• People would reject their
king because they feared for their souls
Holy Roman Empire• Began by the German king Otto I in 936.• Used the Church and its
followers to expand his power
• Eventually his realm will be known as the Holy Roman Empire
• The Holy Roman Empire will be the strongest state in Europe until 1100
Investiture Controversy• The popes became
increasingly upset at political interference in the Church
• The conflict peaked with Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII in 1075• Gregory banned lay investiture
(king/nobles appoint church officials), Henry demanded the pope step down, the pope excommunicated Henry
• In Canossa, the pope will forgive Henry after making him wait in the freezing snow for 3 days
Concordat of Worms• Successors of Gregory
and Henry continued fighting until 1122• Both sides meet in Worms,
Germany
• Agree that the Church can appoint bishops, but the emperor could veto• Ended the power struggle
between the Church and the Emperor
The Fall of the Empire• Frederick I was elected
(1152) to try to unite the German princes• Successful in uniting
Germany, but angered outsiders to do it
• After a defeat, the German princes no longer followed him and the empire will divide again
And now…• Finish Chapter 13/14 Crossword
• Quiz Tomorrow!
• Continue working on Renaissance Project• 3 slide presentation (picture on each slide)
• Title• Background
• Describe when/where the person was born. Describe their parents (if it matters). What kind of education did they have? Did they grow up wealthy or poor?
• Significance• What is this person’s contribution to the RENAISSANCE? Specify HOW they
changed their field (art, poetry, politics, etc)
• 1 Question that can be answered using your PowerPoint• Submitted via Moodle
Chapter 14The Formation of Western Europe
800-1500
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Section 1Church Reform and the Crusades
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Crusade Origins
Began by Pope Urban II around 1100.
Goal: recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims and unite Christendom (politically and culturally) The Crusades also
spurred the economy with loans to knights and new lands/trade routes to control
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Early Crusades
Initially the Crusades were very popular Brought people from all
ranks and regions Unprepared and
unorganized, but successfully took Jerusalem in 1099
The won land was too hard to defend and would fall to Saladin by 1187
In 1192, English King Richard the Lion-Hearted brokered peace for Jerusalem
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Future Crusades
The crusades became increasingly unpopular The Children’s
Crusade in 1212 was the last effort▪ 50,000 under 18
years – 48,000 died from starvation, drowning, the cold, or are sold as slaves
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The Reconquista and Inquisition Effort to remove the
Muslims that had taken control of southern Spain.
Began in the 1100s, it took until 1492, but the Spanish eliminated all Muslim towns
Quickly followed up with the Inquisition – an effort to eliminate all heresy (non-Catholic ideology) Done to stop the spread of
Protestantism36
Effects of the Crusades
Weakened the power of the Church Power will be taken back
by the monarchy Increased the power of
women who stayed home
Exposed them to Middle Eastern ideas and goods Increased trade with non-
Europeans Left a legacy of
bitterness between Muslims and Christians
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Section 2Changes in Medieval Society
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Growing Food Supply
The European climate became warmer from 800-1200, giving new farmland
New methods also helped Horse harnesses Three-field system
▪ Increase from the 2 field system
▪ Allowed more food to be produced
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Guilds
Organization of people who work in the same field
Results: Set standards for
production and trade Guilds gained
political power in the medieval economy
Their refusal to pay feudal lords led to the growth of cities.
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Commercial Revolution
Refers to the growth of trade and business
Mostly took place in the cities/towns Led to the
importance of cities once again
A new a powerful group, the middle class, will emerge
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Revival in Learning
Crusades exposed Europeans to learning
Greek works that had been translated to Arabic by the Muslims were converted to Latin for the Europeans
Thomas Aquinas argued that religion could be understood through reason and that non-Christian ideas were worth considering.
Section 4- The Plague
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Bubonic Plague: Origins
Began in Asia Traders brought it
with them 1347 it arrived in Sicily Followed trade through
Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and England
Took about 4 years to reach all of Europe
Struck multiple times, but never as severely as the first
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The Plague: Effects
Unlike catastrophes that unite, the plague ripped Europe apart
Populations fell Approximately 1/3
Trade declined; prices increased
Serfs leave manors Peasants revolt Jews were blamed Church lost prestige
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