Chapter 11

The Expanding Nation

(1800-1815)

Chapter 11The Expanding Nation

(1800-1815)

Section 1

Jefferson as President

The Republican Victory

Thomas Jefferson (Republican) won the election of 1800

Republican Party won control of both houses of Congress – Jefferson had support for many of his plans

Inauguration marked the first time one political party had replaced another in power in the U.S. – proof the U.S. could change leaders peacefullyRare achievement for a government at that time

Jefferson supported will of majorityDid not favor mob rule as Federalists had claimedTried to comfort Federalists by promising to

run the government fairly – would not let party politics interfere

Jefferson in OfficeJefferson faced task of putting Republican ideas into

practiceSelected members of his cabinet

James Madison – Secretary of State Albert Gallatin – Secretary of the Treasury

Lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army (to 3,200), navy cut to 7 active ships – opposed by Federalists Hoped saving money would allow them to pay down national

debtWanted to get rid of domestic taxes (ex. Tax on

whiskey) Even wanted to close down agencies that collected taxes

Republican-led Congress passed laws needed to carry out policies

Agreed to let Bank of United States continue as it was under Federalists

Jefferson in Office (continued)

Jefferson had planned to allow Federalists to keep their government jobs, but his party pressured him to replace them with RepublicansUnder pressure from both parties, he

replaced some but not all

Marbury vs. Madison

Before Jefferson took office, Federalists passed a new law that created many new judgeships and other court offices

Before his term ended, Adams had appointed dozens of Federalists – called the “midnight judges” by some because Adams waited until the last minute on his last day in office

When Jefferson took office some Federalists Adams chose had not received their commissionsJefferson ordered Secretary of State James

Madison not to give out the papers

Marbury vs. Madison (continued)

William Marbury affected by this decisionDemanded the Supreme Court force the

executive branch to hand over his commission

Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the right to do this

Chief Justice John Marshall – a Federalist appointed by Adams agreed to hear Marbury’s case

Marbury v. Madison (continued)

Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison – all justices agreed Marbury had been treated unfairlyQuestion = did the Supreme Court have the power

to force Madison to give Marbury his commission?Judiciary Act of 1789 = yesChief Justice Marshall = no – he did not think the

Constitution allowed Congress to give the Supreme Court new powersJudiciary Act of 1789 = unconstitutional

Marshall’s ruling established the power of judicial review – allows the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional – greatly increased the Court’s legal authority

Chapter 11The Expanding Nation

(1800-1815)

Section 2

The Louisiana Purchase

French LouisianaNapoleon conquered much of EuropeWanted to rebuild France’s empire in North

AmericaFirst send troops to Louisiana, replace Spain as key

European power in western N.A.Defeat in St. Domingue kept him from sending

troopsSt. Domingue (present-day Haiti) – led by Toussaint

Louverture, enslaved Africans took over the colonyNapoleon needed control of this island to use as a

supply baseU.S. leaders suspicious when France regained

control of Louisiana – France could block western growth of the U.S. and interfere with trade

The Louisiana PurchaseJefferson wanted to keep the French from controlling

New Orleans but did not want warRobert Livingston, U.S. Ambassador to France, and

James Monroe were told to try to buy New Orleans and West Florida Talleyrand did not want to sell just New Orleans; asked for offer on

all of LouisianaNapoleon willing to sell Louisiana because

France was about to go to war against Great Britain, did not want to fight U.S. too

French still had no troops in Louisiana Napoleon wanted money to buy supplies for armies in Europe U.S. owning Louisiana would challenge Great Britain’s power

in North AmericaCongress authorized $10 million to buy Louisiana however

Livingston and Monroe agreed to buy for $15 million

The Louisiana Purchase (continued)

Treaty of purchase signed May 2, 1803Jefferson = strict constructionist – did

not believe the constitution allowed him to buy the territoryAgreed to the purchase because he believed

it was best for the countrySenate approved the treaty October 20, 1803

With the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. almost doubled in sizeLouisiana territory stretched west from the

Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

Mission of Discovery

Little was known about western American Indians or western lands

Jefferson wanted to see if there was a river route to the Pacific Ocean

Jefferson asked Congress to fund a western expedition led by Meriwether LewisLewis chose William Clark to be co-leaderTold to explore the Missouri River, form peaceful

relations with American IndiansTo prepare Lewis studied botany, surveying, etc.;

gathered suppliesLewis and Clark selected frontiersmen to join their

Corps of Discovery

The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionStarted in St. Louis of present-day Missouri in May

1804Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River,

encountered Mandan and SiouxSacagawea, a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains,

and her husband, a French fur trader who lived with the Mandan, offered to guide the expedition

Lewis and Clark kept journals regarding the people, places, things they encountered – trip = long, difficult, exhausting

After crossing the Rocky Mountains, they followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean

Were not successful in finding a river route across the West Learned much about western lands and paths across the Rockies Established contact with many American Indian groups Collected a lot of information about western plants and animals

Arrived by canoe back in St. Louis in late Sept. 1806

Pike’s ExplorationZebulon Pike sent on mission to the West to

find the starting point of the Red RiverRuns through Louisiana and along part of the northern

border of present-day TexasBelieved by the U.S. to be part of the Louisiana

Territory’s southwestern border with New SpainPike may have had instructions to spy on

Spanish outposts in the SouthwestLed small expedition to the Rocky Mountains

Tried to climb the mountain known today as Pikes Peak

Headed south in to present-day New MexicoPike imprisoned by the Spanish while exploring

along the Rio Grande in Spanish-held landsAccused of being a spy

Chapter 11The Expanding Nation

(1800-1815)

Section 3

The Coming of War

Danger on the High SeasAlgiers = one of several North African lands known as

the Barbary States Countries practiced piracy, held foreign citizens captive for

ransomU.S. originally agreed to make payments to them to

protect their ships and citizens Eventually refused to pay, send U.S. Navy to end pirate raids

U.S. faced greater threats on high seas Great Britain and France went to war in 1803 – U.S. drawn

into conflict Each country wanted to stop the U.S. from supplying

goods and war materials to the other Britain passed series of acts allowing British navy to

search and seize ships carrying war supplies to France; French declared no country could ship supplies to Britain

Danger on the High Seas (continued)

Many American merchants ignored foreign lawsBritish and French navies captured many

American merchant shipsBritish searched for sailors who ran away from

British navyForced them back to the ship, sometimes

Americans by accident (impressment – forcing people to serve in the army or navy)

British (Leopard) ship stopped U.S navy ship (Chesapeake) – tried to remove 4 sailorsU.S. Captain refused, British opened fire and took 4

sailors by force

A Trade War

Debates over how to respond to Great Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality

Some said war, others favored an embargo – banning of trade against Britain

Jefferson and Republicans favored an embargo Embargo Act – law banned trade with foreign countries; hoped to

punish Britain and France and protect American ships from capture Main effect was to hurt American merchants – lost great deal of

money Popularity of the Federalist Party rose, Jefferson’s support fell as

embargo continued Act had little effect on Britain or France; American merchants

smuggled goods to Europe Non-Intercourse Act – replaced the Embargo Act in 1809

banned trade only with Britain, France and their colonies Stated U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped

violating U.S. neutrality (wanted to pressure Britain and France to stop taking American ships)

The Rise of TecumsehBritish, American Indians and American settlers

clashed in the westEarly 1800s, thousands of American setters entered the

Northwest Territory Started farms and settlements on what had once been American

Indian landU.S. gained control of much through Treaty of Greenville – upset

American Indians leaders who did not agree to the treatyBritain wanted to stop rapid western growth to

protect its interests in Canada Did not want to fight U.S., but gave military aid to American

Indian nations in the Northwest TerritoryTecumseh – Shawnee chief – skilled military leader

and brilliant speaker Hoped to unite American Indians of the Northwest Territory,

the South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley Founded village for followers near the Wabash and

Tippecanoe Rivers

War on the FrontierWilliam Henry Harrison – governor of Indiana Territory

– believed Tecumseh to be a serious threat to American power

Harrison and Tecumseh met Harrison urged him to follow treaties Tecumseh stated no single chief could sell land belonging to all

American Indians who used it Harrison warned him not resist power of U.S.

Tecumseh traveled south to get the Creek nation to join forces

Harrison decided to attack while he was away Battle of Tippecanoe – began when Prophet ordered an attack

on Harrison’s camp early on November 7, 1811All-day battle – Harrison’s soldiers forced American Indian forces to

retreatDestroyed Tecumseh’s village

The War DebateFrontier fighting angered many Americans

Believed Britain had encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in the West

War Hawks – members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain War = only answer to Britain’s insults Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South

Carolina Strongest in west and south Believed war would give U.S. chance to expand

New England Federalists = strongest opponents of War Hawks British trade restrictions and impressment hurt New

England’s economy Wanted to renew friendly business ties

Other anti-war politicians believed the U.S. was not strong enough to fight Britain U.S. army and navy small and poorly equipped

A Declaration of WarPresident James Madison (Republican) elected 1808 –

“Father of the Constitution” Faced difficulty of carrying on the trade war Felt growing pressure from War Hawks

Madison addressed Congress on June 1, 1812 Described Britain’s conduct Complained about Britain’s impressment of American sailors and

violation of U.S. neutrality Britain was in “a state of war against the U.S.” Called on Congress to decide what the nation should do

Representatives from southern and western states voted for war

Delaware, New England states, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania voted for peace

War Hawks won – for the first time in U.S. history, Congress declared war

Madison reelected in 1812 – served as commander in chief during the War of 1812

Chapter 11The Expanding Nation

(1800-1815)

Section 4

The War of 1812

The War at SeaU.S.S. Constitution – “Old Ironsides” – won one of the

first battles of the War of 1812At the start of the war, the British navy had hundreds of

ships, the U.S. navy had fewer than 20U.S. advantages

U.S. government licensed privately owned ships to help the U.S. Navy by attacking British merchant ships (privateers)

British navy’s ships were scattered around the world U.S. Navy = well-trained sailors and new warships such as the

ConstitutionCarried more cannons that most British ships

U.S. victories raised American morale and embarrassed the British

British blockaded American seaports and captured American merchant ships

The Canadian BorderAmerican leaders planned to invade Canada with three

separate armies Expected French Canadians to welcome U.S. troops, but

were met with surprising resistanceBritish joined with American Indians led by Tecumseh

in July 1812 to defeat an American army and capture Fort Detroit

Other American forces had to retreat when militia members refused to cross the Canadian border

By end of 1812, British controlled strategic Great Lakes region

U.S. troops burned Canadian capital, York in April 1813

Captain Oliver Hazard Perry (Navy) led Americans at Battle of Lake Erie – British surrendered Perry sent message “We have met the enemy and they are

ours” Forced British to withdraw, gave U.S. army new hope

The Frontier WarHarrison took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing

British and American Indian allies into CanadaBattle of the Thames – U.S. victory

American cavalry charged British force British defenses broke apart; American Indians continued fighting Tecumseh killed (weakened threat of an American Indian-

British alliance in the Great Lakes), Indian forces retreatedCreek Indians took up arms against U.S. in 1813

Chief Red Eagle led Creek forces to destroy Fort Mims in present-day Alabama

General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) led his troops south to fight the Creek Battle of Horseshoe Bend - attacked the main Creek base on

the Tallapoosa RiverVictory for Jackson and troopsRed Eagle surrendered, ended the Creek WarLed to treaty that forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of

land

The British on the OffensiveSituation in the east grew worse despite U.S. success in

the south and westBritain defeated France in April 1814, could send

more troops to U.S. Strengthened blockade of ports

British moved to attack the U.S. capitalPresident Madison and cabinet forced to fleeBritish set fire to the White House and other

government buildings Response to Americans’ earlier burning of British capital in

CanadaBritish sailed on to Baltimore, Maryland – guarded by

Fort McHenry Americans refused to surrender, British chose to retreat

rather than continue to fight

The Battle of New Orleans

From Caribbean bases, British attacked New OrleansHoped to recapture city, control Mississippi River

Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces around New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans – began January 8, 18155300 British troops vs. 4500 AmericansBritish marched through early morning fog, when it

cleared they were exposed to heavy artillery fireMore than 2000 British killed or wounded vs. 70

U.S. casualties – U.S. victory

Ending the War

Hartford Convention – New England Federalists gather to oppose the war (before the Battle of New Orleans) Some wanted New England to withdraw from the U.S. Moderate members convinced the convention to send a delegation

to meet with Congress to try to increase states’ rightsMany critics accused Federalists of treason

Attempt to challenge power of the national government caused them to lose much of their political power

Treaty of Ghent – signed on December 24, 1814 before the Battle of New Orleans took place War ended when U.S. and British diplomats decided to end

the war Each nation returned the territory it conquered Diplomats did not find solutions to the problems of

impressment or trade embargoes Agreed to address remaining issues once there was peace