Chapter 11 Study Guide Outline: Endocrine System

1. FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The endocrine system includes cells; tissues, and organs, collectively

called endocrine glands that secrete _______________. Hormones diffuse from fluid into the bloodstream and act on _________

________.

2. ENDOCRINE & EXOCRINE: Endocrine glands secrete _________ the body.

o Paracrine secretion affects only neighboring cellso Autocrine secretions affect only the secreting cell itself

Exocrine glands secrete ___________ the body.

3. TYPES OF HORMONES:Steroid Can ________ into cells easily When it enters a target cell:

1. diffuses through cell membrane2. the hormone binds to a specific protein which is the receptor3. the hormone- receptor binds within the nucleus to regions of the

target cell's DNA activating transcription into messenger RNA4. mRNA molecules leave, entering the cytoplasm5. Those molecules associate with ribosomes to direct the synthesis

of specific proteins

Nonsteroid __________ diffuse into cells easily Receptors on the membrane of the target cell

1. The first messenger is the hormone that triggers biochemical activity

2. Second messengers are the biochemicals that induce changes from hormones binding

3. One of the hormones is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) The hormone binds to its receptor The hormone- receptor complex activates a G protein G protein activates adenylate cyclase, a membrane protein This catalyzes the circularization of ATP in the cytoplasm cAMP activates another set of enzymes

4. HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND:Hypothalamus

Regulates the anterior pituitary gland's release of hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones

Negative feedback (controlling hormone secretion) Nervous system stimulates some glands directly Another group of glands respond directly to changes in the

composition of the internal environment When hormone levels rise in the blood & it exerts its effects, negative

feedback inhibits the system, decreasing hormone secretion

Pituitary gland Location: at the base of the brain where a pituitary stalk attaches it to

the hypothalamus Split into two lobes

1. Anterior pituitary (__________ lobe)2. Posterior pituitary (__________ lobe)

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus control secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

Hormones1. Growth Hormone (GH): promotes growing2. Prolactin (PRL): promotes _______ production3. Thyroid ____________ hormone(TSH): controls thyroid gland

secretions4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates release of

________5. __________ Stimulating Hormone (FSH): production of semen in

males and regulates egg formation and release estrogen6. Luteinizing hormone (LH): exerts action on gonads or ____________

organs7. Antidiuretic hormone(ADH): reduces volume of water the kidneys

excrete. Regulates water _________________ of body fluids8. Oxytocin (OT): contracts smooth muscles in the uterus and

mammary glands. Releases during childbirth.5. THYROID GLAND:

Consists of two large lobes Located below the larynx on either side and in front of the trachea Synthesize two hormones

_____________ (T4) & Triodothyronine (T3): regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Required for normal growth and development, and essential to nervous system maturation

6. PARATHYROID GLAND: Located on the posterior surface of thyroid gland. There are four parathyroid glands

Superior and inferior gland with each of the thryoid's lateral lobes Secretes ____________ hormone (PTH): increases blood Calcium

concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration

Causes kidney to conserve blood Ca and excrete more P ions in the urine, stimulates Ca absorption from food in intestine, increasing blood concentration

7. ADRENAL GLAND: Location: sits atop each kidney Two parts of the adrenal gland

Adrenal medulla (central portion) Adrenal cortex (outer portion)

Adrenal Medulla hormones: epinephrine (_____________) and norepinephrine (_______________): increase heart rate, force of cardiac muscle contraction, breathing rate, and blood glucose level, elevate blood pressure, and decrease digestive activity. Fight-or-flight response

Adrenal Cortex hormones: ___________: mineralocorticoid; regulates the concentration of mineral electrolytes. Causes kidney to conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions __________l: glucocorticoid; influences protein and fat metabolism Important actions include:

-Inhibition of protein synthesis-Promotion of fatty acids-Stimulation of liver cells to synthesize glucose

Sex hormones: supplement sex hormones from the gonads and stimulate early development of reproductive organs

-Adrenal androgens (_______ types)-Estrogens (________ type)

8. PANCREAS: Regulates __________ levels in the body and aids in digestion As an Exocrine Gland:

o Releases digestive juice to digestive tract As an Endocrine Gland:

o Alpha cells release glucagon to increase glucose level In blood which breaks down glycogen and converts noncarbohydrates into glucose

o Beta cells releases insulin in order to lower blood glucose level by stimulating liver to glycogen which increases protein synthesis and makes adipose cells store fat

Located behind the stomach

9. PINEAL GLAND: Regulates natural rhythms of the body over 24 hours, sleep,

awakeness etc (known as _________ rhythm) o Does this with the hormone ___________ o Light causes increase in secretion causing tirednesso Darkness causes decrease in secretion causing alertness and to

be awake Located on the upper part of thalamus

10. THYMUS GLAND: Helps regulate production of differentiation of ___ lymphocytes in

immunityo Does this with the hormone ________

Located between lungs under sternum

11. REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS: Regulate hormones associated with reproduction in males and females Females-

o Ovaries produce estrogen and progesteroneo ____________________ increases during ovulationo _________________ increases during the menstrual cycleo Placenta

Males-o Testes/testicles produce testosterone and small amounts form

adrenal glando Causes change in puberty such as hair growth, deepened voice

and promotes muscle development and sexual driveo Too little is called hypogonadism

12. DIGESTIVE GLANDS AND OTHER HORMONE PRODUCING ORGANS: Heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide which has an affecting sodium

in the body Kidneys produce erythropoietin ceasing blood cell production

13. STRESS AND ITS EFFECTS Stress threatens ______________ Ruins and damages tissue Psychological stresses result from real or perceived dangers Stress is regulated by the ______________ Hormones associated with are Cortisol, Glucagon, Grown Hormone,

Antidiuretic Hormone 14. DISEASES

Osteoporosis __________ loss is the result of drops in estrogen levels Estrogen supports osteoblasts

Addison's Disease (primary __________ insufficiency) Adrenal glands aren't producing enough of the hormone cortisol

Cushing's syndrome Excess production of the hormone __________

Diabetes Type I: Body doesn't produce _________ Type II: Receptors on the __________ cells of insulin do not work