chapter 1: introduction to drug use & abuse psy 302: substance abuse

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

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Page 1: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse

PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Page 2: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Psychoactive Drugs

Any substance that alters:MoodAwareness of the external environmentAwareness of the internal environment

Examples:Marijuana, LSD, cocaine, heroin, alcohol,

nicotine, codeine, caffeine, etc.

Page 3: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Three Categories of Psychoactive Drugs

DepressantsReduce physiological arousal and help

individuals to relax Stimulants

Increase arousalProduce states of arousal

HallucinogensDistort sensory experience

Page 4: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Depressants

Alcohol Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Barbiturates Benzodiazepines

Opioids Opium Morphine Heroin Methadone Many others we will discuss

Page 5: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Stimulants Increase arousal and cause states of euphoria

that are generally referred to as highs Most commonly used:

CaffeineNicotine

The two most powerful that are abused:Amphetamines

MethamphetamineCocaine

Page 6: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Hallucinogens Marijuana LSD PCP Inhalants Prescription drugs

Page 7: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Lawful drugs vs. illegal drugs Distinction is made between the two

even in common language usage

Legal vs. Illegal

Page 8: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

The Gateway DrugsLink between their occasional use and

later drug abuse and addiction repeatedly found

Characteristics: violence, early sexual activity, and school failure

Drug use both cause and symptom of adolescent problem

Legal vs. Illegal

Page 9: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

The Gateway Drugs

Nicotine Alcohol Marijuana

Page 10: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Very controversial…

World Health OrganizationTheir studies point to the fact that

over 99% of hard-drug users began with the gateway drugs

US Dept of Health Dispute the gateway connection

saying less than 1% of gateway users become regular users of harder drugs (such as cocaine and heroin)

Page 11: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Addiction

Repeated, compulsive, at times uncontrollable behavior that persists even in the face of adverse social, psychological, and/or physical consequencesPreoccupationCompulsionRelapse

Page 12: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Addiction Drinking coffee?

Winter Smith’s goal is to go to every Starbucks

Page 13: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Drug Addiction

A chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences

Page 14: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Other Terminology

Dependence Often used interchangeably with addiction

Substance Abuse The use of a drug with serious consequences

Substance Misuse Contemporary term The Substance Use and Misuse Journal prefers this

term Rationale is that Substances are used or misused;

living organisms are and can be abused

Page 15: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Drug Use Continuum

For example: How would you define an alcoholic?

Page 16: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

DSM 5 Substance Abuse Criteria  

Substance abuse is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:

1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (such as driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)

2. Recurrent substance-related legal problems 3. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent

social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance

Page 17: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Drugs & Crime

Goldstein (1985)PharmacologicalEconomic-CompulsiveLifestyle

Page 18: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Drugs and Crime

Studies have found that some individuals commit crimes after becoming addicted (economic)

Studies have also found that many abusers were committing crimes before beginning drug usage

During periods of addiction, crimes tended to increase considerably

Page 19: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Drugs and Crime

For the latter group, decrease in substance abuse was associated with a decrease, but not stopping, criminal activity

For a number of offenders, then, stopping drug use will not stop their criminal behavior, although crimes may decrease

Page 20: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Drugs Use & Violence

Alcohol involved in 2/3 of homicides in a Philadelphia study, about 40% of rape cases

About 75% of arrestees have traces of illegal drugs in their systems

In a study of CA inmates, over 40% reported using “heavy drugs” in the last 3 years

Page 21: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Policies

Reducing drunkenness through increased taxation and cultural discouragement

Forbidding alcohol in public places to the convicted (perhaps through an altered driver’s license)

Legalization of marijuana Reduce volume of serious drugs (cocaine,

methamphetamine, heroin)

Page 22: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Policies

Making treatment more readily available Targeting higher level drug dealers Long sentences for minor dealers takes up

prison cells Police tactics focussing on blatant drug

dealing (reducing disorder) More effective use of probation and parole Use of methadone

Page 23: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Estimating Drug Use

National Survey of Drug Use & Health (NSDUH)

Monitoring the Future (MTF) Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Arrestee drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM)

Page 24: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Alcohol & The College Environment

College students particularly vulnerable to drugsMore to alcohol than anything else Its always been a “right of college”

Social context encourages use and abuseOn their own; first time away from family,

etc.

Page 25: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Alcohol & The College Environment

Consequences of alcohol and drug use often seriousWork below potential; drop outLose or quit jobs Involved in uncommitted sexual relationsExperience serious psychological

difficulties

Page 26: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

The Setting

Wechsler et al. (1994)Residential colleges seem particularly

vulnerable O’Malley et al. (2000)

Prospective college students (still in high school) have lower rates than their peers

This changes upon entering the college or university setting

Page 27: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Within the college setting...

Nelson et al. (2001)Student-Athletes

High rates of binge drinkingBoth males (16% more) and females

(19% more)

Page 28: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Gender

Significantly higher rates of daily use and binge drinking in males

Page 29: Chapter 1: Introduction to Drug Use & Abuse PSY 302: Substance Abuse

CreditsSome slides prepared with the help of the following websites:cstl-hhs.semo.edu/cveneziano/Drugs%20and%20Crime.pptwww.factsontap.org/.../Alcohol%20effects%20on%20Adolescent%20...