chapter 01 - overview

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MẠNG MÁY TÍNH NÂNG CAOMẠNG MÁY TÍNH NÂNG CAO

Thời gian học : 30 Tiết

GV: TS Phạm Văn Tính

Khoa CNTT – Đại học Nông Lâm

Email: [email protected]

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OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

TS, PHẠM VĂN TÍNHTS, PHẠM VĂN TÍNH

MẠNG MÁY TÍNH NÂNG CAOMẠNG MÁY TÍNH NÂNG CAO

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Data networksData networks

• Data networks developed as a result of business applications that were written for microcomputers.

• Businesses needed a solution that would successfully address the following three problems:

– How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources

– How to communicate efficiently

– How to set up and manage a network

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Network topologyNetwork topology

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Logical TopologiesLogical Topologies

Broadcast

Token Passing

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Local-area networks (LANs)Local-area networks (LANs)

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Local-area networks (LANs)Local-area networks (LANs)

• LANs consist of the following components:

– Computers

– Network interface cards

– Peripheral devices

– Networking media

– Network devices

• Some common LAN technologies are:

– Ethernet

– Token Ring

– FDDI

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Wide-area networks (WANs)Wide-area networks (WANs)

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Wide-area networks (WANs)Wide-area networks (WANs)

• WANs interconnect LANs, which then provide access to computers or file servers in other locations.

• Some common WAN technologies are:

– Modems

– Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

– Frame Relay

– US (T) and Europe (E) Carrier Series – T1, E1, T3, E3

– Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

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OSI layersOSI layers

• Dividing the network into seven layers provides the following advantages: – It breaks network communication into smaller, more

manageable parts.

– It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support.

– It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other.

– It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers.

– It divides network communication into smaller parts to make learning it easier to understand.

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TCP/IP modelTCP/IP model

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TCP/IP modelTCP/IP model

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Ethernet and the OSI modelEthernet and the OSI model

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Ethernet and the OSI modelEthernet and the OSI model

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Ethernet NamingEthernet Naming – MAC address – MAC address

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Ethernet frame fieldsEthernet frame fields

Start Frame Delimiter : 10101011

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Transport

Data Link

Physical

Network

Upper Layer Data

Upper Layer DataTCP Header

DataIP Header

DataLLC Header

0101110101001000010

DataMAC Header

Presentation

Application

Session

Segment

Packet

Bits

Frame

PDU

FCS

FCS

Encapsulating DataEncapsulating Data

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Upper Layer Data

LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

MAC Header

IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

LLC Header

TCP+ Upper Layer Data

IP Header

Upper Layer Data

TCP Header

0101110101001000010

Transport

Data Link

Physical

Network

Presentation

Application

Session

De - encapsulating DataDe - encapsulating Data

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• Each segment has its own collision domain

• All segments are in the same broadcast domain

Data Link

OR1 2 3 1 24

Switches and Bridges Operate at Data Link Layer

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SwitchesSwitchesSwitchesSwitches

• Each segment has its own collision domain

• Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments

Memory

Switch

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Ethernet SwitchingEthernet Switching

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Interconnecting Networks with Interconnecting Networks with

TCP/IPTCP/IP

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•Early protocol suite

•Universal

Introduction to TCP/IPIntroduction to TCP/IPIntroduction to TCP/IPIntroduction to TCP/IP

Host

Internet

TCP/IP

Host

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TCP/IP Protocol StackTCP/IP Protocol StackTCP/IP Protocol StackTCP/IP Protocol Stack

7

6

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical1

Application

Transport

Internet

Data Link

Physical1

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Application Layer OverviewApplication Layer OverviewApplication Layer OverviewApplication Layer Overview

*Used by the router

Application

Transport

Internet

Data Link

Physical

File Transfer- TFTP *- FTP *- NFS

E-Mail- SMTP

Remote Login- Telnet *- rlogin *

Network Management- SNMP *

Name Management- DNS*

File Transfer- TFTP *- FTP *- NFS

E-Mail- SMTP

Remote Login- Telnet *- rlogin *

Network Management- SNMP *

Name Management- DNS*

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• Distinguishes between upper layer applications

• Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications

• Defines flow control

• Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer

Net

wo

rkIPXIP

Tra

nsp

ort

SPXTCP UDP

Transport Layer FunctionsTransport Layer Functions

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Transport Layer OverviewTransport Layer OverviewTransport Layer OverviewTransport Layer Overview

Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Data Link

Physical

Connection-Oriented

Connectionless

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Synchronize

Acknowledge, Synchronize

Acknowledge

Data Transfer

(Send Segments)

Sender Receiver

Connection EstablishedConnection EstablishedConnection EstablishedConnection Established

Reliable Transport Layer FunctionsReliable Transport Layer Functions

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Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:

1 4 4 4 Broadcast Domains:

1 1 1 4

Network Device DomainsNetwork Device Domains

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TCP Segment FormatTCP Segment FormatTCP Segment FormatTCP Segment Format

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

Sequence number (32)

Headerlength (4)

Acknowledgement number (32)

Reserved (6) Code bits (6) Window (16)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies)

20Bytes

Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

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Port NumbersPort NumbersPort NumbersPort Numbers

TCP

Port Numbers

FTP

TransportLayer

TELNET

DNS

SNMP

TFTP

SMTP

UDP

ApplicationLayer

2121 2323 2525 5353 6969 161161

RIP

520520

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TCP Port NumbersTCP Port NumbersTCP Port NumbersTCP Port Numbers

SourcePort

SourcePort

Dest.Port

Dest.Port ……

Host A

10281028 2323 ……

SP DP

Host ZTelnet Z

Dest. port = 23.Send packet to my

Telnet application.

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Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN)

SYN received

Host A Host B

TCP Three Way TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open ConnectionTCP Three Way TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open Connection

1

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SYN received

Send SYN, ACK (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Host A Host B

SYN received

1

2

TCP Three Way TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open ConnectionTCP Three Way TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open Connection

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SYN received

Send SYN, ACK (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Established(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

Host A Host B

1

2

3

SYN received

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionConnectionTCP Three Way Handshake/Open TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionConnection

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DenialDenial--ofof--Service AttacksService Attacks

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are designed to deny services to legitimate hosts attempting to establish connections. In a DoS attack, the hacker initiates a synchronization but the receiving device replies to a non-existent, unreachable IP address and then is placed in a wait-state while waiting to receive the final ACK from the initiator.

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TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple Acknowledgment

•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

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•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1

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•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1

Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2

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•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1


Send 2Receive 2

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•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1


Send 2Receive 2

Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3

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•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1


Send 2Receive 2


Send 3Receive 3

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•Window size = 1

Sender Receiver

Send 1Receive 1


Send 2Receive 2


Send 3Receive 3



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5TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersTCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment Numbers

SourcePort

SourcePort

Dest.Port

Dest.Port

……Sequence#

Sequence#

Acknowledgement#

Acknowledgement#

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10 1

I justsent #10.

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5TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment Numbers

I just got #10,now I need #11.

SourcePort

SourcePort

Dest.Port

Dest.Port ……

Sequence#

Sequence#

Acknowledgement#

Acknowledgement#

10281028 2323

Source Dest.

10101010

Seq.

11

Ack.

102810282323

Source Dest.

11111111

Seq.

11

Ack.

I justsent #10.

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SourcePort

SourcePort

Dest.Port

Dest.Port ……

Sequence#

Sequence#

Acknowledgement#

Acknowledgement#

10281028 2323

Source Dest.

11111111

Seq.

22

Ack.

10281028 2323

Source Dest.

10101010

Seq.

11

Ack.

102810282323

Source Dest.

11111111

Seq.

11

Ack.


I justsent #11.

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SourcePort

SourcePort

Dest.Port

Dest.Port ……

Sequence#

Sequence#

Acknowledgement#

Acknowledgement#

10281028 2323

Source Dest.

11111111

Seq.

101101

Ack.

10281028 2323

Source Dest.

10101010

Seq.

100100

Ack.

102810282323

Source Dest.

11111111

Seq.

100100

Ack.

102810282323

Source Dest.

12121212

Seq.

101101

Ack.


I justsent #11.

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TCP WindowingTCP WindowingTCP WindowingTCP Windowing

Sender Receiver

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Window size = 3Send 2

Sender ReceiverWindow size = 3Send 1


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Sender Window size = 3Send 1


ACK 3Window size = 2

Packet 3 isDropped

Receiver

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Packet 3 isDropped



Receiver

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Packet 3 isDropped




ReceiverWindow size = 3

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•No sequence or acknowledgment fields

UDP Segment FormatUDP Segment FormatUDP Segment FormatUDP Segment Format

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

Length (16)

Data (if any)

1Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Checksum (16)

8Bytes

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Network Layer FunctionsNetwork Layer Functions

• Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol

• Defines paths through network

• Interconnects multiple data links

Net

wo

rk

IP, IPX

Dat

a L

ink

Ph

ysic

al

EIA/TIA-232v.35

Eth

ern

et

Fra

me

Rel

ay

HD

LC

802.2

802.3

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DataSourceaddress

Destination address

IP Header

172.15.1.1

NodeNetwork

Logical Address

Network Layer End Station Packet

Network Layer FunctionsNetwork Layer Functions

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Network Layer Functions (cont.)Network Layer Functions (cont.)Network Layer Functions (cont.)Network Layer Functions (cont.)

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

BinaryMask

BinaryAddress

172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0

172 16 122 204

255

Address Mask

255 0 0

Network Host

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Internet Layer OverviewInternet Layer OverviewInternet Layer OverviewInternet Layer Overview

•OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control MessageProtocol (ICMP)

Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)

Reverse AddressResolution Protocol (RARP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control MessageProtocol (ICMP)

Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)

Reverse AddressResolution Protocol (RARP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Data Link

Physical

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IP DatagramIP DatagramIP DatagramIP Datagram

Version(4)

Destination IP Address (32)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies if any)

1Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

HeaderLength (4)

Priority & Type of Service (8) Total Length (16)

Identification (16)Flags

(3) Fragment offset (13)

Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16)

Source IP Address (32)

20Bytes

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•Determines destination upper-layer protocol

Protocol FieldProtocol FieldProtocol FieldProtocol Field

TransportLayer

InternetLayer

TCP UDP

ProtocolNumbers

IP

176

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5Internet Control Message Internet Control Message ProtocolProtocolInternet Control Message Internet Control Message ProtocolProtocol

Application

Transport

Internet

Data Link

Physical

Destination Unreachable

Echo (Ping)

Other

ICMP1

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Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.

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172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.


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172.16.3.1

IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???



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•Map IP MAC

• Local ARP

172.16.3.1

IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111

172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???



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Reverse ARPReverse ARPReverse ARPReverse ARP

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

What is my IP address?

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I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.

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Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111IP: 172.16.3.25

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111IP: 172.16.3.25




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• Map MAC IP

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111IP: 172.16.3.25

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111IP: 172.16.3.25




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– Unique addressing allows communication between end stations

– Path choice is based on destination address

•Location is represented by an address

Introduction to TCP/IP AddressesIntroduction to TCP/IP AddressesIntroduction to TCP/IP AddressesIntroduction to TCP/IP Addresses

172.18.0.2

172.18.0.1

172.17.0.2172.17.0.1

172.16.0.2

172.16.0.1

SADAHDR DATA10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0

10.13.0.1 192.168.1.1

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IP AddressingIP Addressing

255 255 255 255

DottedDecimal

Maximum

Network Host

32 bits

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IP AddressingIP AddressingIP AddressingIP Addressing

255 255 255 255

DottedDecimal

Maximum

Network Host

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111Binary

32 bits

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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IP AddressingIP AddressingIP AddressingIP Addressing

255 255 255 255

DottedDecimal

Maximum

Network Host

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

Binary

32 bits

172 16 122 204ExampleDecimal

ExampleBinary

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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•Class A:

•Class B:

•Class C:

•Class D: Multicast

•Class E: Research

IP Address ClassesIP Address ClassesIP Address ClassesIP Address Classes

NetworkNetwork HostHost HostHost HostHost

NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork HostHost HostHost

NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork HostHost

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

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IP Address ClassesIP Address ClassesIP Address ClassesIP Address Classes

1

Class A:

Bits:

0NNNNNNN0NNNNNNN HostHost HostHost HostHost

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (1-126)

1

Class B:

Bits:

10NNNNNN10NNNNNN NetworkNetwork HostHost HostHost

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (128-191)1

Class C:

Bits:

110NNNNN110NNNNN NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork HostHost

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (192-223)1

Class D:

Bits:

1110MMMM1110MMMM Multicast GroupMulticast Group Multicast GroupMulticast Group Multicast GroupMulticast Group

8 9 16 17 2425 32

Range (224-239)

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Host AddressesHost AddressesHost AddressesHost Addresses

172.16.2.2

172.16.3.10

172.16.12.12

10.1.1.1

10.250.8.11

10.180.30.118

E1

172.16 12 12

Network Host

. . Network Interface

172.16.0.0

10.0.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

172.16.2.1

10.6.24.2

E0

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11111111

Determining Available Host AddressesDetermining Available Host AddressesDetermining Available Host AddressesDetermining Available Host Addresses

172 16 0 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Network Host

00000000 00000001

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110

...

... 00000000 00000011

11111101

123

655346553565536-

...

2

65534

N

2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534

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•Network 172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

Addressing without SubnetsAddressing without SubnetsAddressing without SubnetsAddressing without Subnets

172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3

…...

172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254

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•Network 172.16.0.0

Addressing with SubnetsAddressing with SubnetsAddressing with SubnetsAddressing with Subnets

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

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Subnet AddressingSubnet AddressingSubnet AddressingSubnet Addressing

172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

E0

172.16

Network

Network Interface

172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

E0

E1

New Routing Table

2 160

Host

. .

172.16.3.1E1

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Subnet AddressingSubnet AddressingSubnet AddressingSubnet Addressing

172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

172.16.3.1

E0E1

172.16 2 160

Network Host

. . Network Interface

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

E0

E1

New Routing Table

Subnet

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Subnet MaskSubnet MaskSubnet MaskSubnet Mask

172172 1616 00 00

255255 255255 00 00

255255 255255 255255 00

IPAddress

DefaultSubnet

Mask

8-bitSubnet

Mask

Network Host

Network Host

Network Subnet Host

Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask.

Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask.

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

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Decimal Equivalents of Bit PatternsDecimal Equivalents of Bit PatternsDecimal Equivalents of Bit PatternsDecimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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16

Network Host

172 0 0

10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

00000000

00000000

10100000

00000000

00000000

•Subnets not in use—the default

00000010

Subnet Mask without SubnetsSubnet Mask without SubnetsSubnet Mask without SubnetsSubnet Mask without Subnets

172.16.2.160172.16.2.160

255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0

NetworkNumber

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•Network number extended by eight bits

Subnet Mask with SubnetsSubnet Mask with SubnetsSubnet Mask with SubnetsSubnet Mask with Subnets

16

Network Host

172.16.2.160172.16.2.160

255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

172 2 0

10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

11111111

00000010

10100000

00000000

00000000

00000010

Subnet

NetworkNumber

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

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Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.)Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.)Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.)Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.)

Network Host

172.16.2.160172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192

10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

11111111

00000010

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

Subnet

•Network number extended by ten bits

16172 2 128

NetworkNumber

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

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Subnet Mask ExerciseSubnet Mask ExerciseSubnet Mask ExerciseSubnet Mask Exercise

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.240.0

255.255.255.0

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Subnet Mask Exercise AnswersSubnet Mask Exercise AnswersSubnet Mask Exercise AnswersSubnet Mask Exercise Answers

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.240.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.6.16.0

10.30.36.0

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Broadcast AddressesBroadcast AddressesBroadcast AddressesBroadcast Addresses

172.16.1.0

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.3.255(Directed broadcast)

255.255.255.255(Local network broadcast)

XX

172.16.255.255(All subnets broadcast)

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Addressing Summary ExampleAddressing Summary ExampleAddressing Summary ExampleAddressing Summary Example

16172 2 160

10101100 00010000 1010000000000010 Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

4

1

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10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

00000010 Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

00000010 Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

7

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010 Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

4

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10111111

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

4

56

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10111111

10000001

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

4

56

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10111111

10000001

10111110

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

4

56

7

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

11111111

00000010

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

16172 2 160

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10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

11111111

00000010

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

172.16.2.128

172.16.2.191

172.16.2.129

172.16.2.190

1

2

3

4

56

7

89

16172 2 160

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5 IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

•Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0

•Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254

•Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255

•Eight bits of subnetting

Network Subnet Host

10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111

172.16.2.121:

255.255.255.0:

10101100

11111111

Subnet: 10101100 00010000

00010000

11111111

00000010

00000010

11111111

01111001

00000000

00000000

Class B Subnet ExampleClass B Subnet ExampleClass B Subnet ExampleClass B Subnet Example

Broadcast:

Network

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Subnet PlanningSubnet PlanningSubnet PlanningSubnet Planning

Other subnets

192.168.5.16

192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48

20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet

Class C address:

192.168.5.0

20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet

Class C address:

192.168.5.0

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11111000

IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248

Network Subnet Host

192.168.5.121: 11000000

11111111

Subnet: 11000000 10101000

10101000

11111111

00000101

00000101

11111111

01111001

01111000

255.255.255.248:

Class C Subnet Planning ExampleClass C Subnet Planning ExampleClass C Subnet Planning ExampleClass C Subnet Planning Example

•Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120

•Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121–192.168.5.126

•Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127

•Five Bits of Subnetting

Broadcast:

NetworkNetwork

11000000 10101000 00000101 01111111

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Practical Network troubleshootingPractical Network troubleshooting

• Layer 1: HW indicators (LED)

• Layer2 : MAC (ARP)

• Layer3: IP, Default gateway,Routing (IPCONFIG, PING, TRACERT, ROUTE)

• Layer4: PORT (NETSTAT)

• Layer5-7: DNS, PROXY (NSLOOKUP, PING, LAN Setting…)

chapter 01 - overview

Education