ch3 ni pt1

DIVIDEDIVIDEDD

CO

UN

TR

IEC

OU

NTR

IESS

SRI LANKASRI LANKA

Racial DifferencesSinhalese vs Tamils

Conflicts overConflicts overCitizenship rightsGovernment Jobs

University AdmissionResettlement of

Population

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND

Religious DifferencesProtestants vs

Catholics

Conflicts overConflicts overDivided Loyalties

The Education System

EmploymentHousingVoting

SRI LANKASRI LANKA

ConsequencesConsequencesArmed ConflictUnemploymentLoss of Foreign

InvestmentFall in Tourists

Foreign Intervention

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND

ConsequencesConsequencesPeaceful Protests to

ViolenceUnemploymentLoss of Foreign

InvestmentFall in Tourists

Foreign Intervention

HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..

• United Kingdom and Republic United Kingdom and Republic of Irelandof Ireland

• UK : BRITAIN UK : BRITAIN England, Scotland, WalesEngland, Scotland, Wales and and N.I.N.I.

• Let’s tour Britain & LondonLet’s tour Britain & London

HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..

• Before 12Before 12thth century century• In the 12In the 12thth century century• 16901690• 18001800

1212THTH CENTURY CENTURY

• Before 12Before 12thth century century– N.I. & Republic of Ireland = N.I. & Republic of Ireland =

IRELANDIRELAND

• In the 12In the 12thth century century– Ireland conquered and colonised Ireland conquered and colonised

by Englandby England

1690 (171690 (17thth CENTURY) CENTURY)

• King James II of England, a Catholic• Forced to flee to north of Ireland. Why?• Because he failed to force Catholicism on the

Protestants in England• There, he tried to defeat the locals• New King of England, William of Orange

PROTESTANTPROTESTANT arrived in north of Ireland and defeated King James

• Battle of Boyne• King William remains a hero to Protestants to

this day

1717thth CENTURY CENTURY

• 17TH century : England ruled Ireland– English landlords in Ireland – brought in Protestant Scottish and English

settlers– To increase Protestant population there– Newcomers – settled in northern part of Ireland– Pushed out many local Irish Catholic farmers– Those Irish Catholics who stayed behind given

least fertile lands– Northern part of Ireland thus became mainly

Protestant


• The Scots like to wear kilts

• What they wear beneath that is anybody’s guess!


• For years, Catholic Irish fought against Protestant Scottish and English settlers without success

• 1800 : Ireland became part of UK• Hostilities between Catholics and Protestants

did not end• Late 1800s : some local Irish demanded HOME HOME

RULERULE (like our concept of self-government)(like our concept of self-government)

• Fighting often broke out


• 1921 : Ireland divided into two separate parts• Based on majority religion of each part• Northern part PROTESTANTPROTESTANT became known as

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND – remained part of UK• Southern part CATHOLICCATHOLIC became known as IRISH IRISH

FREE STATEFREE STATE• Both had own Parliaments• But continued to recognise English monarchy

and laws regarding foreign affairs• 1949 : Irish Free State cut ties with Britain• Became the REPUBLIC OF IRELANDREPUBLIC OF IRELAND

• 1993 : 1,000,000 Protestants– Mostly of English and Scottish origin

• 600,000 Catholics– Mostly descendants of local Irish

inhabitants

PEOPLE IN N.I. TODAYPEOPLE IN N.I. TODAY

• Before 1972– Own Parliament at Stormont Castle near

Balfast

• Since 1972– Ruled directly by the British Parliament in

London– British PM chooses a Secretary of State MINISTER

for N.I.– N.I. Government in charge of finance,

commerce, health and education– Britain in charge of foreign affairs and defence– Majority of ministers in N.I. Are Protestants

THE N.I. GOVERNMENTTHE N.I. GOVERNMENT

1. Divided Loyalties2. The Education System3. Employment4. Housing5. Voting

THE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSIONTHE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSION

• In N.I. Most protestants regard In N.I. Most protestants regard themselves as Britishthemselves as British

• Want the country continued as Want the country continued as part of UKpart of UK

• Many afraid of union with the Many afraid of union with the Republic of Ireland, a Catholic Republic of Ireland, a Catholic countrycountry

• A Catholic government would not A Catholic government would not be tolerant of Protestant beliefsbe tolerant of Protestant beliefs

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

• Catholics in N.I. See themselves as Catholics in N.I. See themselves as IrishIrish

• Want to be united with IrelandWant to be united with Ireland• Resent past history of English Resent past history of English

conquestconquest• Many Catholics massacred or Many Catholics massacred or

treated harshlytreated harshly• Remembered long struggle for Remembered long struggle for

Home RuleHome Rule


• Protestants – celebrate annv of Protestants – celebrate annv of battle of Boyne as a mark of battle of Boyne as a mark of protestant dominanceprotestant dominance

• Usually march through Catholic Usually march through Catholic residential areasresidential areas

• This sense of loyalty to different This sense of loyalty to different countries make them intolerant of countries make them intolerant of each othereach other


• Today, public schools that cater for Today, public schools that cater for Protestants onlyProtestants only

• Private schools that cater for Private schools that cater for Catholics Catholics PARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTPARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT

2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM


PROTESTANT PROTESTANT CHILDRENCHILDREN

• Taught British history

• Play British sports – rugby, hockey, cricket

• Very loyal to Britain

CATHOLICCATHOLIC

CHILDRENCHILDREN

• Taught Irish history• Play Irish sports –

hurling• Taught Irish

language and culture• Regard Britain as a

foreign country


• Mixed schoolsMixed schools• Set up by private individualsSet up by private individuals• Not as popularNot as popular• Result : Protestant and Catholic Result : Protestant and Catholic

children rarely get to meet and children rarely get to meet and know each otherknow each other

• Generations grow up to distrust Generations grow up to distrust each othereach other

• Makes them hostile to each otherMakes them hostile to each other

• Competition for jobs

• Catholics – feel that they do have have an equal chance of getting the jobs they want, even if they’re as qualified as the Protestants

3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT

• 1971 : Population survey• Catholics males 2 ½ times more

likely to be jobless than Protestants males

• No of Catholic engineers and civil servants – not proportionate to their numbers in N.I.

• Fewer Catholics in senior positions in public and private sectors

3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT

• Grievance : Provision of public Grievance : Provision of public housing by city councils housing by city councils PARTLY PAID FOR BY PARTLY PAID FOR BY GOVTGOVT

• Councils comprise largely ProtestantsCouncils comprise largely Protestants• Catholics often delayed in getting Catholics often delayed in getting

public housingpublic housing• 1968 : 71% of local houses in 1968 : 71% of local houses in

Dungannon given to Protestants but Dungannon given to Protestants but 53% of the people there were 53% of the people there were CatholicsCatholics

4. HOUSING4. HOUSING

• Catholics frustrated – shortage of Catholics frustrated – shortage of houses means they have to wait houses means they have to wait many years before getting own many years before getting own househouse

• Thus find provision of housing Thus find provision of housing unfairunfair

4. HOUSING4. HOUSING

• Before 1968 : Voting rights a problem• Each household – 2 votes• Companies

• entitled to more votes • depended on size

• Many companies owned by richer Protestants – thus had more votes

• Voting districts often drawn to include a larger proportion of Protestants

• Catholics were of course unhappy about this

5. VOTING5. VOTING

• Since 1968 : Everyone entitled to one vote

• Must be a British subject and above 18 years old

• Had to be born in N.I. • Or lived in UK for 7 years

• Voting districts redrawn to ensure fairness

5. VOTING5. VOTING

• Voting rights no longer a problem today

• But conflicts persist because other issues such as housing and employment not addressed

5. VOTING5. VOTING

VIDEO CLIP : CAUSES OF THE VIDEO CLIP : CAUSES OF THE CONFLICTCONFLICT

CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

• How did the Catholics make How did the Catholics make their demands?their demands?

• Effects of the Protestant-Effects of the Protestant-Catholic ConflictCatholic Conflict

• ConclusionConclusion

ch3 ni pt1

Documents