Skeletal muscle

is s

triat

ed.

is la

rgel

y unde

r volu

...

is p

rimar

ily re

gulate

d ..

A a

nd B a

re c

orre

ct.

A, B

and

C are

corre

ct.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. is striated.

2. is largely under voluntary control.

3. is primarily regulated by hormones from the endocrine system.

4. A and B are correct.

5. A, B and C are correct.

10

2

Which of the following is true?

The

origin

of a

musc

l...

A m

uscl

e m

ust c

over t

..

Musc

les

cross

ing

one...

1 a

nd 2

are

corre

ct.

25% 25%25%25%1. The origin of a muscle on a

limb is usually proximal to its insertion.

2. A muscle must cover the limb or other body part it moves.

3. Muscles crossing one joint have more complex actions than those crossing two joints.

4. 1 and 2 are correct.

3

Antagonistic muscle groups

contra

ct to

gether

to p

...

are

usu

ally

loca

ted o

...

per

form

oppos

ite fu

n...

are

usu

ally

circ

ular .

..

0% 0%0%0%

1. contract together to perform a coordinated movement

2. are usually located on the same side of a limb

3. perform opposite functions (opposite limbs)

4. are usually circular muscles

The primary function of muscle is

conve

rsio

n of h

eat e

...

conve

rsio

n of h

eat e

...

conve

rsio

n of m

echa

...

conve

rsio

n of c

hemic

..

0% 0%0%0%

1. conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy.

2. conversion of heat energy into chemical energy.

3. conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.

4. conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy.

10

5

Ch 8 Appendicular Skeletonhttp://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/

080916/koddities/brite_world_records

http://ca.video.yahoo.com/watch/850750/3484461

Consists of the bones of the limbs and their girdles (attachments)

Pectoral girdles attach upper limbs to axial skeleton

Pelvic girdle attach lower limbs to axial skeleton

Upper limbs Lower limbs

Similarities -

Differences

Upper and lower limbs

6

7

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle OVERALL Function:

provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs

to attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement

Clavicle (anterior) Scapula (posterior)

Function brace that holds scapula and arms

to provide mobility for upper limbs

Location attach to sternum (breastbone) anterior part of thorax

DOES NOT joinvertebrae posteriorly.muscles attach them tothoracic cage andvetebral column

8

Clavicle (collarbone)

Fractured Clavicle A fall on an outstretched arm (F.O.O.S.H.) injury can lead to a fractured clavicle The clavicle is weakest at the junction of the two curves Forces are generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall Therefore, most breaks occur approximately in the middle of the clavicle

9

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

Type of joint Ball and socket. Synovial diarthroses

Acromion articulates with clavicle

Glenoid cavity shallow depression. Joint between scapula and humerus is shallow to allow for mobility

Coracoid process &fossa

sites of attachment for tendons and ligaments of shoulder muscles

10

Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

Flexibility vs stability

11

Stability of Shoulder joint

Rotator cuff muscles

Extend from scapula posterior to shoulder joint to attach to the humerus

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Encircle the joint & fuse with articular capsule

Hold head of humerus in socket

13

Upper Limb- Humerus (upper arm)

longest and largest bone of upper limb

articulates with proximal end:

scapula (head of humerous with glenoid cavity of scapula)

distal end: ulna and radius at elbow joint

Moving the Forearm (elbow) Flexors: biceps

brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis

Extensors: triceps brachii, anconeus.

Pronators: pronator teres and pronator quadratus.

Spinator: supinator

15

Bones of the Forearm Ulna (pinky side)

medial aspect of forearm longer than radius

Radius (thumb side) lateral aspect of forearm proximal end has disc shaped head

articulate with each other at 3 sites

16

17

The Hand

carpals (wrist) metacarpals (palms) phalanges (fingers) What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

18

Special Movements of hands & fingers

Figure 8.6e

1. Supination- palm turned anteriorly (upward)2. Pronation- palm turned posteriorly (downward)3. Opposition- movement of thumb in which the thumb moves across

palm to touch tips of fingers on same hand, eg allows us to pick up things, pincer grip.

Some news articles Double arm transplant

News article Body Integrity Identity Disorder

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcb2L9UMUzc

19

20

Which of the following is true?1. Muscles pull on bones

2. Muscles push on bones.

3. The end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves least is the insertion of that muscle.

4. The end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves most is the origin of the muscle.

10

21

Skeletal muscles

may

be

cont

ract

ed to

...

mov

e m

ater

ials

thro

u..

are

mai

nly u

nila

tera

l

1 a

nd 2

are

corre

ct

0% 0%0%0%

1. may be contracted to maintain a static position

2. move materials through the body (smooth muscles)

3. are mainly unilateral

4. 1 and 2 are correct

10

22

The pectoral girdle

incl

udes

the

scap

ula.

incl

udes

the

clav

icle

.

atta

ches

the

low

er e

...

A a

nd B a

re c

orre

ct

0% 0%0%0%

1. includes the scapula.

2. includes the clavicle.

3. attaches the lower extremity to the trunk

4. A and B are correct

23

Which part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

gle

noid

cav

ity

acr

omiu

m

Spin

e

cora

coid

pro

cess

med

ial b

order

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. glenoid cavity

2. acromium

3. Spine

4. coracoid process

5. medial border

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Skeleton of the Lower LimbTwo separate regions

1. A single pelvic girdle (2 bones)

2. The free part (30 bones)

Why are the lower limb bones larger and stronger than the upper limb bones?

25

Pelvic Girdle (Hip)

Function Attaches the lower limbs to axial skeleton with the strongest

ligaments of the body Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

Structure: pair of hip bones, sacrum and pubic symphysis

How does the acetabulum compare with glenoid cavity?

Hip (coxal) Bone

Consists of 3 bones which fused during adult hood (ilium, pubic bone, ischium)

26

True and False Pelves

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

a line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis

True pelvis - the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim, has an inlet, an outlet and a cavity

Pelvic axis - path of baby during birth

False pelvis - lies above pelvic brim Contains no pelvic organs

except urinary bladder (when full) and uterus during pregnancy

28

Structural differences are mainly due to adaptation needed for childbirth

Female pelvis Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing More space in true pelvis, which defines birth canal, more

space in female to accommodate passage of infant’s head at birth

Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

Male and Female Pelvic Structure

29

Male and Female Pelvic StructureCharacteristic Female Male

General structure

Light and thin Heavy and thick

Pubic arch >90 degree <90 degree

Pelvic brim Larger and more oval Smaller and heart shaped

Coccyx More moveable and more curved anteriorly

Less moveable and less curved anteriorly

Pelvic outlet Wider Narrower

Ischial tuberosity

Shorter, farther apart, more medially projecting

Longer, closer together, more laterally projecting

30

Muscles of Pelvic Floor (Pelvic Diaphragm) Levator ani (two paired muscles)

Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus

Function Close the inferior outlet of the pelvis Support the pelvic floor Elevate the pelvic floor to help release feces Resist increased intra-abdominal pressure

31

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor: Pelvic Diaphragm

Cardiac muscle

contra

ctio

n is

dep

en...

is s

triat

ed.

is u

naffe

cted

by

hor...

is fo

und in th

e wal

ls o

...

is la

rgel

y unde

r volu

...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. contraction is dependent on stimulation by the nervous system.

2. is striated.

3. is unaffected by hormones.

4. is found in the walls of blood vessels and in the heart.

5. is largely under voluntary control.

10

Smooth muscle (found in blood vessels, gut)

is re

gulate

d by

the

n...

is lo

cate

d in th

e co

ve...

is la

rgel

y unde

r volu

...

is s

triat

ed.

0% 0%0%0%

1. is regulated by the nervous system and hormones. (hollow organs, long tube)

2. is located in the coverings of solid organs.

3. is largely under voluntary control.

4. is striated.

10

Which type of muscle tissue has a pacemaker to allow the tissue to beat automatically?

Ske

leta

l

Car

diac

Sm

ooth

Stri

ated

0% 0%0%0%

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

4. Striated

10

Why is smooth muscle called “smooth”?

it h

as s

triat

ions

in p

ar...

it is

found in

the

smo...

it is

invo

lunta

rily

cont..

.

it h

as n

o stri

atio

ns

0% 0%0%0%

1. it has striations in parallel rows

2. it is found in the smooth walls of the hollow internal structures

3. it is involuntarily controlled

4. it has no striations [reason why it looks smooth](skeletal – striated, smooth – non striated)

10

Describe the functions of muscle tissue (general)1) produce body movements (sk)2) stabilize body positions (sk)3) store and move substances within the body (sk)4) produce heat (sk smooth)5) provide communication among cells of the body (nerves)

0% 0%0%0%

1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2. 1, 2

3. 1, 2, 3

4. 1, 2, 3, 4

10

Which of the choices listed below are characteristics of skeletal muscle?1) the function of most of these muscles is to move bones2) skeletal muscle is striated with alternating light and dark bands3) skeletal muscle can be consciously controlled4) most skeletal muscles can be subconsciously controlled5) skeletal (right: SMOOTH not skeletal)muscles are found in the walls of the hollow organs

0% 0%0%0%

1. 1, 2, 3, 4

2. 1, 2, 3

3. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

4. 2, 4, 5

10

38

What is the structural and functional classification for a knee joint?

fibro

us –

synar

thro

sis

car

tilag

inous

– sy

nar...

syn

ovial

– a

mphia

rthr..

.

syn

ovial

– d

iarth

rosi

s

0% 0%0%0%

1. fibrous – synarthrosis

2. cartilaginous – synarthrosis

3. synovial – amphiarthrosis

4. synovial – diarthrosis

39

The Lower Limb 3 segments

Femur (Thigh) Patella (knee)

Tibia & fibula (Leg) Foot

Function carry the weight of the erect body, Are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs

Femur

Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body

Articulations: Proximal: head articulates

with acetabulum Distal: the medial and lateral

condyles articulate with the condyles of the tibia forming the knee joint. Also articulates with patella

Neck - distal to head, common site of fracture

40

Response to Mechanical Stress The upside of having a big backside

41Figure 6.13

Muscles Crossing the Hip Joint The ball-and-socket hip joint permits

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation

The muscles for these movements are most powerful

Movement of thigh at the hip joint is by muscles anchored to the pelvic girdle – the iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae and rectus femoris

Iliopsoas are the iliacus and psoas major

Quadriceps femoris has 4 heads Rectus femoris crosses hip All insert into quadricep tendon all act to extend the knee

Adductor muscles bring legs together cross hip joint medially

Thigh extension

Hamstring muscles semimembranosus (medial) semitendinosus (medial) biceps femoris (lateral) extend hip & flex knee

Pulled hamstring tear of origin of muscles

from pelvis Gluteus muscles

maximus extends hip medius & minimus abduct

44

Knee bone (patella)

Function Protect knee (patellofemoral) joint maintains position of tendon when knee is flexed (bent) increases leverage of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle

Structure: Largest sesamoid bone in the body Patellofemoral stress syndrome - “runner’s knee” http://www.animatedhealth.com/video_adam_zimmer.html

When knee flexes and extends, patella glides up & down in groove between 2 femoral condyles

Tibia and FibulaTibia (shin bone) Structure: larger, medial bone Function: to bear weight of

body Articulations: femur and fibula

(proximally) and fibula & talus (ankle) distally

Fibula Structure: lateral, smaller bone Function: does not bear

weight but stabililzes ankle joint

Articulations: Tibia (proximally) and talus distally

45

46

Knee (tibiofemoral) Joint

Most complex joint in the body!! Between femur, tibia and patella Flexion, extension, and slight rotation of tibia on femur when knee is flexed Articular capsule – weak and incomplete at sides and posteriorly but

strengthened by tendons and fibular and tibial collateral ligaments which stabilize and strengthen

Many bursa - Vulnerable joint Knee injuries damage ligaments & tendons since bones do not fit together well

47

Knee injuries

Knee cannot withstand lateral force

What structures are torn?

48

Knee

Lateral & medial menisci: Help compensate for irregular shape of bonesfibrocartilage articular discs. Medial meniscus - C-shaped fibrocartilageLateral meniscus - nearly circular. Deepen joint to prevent side to side movementPosterior cruciate ligament- x shaped with ACLAnterior cruciate ligament- secures bones

49

Foot

Tarsus (ankle):Talus- only bone that articulates with fibula and tibia Calcaneuos (heel bone) - largest and strongest tarsal bone During walking, talus transmits 50% body’s weight to calcaneuos (Other 50% divided amongst other tarsal bones)

Metatarsus (foot): first one is thicker because it bears more weight Phalanges (toes)

Function Supports body

weight Acts as a lever to

propel the body forward in walking and running

50

Arches of the Foot

Maintained by interlocking foot bones, tendons and strong ligaments Functions:

Allow the foot to hold up weight, ie the arches flex when body weight applied

Distributes weight to heel and ball of foot, ie provide spring and leverage to the foot when walking

Various leg muscles produce the following movements at the: Ankle – dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Intertarsal joints – inversion and eversion of the foot Toes – flexion and extension

52

1. Inversion: movement of soles medially so they face each other2. Eversion: movement of soles laterally so they face away from each other3. Plantar flexion: bending foot an ankle in direction of downward/inferior (plantar)

surface, eg standing on tiptoes.4. Dorsiflexion: bending of foot at ankle in an upward direction (direction of dorsum

(superior surface)), eg stand on your heels

Special movement of the feet