Ch. 7 Sec. 1

The New Immigrants

New Immigrants vs. Old Immigrants

Old Immigrants

1800-1880

Protestant

Northwestern European (Germany, Britain)

New Immigrants

1891-1910

Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Jewish

Southern and Eastern European; Asian; Middle Eastern

Economic opportunities

Escape religious and political persecution

Coming to America

Railroad and steamship companies lured immigrants to the US under false pretenses so they could make moneyPromised jobs that were not availableCharged low fares to promote travel

Immigrants traveled in steerageCramped, no privacy, little ventilation

Ex: Jack Dawson in Titanic

Arriving in America

Immigrants would be taken to immigration stations when they arrived in America Asia Angel Island in California Europe Ellis Island in New York City

Check in: Physical & mental health exams Background checks Job skills Relatives

Life in the USA

Most immigrants could only find low-paying, unskilled jobs

Lived in close-knit communities, called ghettos, in the slums of the cities Tenement housing

Churches, synagogues, and temples provided community centers Provided sense of belonging, economic assistance, day care,

play areas, classes, clubs, and training courses Benevolent societies also formed

Provided aid in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death Offered educational courses, health care and job assistance,

loans

Immigrants were often pressured to adopt American culture AssimilationYounger generation was more willing to do

so b/c it made it easier to find work

How Did native-born Americans feel about Immigrants?

Viewed as a threatTook jobs and lowered wages for

everyoneBlamed for crime, poverty, violence, and

growing radical political ideas

Speaking Out Against Immigration

Chinese were treated horribly Attacked, killed, homes destroyed Could not own property or work certain jobs

Chinese Exclusion Act Denied citizenship to Chinese-born immigrants and

prohibited immigration of Chinese

Immigration Restriction League Required a literacy test be given to all immigrants Vetoed by Pres. Grover Cleveland

Ch. 7 Sec. 2

The Urban World

Changes to the Cities

Cities began expanding in size because of new technologySize of cities doubled by 1900 with 40% of

people living in cities

WHY DID THIS HAPPEN????Skyscrapers ElevatorsMass transit (trains, subways, trolleys)

Effects of Mass Transportation

Size of cities expanded3 sq. mi. to 20 sq. mi.

People moved to suburbsUpper and middle class

Life of the Upper Class

Nouveau riche = “newly rich” city dwellers

EntrepreneursPracticed conspicuous consumption

Spent money freely so everyone would know they were rich

Houses looked like castlesSome donated money to social causes

Upper Class Women

Women had strict social behavior and etiquette to follow Taught how to

behave in social settings, marriage, and home life

Glorified the role of women as homemakers

Middle-Class Life

Professionals Educated in their

field Doctors, lawyers,

teachers, etc…

Middle-Class Women

Few women in professional jobs

Saleswomen, secretaries, clerical workers

Paid less than men Most married women

stayed at home Book clubs, social clubs,

reform movements

Life of the Lower Class

Immigrants and African AmericansLived in tenements within walking

distance of factoriesStreets filled with garbage and sewagePollution from factoriesIllness and death were common

Reform

Settlement houses were created to help the poor

Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events

Jane Addams

Founded the Hull House in ChicagoGoals:

Provide education and cultural opportunities Improve living conditionsProvide jobs

She also:Promoted women’s suffrage (right to vote)Awarded Nobel Peace Prize

Janie Porter Barrett

Founded African American settlement house

Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA

Modeled after Hull House

Helped women

Social Gospel Movement

Developed by Protestant ministers Applied Christian principles to solve

social problemsfought to improve working conditionsCaroline Bartlett established a free

kindergarten, public gym, domestic and industrial classes, meal programs

Chapter 7 Sec. 3

Daily Life in the Cities

Education

To aid urban workers reformers expanded education opportunities

Compulsory education laws passed requiring kids to go to school

Kids in school increased 7 mil. to 15 mil.

Education Reformers

John Dewey created a “Laboratory School” at U. of Chicago focusing on: Cooperative

learning Art History Science

Education Reformers cont...

William Torrey Harris & Elmwood Cubberley believed schools should teach:Proper behaviorCivic loyaltyAmerican cultural values

wanted to push discipline and order so immigrants would know how to behave

Other School Facts

Schools remained segregated Poorly equippedLittle government funding

Created more opportunities for womenCollege enrollment went from 50,000 to

350,000Most upper & middle class

Journalism

1865-1910 newspaper printing went from 500 to 2,600/day & cheap price

Competitive, so they developed new journalistic practicesComic strips, advice columns, sports,

women’s sectionsYellow Journalism

Literature

Increased literacy rates sparked leisure reading

Adventure, city life, Christian principles “What would Jesus Do?” In His Steps by

Charles Sheldon (1896)

Parks

City planners developed parks for leisure time

Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park

City Beautiful Movement stressed importance of including parks in city design

Baseball

Invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839 1869 Aaron Champion organized 1st pro team

– Cincinnati Red Stockings National League 1876

William Hulbert created governing body, rules, contracts

1893 1st World Series Pirates vs. Boston Pilgrims

Considered “the national game of the US”

Baseball cont…

African Americans excluded from major league for 60 years

Discrimination towards African Americans led to the creation of own league

1889 Moses “Fleet” Walker- 1st and only African American major league player until Jackie Robinson in 1947

Fleet Walker & Jackie Robinson

Football

Late 1800s in upper class New England schools

Walter Camp helped create rulesNFL formed in 1920

1892 Football team

Basketball

James Naismith created this sport for his students in 1891

Men & Women’s leagues created

Theater

ShakespearePerformed by Edwin BoothAttracted working class because they could

relate to charactersVaudeville (“light play”)

Variety shows

Ragtime

1890s Created by African

American musicians Scott Joplin – “King

of Ragtime”