ch 4 matter & substance tc

1. CHANGES IN MATTER 1. Matter is living and non living things that have mass and fill space. 2. Matter differs in physical characteristics such as shape, colour and hardness. 3. All matter is consists of small discrete particles in constant and random motion. 4. The Kinetic Theory of Matter. The particles in a matter are in continous random motion because of kinetic energy The motion is called particles kinetic energy and this theory of matter states that:

♣ Matter consists of fine and discrete particles ♣ Particles always move, vibrate and rotate randomly. ♣ The temperature of matter increases as the particles kinetic energy increases

5. All matter exists in one of the three states: Solid Liquid Gas

Diagram of particles

Arrangement of particles

Particles are packed together in a regular pattern

Particles are not packed closely in regular pattern.

Particles are widely space

Movement of particles

The particles vibrate from side to side and spin around

their fixed position

Particles move freely Particles are also held together by a strong

attractive forces

Move freely in all direction at high speeds

CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER i) MELTING POINT is a temperature where a solid turns into a liquid

The melting point of ice is 00C When a liquid is heated the particles given more energy and they start to move faster and

further apart. At certain temperature the particles break free of one another and the liquid turns into steam

ii) BOILING POINT is the temperature at which a liquid changes to gas The boiling point of water is 1000C A liquid can turn into gas even at low temperature. It only occurs at the surface of a liquid. This process is called evaporation. Some substance go directs from solid state to gaseous This process is called sublimation. If a gas loses their kinetic energy, the gas turns into water.

Condensation is a process when a gas turns into liquid. iii) FREEZING is a process when a liquid turns into a solid.

Examples.

Water Gas Ice melting boiling

condensation freezing

2. ATOM STRUCTURE

Particle Symbol Position Electrical charge Relative mass

Proton p Inside the nucleus Positive 1

Neutron n Inside the nucleus Neutral 1

Electron e Outside the nucleus Negative 1/1840

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 53

Key

electron

proton

neutron

3. PROTON NUMBER, NUCLEON NUMBER IN ATOM i) Proton number

Each atom of the same element has certain number of proton, neutron and electron Therefore the chemical and physical properties of element are different This difference in proton number caused the atom from different element behave

differently. The number of protons in an atom is called the proton number All atom of the same element have the same proton number The mass of an atom depends on the number of proton and neutrons it contains

ii) Nucleon number The total number of proton and neutron in an atom shell is called then nucleon number. The number of nucleon ═ number of proton + number of neutron… An atom is electrically neutral hence the number of electron is equal to the number of

proton. iii) Isotopes

• The differences of nucleon number in the same elements are called isotopes • Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties because they have the

same number of proton • The isotopes have the same chemical properties but differences in physical properties • Hydrogen isotopes (Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3) have slightly different boiling

point. Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3

Proton 1 1 1 Electron 1 1 1 Neutron 0 1 2

Proton number 1 1 1 Nucleon number 1 2 3

Physical properties different Chemical properties same

4. THE PERIODIC TABLE • The Periodic Table is a longitunal grid of every element that exist.

• Each grid contains the symbol of the element , the proton number and the nucleon number.

14

7N Nitrogen

Nucleon number

Symbol Proton number Name of element

• The elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number. • The proton number increases from lef to right across the Periodic Table.


5. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES Particles in substances can exist as atoms , molecules and ions

Atoms An atom is the :

Solid particle of an element that can take part in a chemical change.

Neutral particles Metal are made of

atom particles that are arranged closely by strong attractive forces

Eg. copper contains only copper atom.

Period

I II III IV V VI VIIVIII1 H He2 Li Be B C N O F Ne3 4 5 6 7

Group

A

Molecules

Formed when two or more atom are combined chemically

Usually a molecule made of metal and non-metal atoms that are bound by a chemical bond.

Two types of molecules: Molecule of element is a molecule made up of the same atom

Molecule of compound a molecule that made up of different atoms

A ris c1,2

Thsolrea

ThTais c,III,

Physical properties of substances

Substance madPHYSICAL PROPERTIES ATOM MOLECULE

Physical state at room temperature

Solid (for all metal except mercury)

Gas (For noble gases) Solid, liquid or

Melting point / Boiling point High for metal Low

Electrical conductivity

All metal are good conductivity of

electricity

Do not conduelectricity

Attraction forces Strong metallic bond Weak Van der Wforces

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer

ow of elements in Periodic Table alled period and numbered ,3,4,5,6,and 7.. e first element is very reactive id and the last element is a non-ctive gas ere are 8 columns in the Periodic ble. The column in Periodic Table alled group and numbered I,II IV,V,VI,VII,VIII
5.
Ions This chemical particles are

called ions Particles with opposite charges

attract by strong electrostatic forces between them

Metals have a tendency of lack electrons to become positive ions.

Non-metals have a tendency to give electrons to become negative ions

Most ionic compounds are made up of metal ion and non-metal ions.

sodium chloof a sodium

+ Cl-

e of

gas

ct w

aal’s

Na

ride compound is m de aion and chloride ion

ION

Solid

High

Conduct electricity hen molten state or dissolved in water

Strong electrostatic forces

55

6. METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals

Physical properties Metals Non-metals Surface Shiny Dull Ductility Ductile Non-ductile

Malleability malleable Brittle Electrical conductivity Good electric conductor Poor conductor Thermal conductivity Good thermal conductor Poor thermal conductor

Tensile strength Very strong Weak 2. The uses of metal and non metal

Name Physical characteristics Uses

Gold Silver

Shiny surface Can withstand corrosion

Jewellery

Copper Ductile Malleable Good conductor of electricity

Gas and water piping Copper tooling and statue Electrical wires

Aluminium ight and strong

Good conductor of electricity Malleable

In making the bodies of aeroplane Cooking utensil and electrical cables Used as cans for drinks and food

Iron Ductile Malleable

To make engine parts o the car Used in construction industry

Carbon Carbon exists in two forms: i) Diamond ii) Graphite

As jewellery Used as lead in making pencils

Noble gas Neon and argon are not reactive Used in lights bulbs Sulphur Yellow in colour and burns easily Used in manufacturing car batteries

7. PURIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

1.

Solutions are made by:

i) Dissolving a solid into a liquid eg. Dissolve sugar into water ii) Dissolving a liquid into a liquid eg Dissolve alcohol into water

2. What is pure substance?

Pure substances are substances that contains only one type of substance. They do not have other substances eg sugar contains only sugar molecules.

3. Characteristics of Pure Substances

Pure substances have fixed boiling point and melting point. Eg. Pure water boils at 100 ºC and pure ice melts at 0 ºC

4. Method of purification i) Filtration ii) Crystallisation iii) Distillation

5.

i) Filtration - The process to separate solid from solution ii) Crystallisation - The process of forming crystal from liquid or gas iii) Distillation - The process to obtain a pure substance from a mixture of solution

1. The liquid mixture is heated until the required substance boils and turns into vapour 2. The vapour cools down and condenses into a pure liquid

iv) Fractional distillation • Two or more liquids can mix together to form a solution • This solution can be separated by fractional distillation • This is done by using fractional distillation • A fractionating column separate liquids in the order of boiling points. • The liquid with the lowest boiling point is obtained first


PAPER 1 1. The diagram shows a change in the state of matter.

X Y

The state of X and Y are

X Y A Solid Gas B Solid Liquid C Liquid Gas D Liquid Liquid

2. The diagram shows the changes in the three state of matter.

Solid

S P Q T

R Liquid Gas U In which processes is heat absorbed from the surrounding?

A. P,Q,U B. Q,R,S C. R,S,T D. S,T,P

3. The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in three state of matter.

SES 1511

Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 57

What is process E? A Boiling B Melting C Freezing D Condensation

4. Which of the following state is the lowest kinetic energy of water particles?

A Ice B Water C Steam D Vapour

5. What happen to the temperature when ice melts?

A Vary B Increase C Decrease D Remain constant

6. Which of the following graph shows the correct change in temperature when water is heated until it boils? Temperature (ºC) Temperature (ºC)

A C

Time Time

Temperature (ºC) Temperature (ºC)

B D

Time Time 7. Which of the following particle and charge is correctly matched?

Subatomic Particle Charge

A Proton Positive B Neutron Negative C Electron Positive D Neutron Negative


8. Which of the following statements is true about isotopes?

A Different chemical characteristics B Different in proton and neutron number C Same number of protons but different number of neutrons D Same number of neutrons but different number of protons

9. The table shows the proton and nucleon number of elements L,M,N,O.

Element Proton Number Nucleon Number L 5 11 M 6 12 N 6 14 O 7 14

Which elements are isotopes? A L and M B M and N C N and O D L and O 10. What is the basic of the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table? A Proton number B Neutron number C Electron number D Nucleon number 11. The diagram below shows an element Z 16

8

Which of the following is true about Z?

A It has 16 protons B It has 8 neutrons C The nucleon number is 8

D The number of electron is 16 12. What is the melting point of pure water? A -5°C B 0°C

C 100°C D 107°C


13. What is the characteristic of a molecular substance? A High melting point

B Good conductor of heat C Good conductor of electricity D The attractive forces are weak

14. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

Substances Particles A Chlorine atoms B Carbon dioxide atoms C Sodium chloride molecules D Lead bromide ions

15. The diagram shows atoms of a metal when force is applied to a part of it. Force

l What is the property of metal involved in the d

s r

A Solid B Shiny C Ductile D Malleable 16. Isotope X has 17 proton number and 37 nucleo protons and neutrons does it have? Protons

NeA 17 B 17 C 17 D 18

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the an

The atom layers lides on each othe

Atoms in meta

iagram?

n number.How many

utrons 17 37 20 17

swer 60

17. Which of the following processes represent melting? A B

Solid Liquid Gas

C D 18. Which of the following subatomic particles have charges? A Electrons only B Neutrons and protons C Electrons and protons D Electrons and neutrons 19. The diagram below shows a model of an atom. Which is an electron?

20. Which

A B C D

21. Which A B C D 22. Which

A B C D

SES 1511 Kelant

A

C

B

of the following particle is positively charg

Particle Proton numberL 3 M 6 N 9 O 17

of the following is the characteristic of a m

Low melting point Have a dull surface Bad conductor of heat Good conductor of electricity

of the following group in the Periodic Tabl

Group Name I Halogens II Alkali earth metals III Alkali metals IV Noble gases

an 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the ans

e

w

D

e?

Electron number 2 6

10 18

etal?

is named correctly?

er 61

23. Which of the following comparisons between metals and non-metals is true?

Metals Non-metals A Shiny surface Dull surface B Low melting point High melting point C Not malleable Malleable D Not ductile Ductile

24. The diagram below shows the melting point and boiling point of substances S,T,U and V.

Substances Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C) S 115 445 T -39 357 U -113 -30 V 78 216

Which substances are in the solid state at room temperature?

A S and T C S and V B T and U D U and S

25. Which of the following A, B, C and D represents gas particles? A B C D 26. Which of the following non-metal can conduct electricity? A Helium C Carbon B Sulphur D Oxygen 27. Dry ice changes into carbon dioxide when left in the open. What is the name of the process?

A Melting C Condensation B Sublimation D Evaporation

28. Why is it difficult to compress a solid?

A Solid particles are far apart B Solid particles are very big C Solid particles are closely arranged D Solid particles are held together by a strong force


29. Which of the following is correct about pure water? Boiling points (°C) Melting points (°C)

A 0 0 B 100 0 C 0 100 D 100 100

30. Which of the following is the physical properties of a non-metal? A Have shiny surface B Electrical conductors C Poor thermal conductor D Are closely packed particles 31. The diagram shows the structure of two particles L and M. L M 3p 3p 3n 4n Which of the following is correct about L and M? A They are molecules B Ions with same charge C Ions with different charge D Atoms of the same elements. 32. The diagram below shows an atom A. 7

A 3 How many electrons are present in an atom A? A. 3 C. 7 B. 4 D. 10 33. The diagram shows a simple Periodic Table.

S

R Q

P


Which element represents a metal? A. P C. R B. Q D. S 34. Which of the following technique would you use to separate water and alcohol? A. Evaporation B. Sublimation C. Simple distillation D. Fractional distillation 35. Which of the following elements are non-metals? A. Copper, iron, gold B. Copper, carbon, gold C. Zinc chlorine, sulphur D. Carbon, chlorine, sulphur 36. Which of the following is a common use of non-metal? A. To make the blade of knives B. For making the bodies of car C. In the production of telephone wire D. To insulate the handle of cooking pans 37. The boiling point of pure water is 100°C. When salt dissolved in it, what is the effect on its boiling points? A. The boiling point will decrease B. There is no effect on the boiling point C. The boiling point will be higher than 100°C D. The boiling point will increase and then decrease 38. What is the suitable method to obtain salt crystal from a salt solution? A. Filtrate the solution B. Evaporate the solution C. Distill the solution in flask D. Put the solution in freeze 39. Which of the following pair is correct? Process Energy

A. Freezing Released B. Boiling Released C. Condensation Absorbed D. Evaporation Released


40. Which of the following atoms X,Y,Z have 2 neutrons.

Atoms Proton number Nucleon number

X 3 7 Y 4 6 Z 6 8

A. X,Y and Z C. Y and Z only B. X and Y only D. X and Z only 41. The diagram shows elements P and Q in a Periodic Table.

Q

P

What is the similarity between P and Q? A. Nucleon number C. Chemical properties B. Proton number D. Physical properties 42. The diagram shows some physical properties of substances L, M and N.

Properties Substances L Substances M Substances N

Physical state at room temperature Gas Solid Gas

Boiling point Low High Low Attraction force Low Strong Low

What are L, M and N? L M N A. Ammonia Oxygen Iron B. Iron Oxygen Ammonia C. Oxygen Ammonia Iron D. Ammonia Iron Oxygen 43. The diagram shows the changes of matter from one state to another.


What happened during the process? A. Heat is being absorbed B. The particles move slower C. The particles move closer apart D. Kinetic energy of particles decrease 44. Fractional distillation is used to separate the different components of crude oil. Why can we use that process? A. Crude oil is not reactive B. The size of the components are different C. The kinetic energy of components are different D. The boiling points of the components are different 45. Which of the following is true about impure substance.

A. It has a fixed boiling point

B It has a fixed melting point C It consists of one substance D It consists of more than one substance

46. A substance P boils at 105°C. What is P ? A. Alcohol B. Pure water C. Naphthalene D. Sugar solution

47. Which of the following object is made of metal? A. Glass cutter B. Electric cable C. Casing for telephone


PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of atomic substance, ionic substance and molecular substance.

Bunsen burner

Switch A

Substance Carbon rod

Cardboard

Diagram 1 The result of the experiment is recorded in Table 1

Ammeter’s reading /A Type of substance Solid state Melting state

Lead powder 1.5 1.2

Sulphur powder 0.0 0.0

Lead(II) bromide powder 0.0 1.8

Table 1 (a) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Manipulated variable:

……………………………………………………………………………

[ 1 mark]

Type of substance

ii) Responding variable:

……………………………………………………………………………

[ 1 mark]

Reading of ammeter

iii) Constant variable:

…………………………………………………………………………… Mass of substance

[ 1 mark]


(b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

(c)

A

……

2. Diagram

(a)

SES 1511 Kela

…….………………………………………………………………………………

……..………………………………………………………………………………

……..………………………………………………………………………………

Lead powder conducts electricity in solid and molten state, sulphur

cannot conduct electricity while lead(II) bromide can conduct

electricity in molten state only

[ 1 mark]

Based on the result in Table 1, classify the substances into their class..

tomic substance Ionic substance Molecular substance

……………………

…………………………

…………………………

Lead Lead (II) bromide Sulphur

[ 2 marks]

2 shows an experiment to obtain pure water from salt water.

Salt water

Thermometer

Leibig condenser

Distillate

Diagram 2

State the variables in this experiment.

i. Manipulated variable:

…………………………………………………………………………… Presence of salt // Salt water [ 1 mark]

ii. Responding variable: ……………………………………………………………………… Boiling point

[ 1 mark]

ntan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 68

(b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

………..…………………………………………………………………………… Distilled water can be obtained from salt water through distillation [ 1 mark]

(c) The boiling point of the distillate is 100 0C. What is the inference? ………………………………………………………………….............................. Distillate is a pure water ………………………………………………………………….............................

[ 1 mark]

(d) What is the change of state in the Leibig condenser? …….…………………………………………………………….............................

[ 1 mark] Steam to liquid // gas to liquid

(e) What is the name of the process in Diagram 2? .......................................................................................................................... Distillation

[ 1 mark] SECTION B 1. Diagram 3 shows the Periodic Table with some elements denoted by letters P,R,S and T.

Diagram 3

a) . What is the name of the

i) Vertical column : ………………………………………………………. [ 1 mark] ii) Horizontal row : ………………………………………………………..

[ 1 mark]

VIIIVII VI V IVIIIIII VII VIIIVI V I II III IV

F R P

T S

Group Period


b) What property changes from P to R? …………………………………………………………………………. P is a solid while R is gas [ 1 mark] c) Give one physical property of S. ………………………………………………………………………. All are gases [ 1 mark] d) What is the name of the group where T belongs? ………………………………………………………………………. Transitional Metal [ 1 mark] e) What is the proton number of R? …………………………….. 9 [ 1 mark] f) What is the electron number of P? …………………………….. 3 4. Table 3 below shows the number of protons, neutrons and nucleon number of particles A,B,C and D.

Particle Number of protons Number of neutrons Nucleon number A 11 12 23 B 17 18 35 C 17 20 37 D 20 22 42

Table 3

a) Complete the table above [2 mark] b) i) Which pair of particles are isotope? …………………………………………………………………………………….. B and C [1 mark] ii) Give your reason for the answer in b) i) ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

B and C have the same number of proton but different number of neutron

[1 mark] c) Particle A is a neutral atom. How many electrons does A have? …………………………….. ……………………………………………………… 11

[1 mark]


SECTION C 1. Study the statement below carefully.

You are given a copper metal, a sulphur roll, connecting wire ,switch and ammeter.

Molecular substances are not conduct electricity in all state Atomic substances are good electric conductor

(a) Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement. (1 mark) (b) Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following.

(i) Aim of experiment (1 mark) (ii) Variables (2 marks) (iii) List of apparatus (1 mark) (iv) Method (4 marks) (v) Tabulation of data (1 mark)

ANSWER Hypothesis :

Copper is a good electric conductor but sulphur do not

Aim of experiment :

To study the electrical conductivity of copper and sulphur

Variables : Constant : Size // Mass of substance Manipulated : Type of substance // Metal and Non metal Responding : Electrical conductivity of substance

List of apparatus : Copper metal, sulphur. connecting wire, switch, ammeter, Battery

Method : . An electric circuit is set up as shown in the diagram . The switch is turns on. . The deflection of ammeter’s needle is observed and

recorded . Step 1 to 3 is repeated using sulphur

Tabulation of data : Type of substance Deflection of ammeter’s

needle Copper Sulphur


2. a) Give five differences between metal and non-metal (4 marks) b) Diagram 4 shows three substances.

Sulphur

Substance

Iodine Bromine

DIAGRAM 4

You are required to develop a concept of an non-metal. Your answer should be based on the following aspects:

• Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal. • Develop an initial concept of a non-metal. • Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal.

Give reason for each example. • Build the real concept of a non-metal. (6 marks)

SES

ANSWER a)

Properties Metal Non-metal Appearance Shiny Dull

Density High Low Melting point High Low

Electrical conductivity Good conductor Poor conductor Heat conductivity Good conductor Poor conductor

b) Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal.

Not conduct electricity in all state Have dull surface

Develop an initial concept of a non-metal. Substance which have dull surface and not conduct electricity in all state

are non-metal Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal. Give reason for each example. Example - Plastic because not conduct electricity in all state Non-example – Iron because conduct electricity in all state// have shiny

surface Build the real concept of a non-metal. Non-metal is a substance which have dull surface and not conduct

electricity in all state

1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 72

ch 4 matter & substance tc

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