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Chapter 17 A New South: Economic Progress and Social Tradition (1877–1900)

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Page 1: Ch 17 lecture powerpoints

Chapter 17A New South: Economic Progress and Social

Tradition (1877–1900)

Chapter 17A New South: Economic Progress and Social

Tradition (1877–1900)

Page 2: Ch 17 lecture powerpoints

What characterized continuity and change between the Old South and the New South?

What were the origins and nature of southern populism?

What were women’s role in the South? How and why did segregation and

disfranchisement change race relations in the South?

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◦ Birmingham, Alabama epitomized the one aspect of the New South as iron and steel mills emerged in the city.

◦ The southern textile industry also grew, especially in the Piedmont.

◦ The tobacco and soft drink industries also became important economic aspects of the South.

◦ Southern railroad construction boomed in the 1880s, tying the section together and stimulating the rise of interior cities.

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MAP 17–1 Railroads in the South, 1859 and 1899 A postwar railroad construction boom promoted commercial agriculture and industry in the South. Unlike the railroads of the prewar South, uniform gauges and connections to major trunk lines in the North linked southerners to the rest of the nation. Northern interests, however, owned the major southern railroads in 1899, and most of the products flowing northward were raw materials to be processed by northern industry or shipped elsewhere by northern merchants.

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Grady was the young, dynamic editor of the South's leading newspaper, the Atlanta Constitution, still one of the great papers of the nation. Through his editorials, through speeches, through writings, Grady tried to advertise to the rest of the nation, and to the world at large, a South that was no longer the South of the old plantation days, of the sleepy towns, of the magnolia blossoms, but a South that was dynamic, alive, ready to receive economic investment, ready to grow and

prosper.

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– Southern urban and industrial growth was rapid but barely kept pace with the northern boom.

– A weak agricultural economy and high rural birthrate kept wages in the South low and undermined the southern economy. Consumer demand was low limiting the market for southern manufacturing goods. Low wages also had other negative effects, including keeping immigrants away.

– The South remained a section apart. The Civil War had wiped out its capital resources, making it a colony of the North. Investment seemed riskier making the South dependent on numerous small investors.

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By the 1890s, textile mills were a common sight in towns throughout the South. The mills provided employment for impoverished rural families, especially women and children.

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◦ The cash-poor economy meant credit dominated. Cotton was the only commodity easily converted into cash and so became the only one accepted for credit.

◦ The web of credit extended from farmers to local merchants to city merchants.

GEX User
2nd bullet: deleted "and" to fix run on sentence
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◦ Declining conditions led farmers to fight for improvements. They supported lower interest rates, easier credit, regulation of railroad freight rates, and lower commodity prices.

◦ By 1875, nearly 250,000 southern farmers had joined the Patrons of Husbandry, often called the Grange. The leaders were large farmers.

◦ The most powerful farm reform organization was the Southern Farmers’ Alliance that originated in Texas. It became a surrogate government and church for many small farmers. It developed into the People’s Party.

GEX User
should this slide be titled "The Southern Agrarian Revolt" ? See next slide.
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The Purposes of the Grange: Gift for the Grangers, done in 1873, not surprisingly makes a sturdy farmer its focus. The scenes around the border picture rural life as farmers wished it to be rather than as it really was (Library of Congress)

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◦ Facing growing financial pressures in the 1880s and early 1890s combined with the failure of major political parties to address their concerns, northern and southern farmers joined the Alliance and supported the People’s Party.

◦ The People’s Party supported the direct election of U. S. senators, an income tax, government ownership of railroads, woman suffrage, and other credit easing proposals.

◦ Southern populists were ambivalent about African Americans but populists in Texas and Georgia openly appealed for black votes.

◦ In the 1892 election, Populists made inroads in some southern state legislators.

GEX User
Should this slide be titled "The Southern Agrarian Revolt, cont'd." ?1st bullet: changed support to supported to fix verb tense
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Church work and preserving memories◦ Church work provided an avenue for southern

women to enter the public arena. They founded home missions to promote industrial education among the poor and help working-class women become self-sufficient. They also established settlement houses.

◦ Religion led southern white women to join the Women’s Christian Temperance Union.

- Alcohol prohibition, smoking, Coca-Cola◦ The reform movement among middle-class southern

white women was conservative in nature.-Supported segregation and defended white

supremacy

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The economic advance of African Americans in the South during the decades after the Civil War againstgreat odds provided one of the more inspiring success stories of the era. But it was precisely this success, asdepicted here at Dr. McDougald’s Drug Store in Georgia, in 1900, that infuriated whites who believed that the African American’s place in the South resided in menial and subservient occupations.

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The white backlash◦ As young African Americans demanded full

participation in American society, white Southerners of the same generation resented the changed status of African Americans.

◦ The South’s deteriorating rural economy and the volatile politics of the late 1880s and early 1890s heightened tensions between the races. Racial rhetoric and violence escalated.

◦ Whites who were raised on the myth of the “Lost Cause” saw blacks as replacing the “Yankees” as the enemy.

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Lynch law Between 1882 and 1903 white mobs lynched

more than 2,000 black Southerners Lynching did not end until the 1940’s Most lynching were for imagined slights to white

women, but included many other alleged crimes where blacks stepped above their “place”

Lynch mobs usually tortured and killed their victims in a circus-like atmosphere

• Memphis journalist Ida B. Wells launched an anti-lynching crusade.

Willie Lynch Video

lynch video 1

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Lynching became a public spectacle, a ritual designed to reinforce white supremacy. Note the matter-of-fact satisfaction of the spectators at this gruesome murder of a black man.

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• Segregation by law– Southern white lawmakers tried to bolster

white solidarity and guarantee African American subservience in the 1890s by legalized segregation and disfranchisement of black voters.

– In the 1870s, racial segregation in public places was spreading in southern cities and ending in northern urban areas.

– New segregation legislation focused on railroads and providing “separate but equal” facilities.

– In 1896, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal was constitutional in the (Plessy v. Ferguson)

– Jim Crow laws extended racial segregation.

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Segregation by law accelerated after the 1896 Plessy v.Ferguson decision, but public conveyances often failed to abide by the “equal” portion of the separate-but-equal ruling. African Americans in the South fought racial separation and exclusion vigorously, as this excerpt from a black newspaper in Cleveland attests. July 14, 1900.

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Disfranchisement◦ The movement to reduce or eliminate the black

vote in the South began in the 1880s.◦ Disfranchisement included a variety of

measures such as complicating the registration and voting process as well as instituting the secret ballot.

◦ The poll tax, literacy tests, and the grandfather clauses also helped eliminate black voters.

◦ African Americans protested disfranchisement vigorously but to no avail.

GEX User
1st bullet: TYPO changed "1800s" to "1880s" to conform with text book
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FIGURE 17–3 Disfranchisement and Educational Spending in the South,1890–1910 By barring black people from the political process, franchise restrictions limited their access to government services. Educational expenditures, which increased for white people but decreased for black people following disfranchisement, provide one measure of the result.

Is this separate but equal?

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A national consensus on race◦ In the 1890s, apparently a majority of

Americans agreed that African Americans were inferior and should be treated as second-class citizens.

◦ Popular culture stereotypes combined with intellectual and political opinions in the North supported southern policy.

◦ So-called “scientific racism” backed up this claim on biological grounds

◦ In 1903 the New York Times stated “practically the whole country supports the southern solution to the race issue”

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Response of the black community◦ By the 1880s, a new, black middle class had

emerged in the South. Centered in the city, business and professional African Americans served a primarily black clientele.

◦ Black women played an increasingly active and prominent role in African American communities. Black women’s clubs developed to address the new era in race relations.

◦ Booker T. Washington advocated learning industrial skills to help African Americans gain self-respect and economic independence. He supported the Atlanta Compromise.

◦ W.E.B DuBois challenged Washington and supported self-help, education, and black pride, helping found the NAACP.

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Booker T. Washington (left) and W. E. B. Du Bois (right). The differences between these two prominent black leaders reflected in part the differences between the North and the South in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The northern-born Du Bois challenged segregation and pinned his hopes for improving the condition of African Americans on a talented elite. The southern-born Washington counseled acquiescence to segregation, maintaining that black people could ultimately gain the acceptance of white society through self-improvement and hard work.

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Howard University Law School Class These men would form what black leader, W.E.B. Du Bois called “The Talented Tenth,” the new African-American leadership for the new twentieth century. Note the pride and determination of these men.

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In 1900, the South was more like the rest of the nation than at any other time since 1800.

White Southerners promoted national reconciliation but maintained the peculiarities of the region.

The New South was both American and southern.

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Ku Klux Klan march, Houston, Texas—publicity during economic summit

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A “Keep the Flag Change the Governor” political sign is shown in a yard in Louisville, Miss., Oct. 9, 2003. Two years after Mississippi voters decided to keep a Confederate battle emblem on their state banner, the flag has again become an issue in thegovernor’s race. in a television ad, Republican gubernatorial nominee Haley Barbour said Democratic Gov. Ronnie Musgrove “attacked” the state flag when he insisted on giving voters a chance to decide the banner’s design in 2001. Barbour’scampaign office in Yazoo City, Miss., was also distributing “Keep the Flag. Change the Governor” campaign materials.

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NAACP members supporting the economic boycott of South Carolina over the continuing presence of the Confederate flag on Statehouse grounds in Columbia, demonstrate prior to a speech by Kweisi Mfume, the national president of the NAACP, Friday, April 19, 2003, at a state welcome station near Fort Mill, S.C.