Ch. 10Ch. 10Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment

**PhilosophePhilosophe- intellectual of the Enlightenment (writers, - intellectual of the Enlightenment (writers, professors, journalists, economists, social reformers professors, journalists, economists, social reformers

from the nobility & middle class)from the nobility & middle class)

Montesquieu Montesquieu French nobleFrench noble The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws

(1748)-(1748)- Three branches of Three branches of

governmentgovernment• Executive, legislative, judicialExecutive, legislative, judicial

Separation of powersSeparation of powers The 3 branches limit & The 3 branches limit &

control each other in a control each other in a system of checks & system of checks & balancesbalances

VoltaireVoltaire

French, middle-classFrench, middle-class Religious views:Religious views:

Critical of ChristianityCritical of Christianity Supported idea of Supported idea of deismdeism--

• God (the clockmaker) had created the universe , set God (the clockmaker) had created the universe , set it in motion, and allowed it to run without His it in motion, and allowed it to run without His interference, according to its own natural lawsinterference, according to its own natural laws

Strong belief in religious tolerationStrong belief in religious toleration• ““all men are brothers under God” (all men are brothers under God” (Treatise on Treatise on

Toleration)Toleration)

Don’t forgetDon’t forget

Dress up in GREEN tomorrow!Dress up in GREEN tomorrow!

BRING IN CANNED GOODS!BRING IN CANNED GOODS!

Adam SmithAdam Smith 1776- 1776- The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations

Laissez faire- “to let do” Laissez faire- “to let do” (hands-off govt.) (hands-off govt.)

The state should not interfere The state should not interfere in economic matters. Govt. in economic matters. Govt. should only have 3 basic rolesshould only have 3 basic roles1.1. Protecting society from invasion Protecting society from invasion

(army)(army)

2.2. Defending citizens from injustice Defending citizens from injustice (police)(police)

3.3. Keeping up public works (roads, Keeping up public works (roads, canals) that private individuals canals) that private individuals couldn’t affordcouldn’t afford

BeccariaBeccaria

On Crimes and On Crimes and PunishmentsPunishments Argued that punishments Argued that punishments

should not be cruel and should not be cruel and unusualunusual

Opposed capital Opposed capital punishmentpunishment• ““Is it not absurd, that the laws, Is it not absurd, that the laws,

which punish murder, should, which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder publicly commit murder themselves?”themselves?”

CSWK/HMWKCSWK/HMWK

Do not have to write the questions.Do not have to write the questions.

p.307-- #4, 5, 7, 8p.307-- #4, 5, 7, 8 p. 324-- #8, 10, 13, 18, 19p. 324-- #8, 10, 13, 18, 19

Don’t Forget!Don’t Forget! DRESS-UP for WACKY TACKY DAY tomorrow! (within DRESS-UP for WACKY TACKY DAY tomorrow! (within

dress code as best as you can!)dress code as best as you can!) Bring in CANNED FOOD! Take to Mrs. Yancey/Moore’s Bring in CANNED FOOD! Take to Mrs. Yancey/Moore’s

classroom.classroom. Bring MONEY for chain-links!Bring MONEY for chain-links! SIGN UP for Class Olympic events- make sure you get SIGN UP for Class Olympic events- make sure you get

the the bestbest among you to enter! Greater chance to win! among you to enter! Greater chance to win!

HAVE A GOOD ATTITUDE WITH HAVE A GOOD ATTITUDE WITH HOMECOMING, SUPPORT OUR TEAM, HOMECOMING, SUPPORT OUR TEAM,

AND HAVE FUN! AND HAVE FUN!

Enlightened RulerEnlightened Ruler ruler who tried to govern by Enlightenment principles ruler who tried to govern by Enlightenment principles

(freedoms, rights, toleration, reform) while maintaining their (freedoms, rights, toleration, reform) while maintaining their royal powersroyal powers

Frederick the Great (Prussia)- Frederick the Great (Prussia)- abolished use of torture, granted abolished use of torture, granted limited freedom of speech & press, limited freedom of speech & press, religious tolerationreligious toleration

Joseph II (Austria)- abolished Joseph II (Austria)- abolished serfdom, eliminated the death serfdom, eliminated the death penalty, established principle of penalty, established principle of equality, religious toleration (though equality, religious toleration (though most of these reforms failed)most of these reforms failed)

Joseph II

Frederickthe Great

The Arts- LiteratureThe Arts- Literature

DiderotDiderot Created The Encyclopedia- 28 Created The Encyclopedia- 28

volume collection of the volume collection of the sciences, art, and tradessciences, art, and trades

Helped spread the ideas of the Helped spread the ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

The Arts- Art styleThe Arts- Art style Rococo Rococo

used by the 1730sused by the 1730s Emphasized grace, charm, & gentle actionEmphasized grace, charm, & gentle action Highly secular (not a lot of religious themes)Highly secular (not a lot of religious themes)

Fragonard

Chardin

The Arts- MusicThe Arts- Music

Baroque Style- grand, ornateBaroque Style- grand, ornate Bach (organist, composer)Bach (organist, composer) Handel (religious music)Handel (religious music)

Classical Style- simplerClassical Style- simpler Mozart (child prodigy)Mozart (child prodigy) Haydn (musical director for wealthy Haydn (musical director for wealthy

Hungarian princes)Hungarian princes)