7/30/2019 CFC In Focus - Sudan and South Sudan Peace Agreement, 04 December 2012

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C I V I L - M I L I T A R Y F U S I O N C E N T R E

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I N F O C U S

Sudan and South Sudan: A Comprehensive Peace Agreement

This document provides the In Focus excerpt from the MB Weekly 04 December 2012. The In Focus section of the weekly gives our readershipa more detailed reporting of an event or topic of particular relevance in the Mediterranean Basin and other regions of interest. In Focus

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Sudan and South Sudan: A Comprehensive Peace AgreementBy Sasha Ernest

After three weeks of negotiation in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, Sudanese President Omar al -Bashir and South Sudanese

President Salva Kiir Mayardit signeda comprehensive peace agreement on 27 September 2012 that will pave the way for increased

trade and cooperation between the two countries. Under the mediation of the African Union High -Level Implementation Panel

(AUHIP), this celebrated step forward comprisesa general cooperation agreement and eight protocols on oil, security, citizenship,

post service benefits, trade, banking, border issues and economic matters. The peace summit was scheduled after the United Na tions

(UN) Security Council in May 2012 warnedSudan and South Sudan that if they did not cease all hostilities and reach agreementsconcerning oil, citizenship, border demarcation and other disputes, it would take appropriate additional measures under Article 41of

the UN Charter. Although gains were made in Addis Ababa, the issues of border security and demarcation remain unresolved. Khar-

toum and Juba failed to reach an agreement on the disputed border region of Abyei, which is coveted for its oil fields and grazing

lands. The lead South Sudanese negotiator in the Addis Ababa summit, Pagan Amum, stated that the cooperation agreement will be

validfor only three and a half years in total and each state has the power to revoke or cancel it with sixty days notice.

Oil AgreementWhen South Sudan seceded in July 2011 it took 75% of Sudans oil resources but remained reliant on Sudans infrastructureto ex-

port the oil. Tensions rose when Sudan seized southern oil tankers in early January 2012 as recompense for unpaid transit fees. South

Sudan accusedKhartoum of confiscating USD 815 million worth of oil and summarily suspended all oil production until a compre-

hensive cooperation agreement was signed by the two countries. That agreement was reached during the September 2012 Addis Aba-

ba summit. South Sudan agreedto pay Sudan a transit fee of USD 9.48 per barrel which is lower than Khartoums initial demands of

up to USD 36.00 per barrel. South Sudan also agreed to transfermore than USD 3 billion to Sudan as a one-time payment for Sudan

losing access to 75% of its oil. The international community praised the deal as a path to ease South Sudans and Sudans economic

hardships. The South Sudanese Ministerof Petroleum and Mining, Stephen Dhieu Dau, reported a week after the signing that his

country had begun preparations to resume oil production and on 14 November, President Kiir announcedthat oil production would

restart by the end of the month as long as security arrangements between the countries were finalised. South Sudan continues to ac-

cuse Sudan of supporting rebel groups in Sudanese territory an accusation South Sudan says is being used by Sudan to delayoil

exports. The delay in production has already caused a sharp dropin the value of the Sudanese pound to a record low. The two parties

must now agree on how to demilitarise their shared border so that oil production can begin and their economies can begin to generate

much needed revenue.

Border DisputeThe two countries agreed to maintainthe UN-mandated force of 4,200 Ethiopian peacekeepers in the disputed border region until 31

Excerpted from 04 December 2012

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http://www.cimicweb.org/http://www.cimicweb.org/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/us-sudan-south-talks-idUSBRE88Q1R820120927http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/us-sudan-south-talks-idUSBRE88Q1R820120927http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/09/27/sudan-and-south-sudan-full-text-of-agreements/http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/09/27/sudan-and-south-sudan-full-text-of-agreements/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41903#.UKqMAodX3X8http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41903#.UKqMAodX3X8http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtmlhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44027http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44027http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44202http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44202http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16781592http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16781592http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16781592http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16781592http://www.france24.com/en/20120804-sudan-south-sudan-oil-deal-production-african-union-mbeki-clinton-abyeihttp://www.france24.com/en/20120804-sudan-south-sudan-oil-deal-production-african-union-mbeki-clinton-abyeihttp://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2012/09/Oil-Agreement-between-SudanSouth-Sudan0001.pdfhttp://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2012/09/Oil-Agreement-between-SudanSouth-Sudan0001.pdfhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44100http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44100http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44540http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44540http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/11/20121120211045827195.htmlhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/11/20121120211045827195.htmlhttp://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/20/250771.htmlhttp://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/20/250771.htmlhttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43523&Cr=abyei&Cr1=#.UKqs84dX3X8http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43523&Cr=abyei&Cr1=#.UKqs84dX3X8https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/medbasin/Holder/Documents/n073%20CFC%20Weekly%20Sector%20Review-Med%20Basin%20(04-DEC-12).pdfhttps://www.cimicweb.org/https://www.cimicweb.org/https://www.cimicweb.org/https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/medbasin/Holder/Documents/n073%20CFC%20Weekly%20Sector%20Review-Med%20Basin%20(04-DEC-12).pdfhttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43523&Cr=abyei&Cr1=#.UKqs84dX3X8http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/20/250771.htmlhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/11/20121120211045827195.htmlhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44540http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44100http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2012/09/Oil-Agreement-between-SudanSouth-Sudan0001.pdfhttp://www.france24.com/en/20120804-sudan-south-sudan-oil-deal-production-african-union-mbeki-clinton-abyeihttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16781592http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16781592http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44202http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article44027http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41903#.UKqMAodX3X8http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/09/27/sudan-and-south-sudan-full-text-of-agreements/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/us-sudan-south-talks-idUSBRE88Q1R820120927http://www.cimicweb.org/

7/30/2019 CFC In Focus - Sudan and South Sudan Peace Agreement, 04 December 2012

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May 2013. Sudan and South Sudan also agreed to establisha safe demilitarised border zone (SDBZ) along their 1,800 km unmarked

border. Under the deal, both countries would withdrawtheir armed forces from a disputed fourteen mile area. The creation of a de-

militarised buffer zone, although receiving acclaim from the international community, has caused discord among Sudanese and

South Sudanese citizens living within the border region. Prominent activists and citizens from Northern Bahr el Ghazal state

(NBEG) in South Sudan decriedthe agreement saying that it relinquishes their land to Sudan. The governor of NBEG state and the

South Sudan Law Society also rejected the Addis Ababa agreement claiming it compromisesthe territorial rights and national sov-

ereignty of some areas along the shared border. South Sudans Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, Michael Makuei Lueth, called

upon the mediato begin an awareness campaign to explain the agreement and clarify that the buffer zone was not a border demarca-

tion but a temporary solution until a final one is determined.

Abyei is another contentious region along the border. The Addis Ababa

agreement stated that a transitional and joint administration would be

appointed for the region until the final status of Abyei is determined

through a referendum, which would allow residents to decide if Abyei

will be part of Sudan or South Sudan. The two countries have yet to

determinethe criteria for those eligible to vote in the disputed region.

The Dinka Ngok tribe permanently resides in Abyei. For part of the

year, the region is also home to the Misseriya nomads who migrate

from Sudan into Abyei in order to graze cattle. The Dinka Ngok, with

the support of South Sudan, claims ownership of the land and often

clash with the Misseriya tribe. Both countries agree on the participation

of the Dinka Ngok in the referendum, but disagree on the participation

of the Misseriya nomads. Khartoum wants the Misseriya to be eligibleto vote as they will likely side with Sudan, while the Dinka Ngok will

vote to join South Sudan. The referendum is expected to be held by

October 2013.

On the issue of the freedom of nationals, Sudan and South Sudan

agreed to allow the nationals of each country to enjoy the following

freedoms in the other country: freedom of residence, movement, prop-

erty and work. This protocol is known as the four freedoms agreement.

The agreement does not address the issue ofcitizenshipbut it does pro-

vide protection for those who currently live, study or have property

across the border. This protocol also protects those who were deported to

South Sudan after its secession. When South Sudan seceded in July 2011, Sudan revoked citizenship of all those whom it consid-

ered South Sudanese and gave them until 08 April 2012 to sort out their identification documents. The four freedoms will provide

them an opportunity to live and work in either country without fear of deportation.

As an indication of future cooperation, less than a week after the agreement was signed, President al-Bashir issued directives to re-

sume exportation ofsorghumto South Sudan as a gesture of goodwill and as a confirmation of Sudans seriousness in abiding by

the agreement which provides for the establishment of two joint committees to regulate and promote trade relations. Al-Bashir also

ordered the border with South Sudan to be reopened on 06 October and stressed that the normalisation of bilateral relations is a pri-

ority. President Kiir also expressed a commitmentto finding peaceful solutions on post-secession issues with Sudan.

04 December 2012

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