census migration

December 2005

Census Data Dissemination Workshop

Migration Profile of Tripura

Indraneel Bhowmik

Venue: Tripura University, Agartala

December 2005


� Migration means movement from one place

to another.

� In Economics, migration is movement from

one place to another for an economic

activity.

� Theories on Migration in most cases have

been regarding developing countries.

December 2005


� Migration

Rural to Urban

1. Urban- rural income

differential

2. Probability of Obtaining

an urban job

3. Unemployment in the

rural sector

� Migration

Rural to Rural

1. Lack of opportunities

2. Lack of agricultural

land

December 2005


� Major literature on Migration ----– Arthur Lewis ( “Economic Development with Unlimited

Supplies of Labour”, 1954)

– Michael Todaro (“ A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment “, 1969)

– John Harris & Michael Todaro (Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis”1970)

– T.W. Schultz (“ Agriculture in an Unstable Economy”, 1945)

– Gustav Ranis and John Fei ( “ A Theory of Economic Development”1961)

December 2005


� Major literature on Migration ----(contd.)– G. Fields (“ Rural- Urban Migration, Urban Unemployment

and Underemployment, and Job Search Activity in LDCs”, 1975)

– L.Y.L.Yap (“The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature”,1977)

– A.S. Oberai & H.K. Manmohan Singh (“Migration, Employment and the Urban Labour Market: A Study in the Indian Punjab”1984)

– Biswajit Banerjee (“ Information flow, expectations and job search: rural-to-urban migration process in India, 1984)

December 2005


� Migrants by place of birth are those who are enumerated at a village/town at the time of census other than their place of birth.

� Migrant by place of last residence are those who have changed their place of living during the interim period of census.


In 1991Excluded J&KNote:

-11.66.96.1Abroad

54.527.242.3Inter-state

29.559.176.8Inter-district

32.6136.2181.7Intra-district

216.7Female

90.4Male

32.9229.8307.1Persons

Variation

(%)

1991

Census

2001

Census

Total

Migrants

December 2005


In terms of net migrants-

Maharastra- 2.3 million

Delhi- 1.7 million

Gujarat- 0.68 million

Haryana- 0.67 million

Punjab- 0.33 million

West Bengal: 0.25million

Tripura- 27970

In terms of net migrants-

Uttar Pradesh: -2.7million

Bihar: -1.7 million

Tamil Nadu: -0.37 million

Rajasthan -0.26 million

Andhra: -0.21 million

Assam: -0.15million

Mizoram: -704

December 2005


Reasons _- All India level

Work/ Employment………..14.7%

Business…………………… 1.2%

Education………………….. 3.0%

December 2005


Marriage………………….... 43.8%

Moved after birth………….. 6.7%

Moved with household….. 21.0%

Other………………………. 9.7%

December 2005


� Marriage is the most important cause for

migration among females.

� Work/Employment is the most important

reason for migration among males.

December 2005


� Union territories and small states have the

highest migration rate- Daman &Diu(44.1%),

Dadra & Nagar (32.6%), Chandigarh

(21.4%), Delhi(18.7%)

� Tripura- 1%

� Least rates for Bihar(-2.7%), UP(-2.0%),

Manipur(-1.4%), Nagaland(-1.4%)

December 2005


� International Migration

� 97% of the migrants from the neighbouring countries

� 3.0 million from Bangladesh, 0.9 million from Pakistan, 0.5 million from Nepal and 0.1 million from Sri Lanka

� Considerable migration from China

December 2005


� Migration in India- four types– Rural to Rural: 56.52%

– Rural to Urban: 21.74%

– Urban to Rural: 6.57%

– Urban to Urban: 15.16%

N.B.- Computed from Table D-2, Census of India excluding international and unclassified migrants

December 2005


� Intra state migrants

Rural to Rural: 60.5%

Rural to Urban: 17.6%

Urban to Rural: 6.5%

Urban to Urban: 12.3%

Unclassified: 3.1%

� Inter state migrants

Rural to Rural: 26.6%

Rural to Urban: 37.9%

Urban to Rural: 6.3%

Urban to Urban: 26.7%

Unclassified: 2.6%

December 2005


� Rural to Rural Migration – Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam

� Rural to Urban Migration- Mizoram, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu

� Urban to Rural Migration- Goa, Kerala, Sikkim, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh

� Urban to Urban Migration- Tamil Nadu, Goa, Mizoram, Nagaland

December 2005


Tripura � Total Migrants- 961,653

� Male- 42%, Female-58%

� National - 72.69% (M-38.42%,F-61.58%)

� Within State-90.89% (M-37.48%, F- 62.52%)

� Within District-84.38%(M-37.03%,F- 62.97%)

� Other States- 63778 (M-47.83%, F- 52.17%)

� Other Districts- 99369(M-39.88%, F- 60.12%)

� International – 27.21% (M-51.59%, F-48.41%)

December 2005


� Maximum number of immigrants from-

Mizoram(28,292), followed by Assam

(17827).

� No immigrants from Daman &Diu,

Lakshadeep, Dadra & Nagar and

Pondicherry.

� International immigrants from Bangladesh,

Nepal, Burma, Pakistan etc.

December 2005


� Out migrants from Tripura during 1991-2001: 23,538.

� In-migrants from other states( 1991-2001): 40,262.

� In migrants from abroad (1991-2001): 11,246.

� 5 migrants from Europe.

� 65509 migrants in Agartala- 32237 males & 33272 females.

December 2005


� Causes of Migration:

27.9755.4639.52Others

21.5527.3623.99Moved with household

0.370.790.55Moved after birth

48.002.0328.69Marriage

0.461.550.92Education

0.152.050.95Business

1.4910.765.38Work / Employment

FemaleMalePersonsCauses (in %)

December 2005


� Causes for International migration

29.4149.3539.70Others

46.5941.9444.19Moved with household

0.180.460.24Moved after birth

22.530.6511.26Marriage

0.150.700.44Education

0.191.530.88Business

0.885.523.28Work / Employment

FemaleMalePersonsCauses (in %)

December 2005


� Others is the most important factor for migration in Tripura.

� It includes widespread internal displacement due to insurgency and ethnic unrest.

� More than 10000 persons have migrated from Takarjala & Jampuijala.

December 2005


� Several persons in the state who have been forced to migrate due to exogenous factors for more than twice.

� Huge migration from areas once used for resettlement of refugees after partition.

December 2005


� Migration from Mizoram is highest for other

causes.

� Male majority migration from Mizoram and

Bangladesh.

� More migration in the offing- regrouping of

villages by the state government.

December 2005


� More than 30% of the people in the state are considered to be migrants.

� Marriage is the most important cause for intra state migration.

� Out migration from the state mostly to West Bengal.

� Second to Arunachal in terms of migration rate.

December 2005


THANK YOU

census migration

Technology

urban migration mizoram

migration literature

rural migration bihar

rural migration goa

fields rural urban migration

urban migration process

urban migration tamil

model of labour migration