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Cellular Cellular Respiration Respiration (Making ATP from food) (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP

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Page 1: Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP

Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration

(Making ATP from food)(Making ATP from food)

crash-course-bio ATP

Page 2: Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP

RESPIRATION

1

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All living cells are made up of All living cells are made up of chemical chemical substancessubstances

The processes of living involve The processes of living involve reactionsreactions between between the substancesthe substances

A A reactionreaction is an event which produces a change in is an event which produces a change in a substancea substance

For example, a reaction between carbon and For example, a reaction between carbon and oxygen (such as burning coal in air) changes the oxygen (such as burning coal in air) changes the carbon in the coal, and oxygen in the air into carbon in the coal, and oxygen in the air into carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

3

This reaction can be represented by the equation

C + O2 CO2

carbon oxygen carbon dioxide

Page 4: Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP

Coo

an atom of carbon

ca molecule of oxygen O2

combine to form a molecule of carbon dioxide CO2

plus

4

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Metabolizing Metabolizing MoleculesMolecules

Metabolism – all the chemical Metabolism – all the chemical reactions occuring in your reactions occuring in your

cells at one timecells at one time

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Two types of chemical reactions can Two types of chemical reactions can occur as an organism metabolizes occur as an organism metabolizes molecules:molecules:

Anabolic reactions - this type of reaction Anabolic reactions - this type of reaction builds molecules (specifically, small builds molecules (specifically, small molecules are combined into large molecules are combined into large molecules for repair, growth or storage).molecules for repair, growth or storage).

Catabolic reactions – this type of Catabolic reactions – this type of reaction breaks down molecules to reaction breaks down molecules to release their stored energyrelease their stored energy

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What do you use to What do you use to get yourself out of bed get yourself out of bed in the morning? in the morning?

ENERGY ENERGY

Page 8: Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP

Where do our cells get energy?Where do our cells get energy? 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of

energy for cellenergy for cell What type of What type of macromoleculemacromolecule are 6- are 6-

C sugars?C sugars? CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Cells break down glucose a 6-C Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP sugar to make ATP ““energyenergy””

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What is a molecule of What is a molecule of energy? energy? ATPATP

So, did you eat ATP last So, did you eat ATP last night?night? Or did you eat pizza?Or did you eat pizza?

Food you eat must be broken Food you eat must be broken down into carbs (sugar), down into carbs (sugar), protein, and lipids (fat).protein, and lipids (fat).

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Setting the stage…Setting the stage… Eat! Eat! Amylase breaks Amylase breaks

down starch down starch glucoseglucose

DigestionDigestion CirculationCirculation Into cells Into cells (facilitated (facilitated

diffusion)diffusion)Phytosynthesis is done by autotrophs to convert solar energy into chemical energy.Cellular respiration is the process of converting chemical energy to ATP.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2OAt first glance it may appear as if phytosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse processBut they occur in different organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and the chemical reactions are very different.

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Transferring Energy with Transferring Energy with ATPATP

Cells transfer energy between anabolic Cells transfer energy between anabolic and catabolic reactions by using an energy and catabolic reactions by using an energy middleman -ATP (adenosine triphosphate)middleman -ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

When ATP supplies energy to a process, When ATP supplies energy to a process, one of its phosphates gets transferred to one of its phosphates gets transferred to another molecule, changing it into ADP another molecule, changing it into ADP (adenosine diphosphate).(adenosine diphosphate).

Cells can recreate ATP by using a Cells can recreate ATP by using a catabolic reaction to reacttach a catabolic reaction to reacttach a phosphate group to ADP.phosphate group to ADP.

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Chemical Structure of Chemical Structure of ATPATP

3 Phosphates

Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

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How Do We Get Energy How Do We Get Energy From ATP?From ATP?

By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between the between the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP

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Define Cellular Define Cellular RespirationRespiration

Cellular respiration is a Cellular respiration is a process where oxygen is process where oxygen is used to break down used to break down organic compounds organic compounds (sugars) to produce ATP (sugars) to produce ATP (energy).(energy).

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7

One of the energy-producing reactions is called respiration

(Respiration is not the same thing as breathing)

The chemical reactions of respiration take place in all living cells

The reaction takes place between oxygen and a substance which contains carbon. The reaction produces carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy

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The carbon-containing substances The carbon-containing substances come from come from FOODFOOD

The oxygen comes from the The oxygen comes from the AIR AIR (or (or water)water)

The The energyenergy is used to drive other is used to drive other chemical reactions taking place in chemical reactions taking place in cellscells

One example of this is the release of One example of this is the release of energy in muscle cells to make energy in muscle cells to make them contract and produce them contract and produce movementmovement

8

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Respiration suppliesthe energy for

muscle contraction

germination

cell divisionchemical changes in cells

Some examples of the useof energy in organisms

10

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The blood stream brings food and oxygen to the muscle cells. Respiration occurs in the cells and releases energy which……

shoulder blade

upper armbone

lower arm bones

Energy use in muscle contraction 11

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12

…….makes the muscle contract and pull the

lower arm up

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Glucose and oxygen react to produce energy for muscle contraction

4 RESPIRATION

5 Carbon dioxideis carried to the lungs by the blood

15One example of respiration in ourselves

1. Air taken in

1.Food taken in

2. The lungs absorb oxygenfrom the air

2.The stomach andintestine digest food.One of the productsis glucose

3.The blood streamcarries glucose and oxygen to the muscles

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Where does cellular Where does cellular respiration occur?respiration occur?

In the cytoplasm and In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.mitochondria of cells.

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MitochondriaMitochondria The The matrixmatrix where 3- where 3-

carbon pieces that carbon pieces that came from came from carbohydrates are carbohydrates are broken down to broken down to (CO(CO22 and water) and water)

The The cristaecristae is is where ATP is madewhere ATP is made

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Mini LabMini Lab 1. Open and close your hand as many 1. Open and close your hand as many

times as possible for 30 seconds. Have times as possible for 30 seconds. Have your partner time and record the your partner time and record the results…QUICKLY! After only a 5 results…QUICKLY! After only a 5 second break repeat this step for a second break repeat this step for a total of 5 trials.total of 5 trials.

2. After you have completed the 5 2. After you have completed the 5 trials. Switch jobs with your partner, trials. Switch jobs with your partner, and record your partnerand record your partner’’s 5 trials.s 5 trials.Trial 1Trial 1 Trial 2Trial 2 Trial 3Trial 3 Trial 4Trial 4 Trial 5Trial 5

NameName

NameName

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ObservationsObservations::

How did your hand feel after the 1st How did your hand feel after the 1st trial?trial?

3rd trial? 3rd trial?

5th trial?5th trial?

How did the amount of times you could How did the amount of times you could open and close your hand change from open and close your hand change from the 1the 1stst trial to the 5 trial to the 5thth trial? trial?

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AnalysisAnalysis::

Can you think of a time where your body got tired Can you think of a time where your body got tired from working hard? Give an example.from working hard? Give an example.

Why do you think your hand began feeling this Why do you think your hand began feeling this way?way?

Why do you think your muscles get sore after a Why do you think your muscles get sore after a hard work out?hard work out?

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Cellular RespirationCellular Energy

•The Stages of Cellular Respiration- Cellular respiration has two main stages: •Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. •Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen). A large amount of ATP is made during aerobic respiration.

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FlowchartFlowchart

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide(CO2)

+Water(H2O)

+ATP

Cellular Respiration

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THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Aerobic Anaerobic

Krebs

Electron Transport Chain

AlcoholFermentation

Lactic AcidFermentation

ATP

ATP

ATP ATP

ATP

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Key Terms:Key Terms:

Aerobic – occurs with Aerobic – occurs with oxygenoxygen

Anaerobic – occurs Anaerobic – occurs without oxygenwithout oxygen

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Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration (3-stages when oxygen (3-stages when oxygen

is present)is present) GlycolysisGlycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic

acid

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A little help with some A little help with some important important termsterms we will we will

need:need: Enzymes are proteins BUT many need a Enzymes are proteins BUT many need a

nonprotein partner in order to do their job.nonprotein partner in order to do their job. Inorganic partners such as iron, potassium, Inorganic partners such as iron, potassium,

magnesium and zinc are called cofactors.magnesium and zinc are called cofactors. Organic partners are called Organic partners are called coenzymescoenzymes. They . They

are small molecules that can separate from are small molecules that can separate from the protein and participate directly in the the protein and participate directly in the chemical reaction. Examples of coenzymes chemical reaction. Examples of coenzymes include many derivatives of vitamins.include many derivatives of vitamins.

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OxidationOxidation is a chemical process that is a chemical process that removes electrons from molecules.removes electrons from molecules.

ReductionReduction is the process that gives is the process that gives electrons to molecules.electrons to molecules.

During cellular respiration enzymes During cellular respiration enzymes remove electrons from food remove electrons from food molecules and transfer the electrons molecules and transfer the electrons to coenzymes.to coenzymes.

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Glycolysis (Splitting Glycolysis (Splitting Sugar)Sugar) Begins with a 6-carbon molecule, usually Begins with a 6-carbon molecule, usually

glucose, ends with 2, 3 carbon molecules of glucose, ends with 2, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. pyruvate.

Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Will occur with or without oxygen.Will occur with or without oxygen.

C CC C CC

C C C C C C

2 ATP

Glucose

Pyruvate

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GlycolysisGlycolysis Glucose (and Glucose (and

phosphate from 2 ATP phosphate from 2 ATP molecules are required molecules are required to get it started) is to get it started) is broken down into two - broken down into two - 3 carbon and 3 carbon and phosphate groups, phosphate groups, which is then broken which is then broken down into pyruvic acid down into pyruvic acid and 4 ATP.and 4 ATP.

Net gain of 2 ATP.Net gain of 2 ATP.

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During cellular During cellular respiration, respiration, enzymes remove enzymes remove electrons from food electrons from food molecules and then molecules and then transfer the transfer the electrons to the electrons to the coenzymes coenzymes nicotinamide nicotinamide adenine adenine dinucleotide (NADdinucleotide (NAD++) ) and flavin adenine and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).dinucleotide (FAD).

NADNAD++ and FAD and FAD receive the receive the electrons as part electrons as part of hydrogen (H) of hydrogen (H) atoms, which atoms, which change them into change them into their their reduced reduced forms:forms:

NADH and NADH and FADHFADH22

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NADNAD++ and FAD act and FAD act like electron shuttle like electron shuttle buses for the cell.buses for the cell.

The empty buses The empty buses NADNAD++ and FAD and FAD collect electron collect electron passengers. The “H” passengers. The “H” sign goes up to show sign goes up to show that the bus is full – that the bus is full – NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22

The bus drives The bus drives over to the over to the reactions that reactions that need the need the electrons, drop off electrons, drop off the passengers the passengers and go back to and go back to the oxidation the oxidation reaction to collect reaction to collect new passengers.new passengers.

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Glycolysis SummaryGlycolysis Summary

Where? CytoplasmWhere? Cytoplasm Oxygen required? NoOxygen required? No

InIn

Glucose (6-C)Glucose (6-C)

OutOut

2 pyruvate (3-2 pyruvate (3-C)C)

2 NADH2 NADH

2 ATP (net)2 ATP (net)

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Glucose

To the electron transport

chain

Figure 9–Figure 9–3 Glycolysis3 GlycolysisGlycolysis:

Step 1

2 Pyruvic acid

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A Little Krebs Cycle A Little Krebs Cycle HistoryHistory

Discovered by Discovered by Hans KrebsHans Krebs in in 19371937

He received the He received the Nobel PrizeNobel Prize in in physiology or physiology or medicine in medicine in 1953 for his 1953 for his discoverydiscovery

Forced to leave Forced to leave Germany prior Germany prior to WWII because to WWII because he was Jewishhe was Jewish

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle)

Begins with two, 3 carbon molecules Begins with two, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate which go from the of pyruvate which go from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Together two pyruvate matrix. Together two pyruvate molecules produce: 2 ATP, 2 COmolecules produce: 2 ATP, 2 CO2 2 and and then two types of electron carriers: then two types of electron carriers: NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22

C C C ATP +

Electron Carrier - NADH

Electron Carrier – FADH2

+C

O OPyruvate

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Krebs Cycle SummaryKrebs Cycle Summary

Where? Mitochondrial matrixWhere? Mitochondrial matrix Oxygen required? YesOxygen required? Yes InIn

2 Pyruvate2 Pyruvate

OutOut 2 CO2 (as

waste) NADH FADH2

2 ATPPyruvate is broken into a two carbon molecule called acetyl-coA. The Krebs cycle breaks down acetyl-coA into carbon dioxide.Cells use the Krebs cycle for breaking down fatty acids and amino acids.

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Citric Acid Production

The Krebs The Krebs CycleCycle

Mitochondrion

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Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Aerobic

Krebs

Electron Transport ChainATP

ATP

Glycolysis ATP

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In the inner membranes of the In the inner membranes of the mitochondria in your cells, mitochondria in your cells, hundreds of little cellular hundreds of little cellular machines are busy working to machines are busy working to transfer energy.transfer energy.

The machines are called electron The machines are called electron transfer chains. They are made of transfer chains. They are made of a team of proteins that sit in the a team of proteins that sit in the membranes, transferring energy membranes, transferring energy and electrons.and electrons.

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The coenzymes NADH and FADHThe coenzymes NADH and FADH22 carry carry energy and electrons from glycolysis and energy and electrons from glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport the Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport chain.chain.

The coenzymes transfer the electrons to the The coenzymes transfer the electrons to the proteins of the electron transport chain, proteins of the electron transport chain, which pass the electrons down the chain.which pass the electrons down the chain.

The bucket is the protein, the water the electrons.The bucket is the protein, the water the electrons.

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Oxygen collects the electrons at the end Oxygen collects the electrons at the end of the chain. While oxygen accepts the of the chain. While oxygen accepts the electron, it also picks up protons (Helectron, it also picks up protons (H++) ) and forms Hand forms H22O.O.

While electrons are transferred along While electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, the the electron transport chain, the proteins move protons (Hproteins move protons (H++) across the ) across the membranes of the mitochondria.membranes of the mitochondria.

These protons flow back across the These protons flow back across the membrane through a protein called ATP membrane through a protein called ATP synthase.synthase.

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It adds phosphate molecules to ADP It adds phosphate molecules to ADP forming ATP.forming ATP.

Process is also called oxidative Process is also called oxidative phosphorylation.phosphorylation.

At the end of this entire process, the At the end of this entire process, the energy transferred from glucose is energy transferred from glucose is 36 to 38 molecules of ATP.36 to 38 molecules of ATP.

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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

Where? Inner membrane of Where? Inner membrane of mitochondriamitochondria

Oxygen required? YesOxygen required? Yes Energy YieldEnergy Yield Total of 32 ATP Total of 32 ATP OO22 combines with TWO H combines with TWO H++ to form to form

HH22OO

Exhale - COExhale - CO22, H, H22O comes from O comes from cellular respirationcellular respiration

InIn

NADHNADH

FADH2 FADH2

OutOut 32 32

ATPATPelectron carriers

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Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

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Summary of Aerobic Summary of Aerobic RespirationRespiration

ATP is then used to move ATP is then used to move muscles and complete other muscles and complete other cellular activities.cellular activities.

Glycolysis, Krebs and Electron Glycolysis, Krebs and Electron transport chain together make up transport chain together make up aerobic respiration, starting with aerobic respiration, starting with glucose and ending with ATP.glucose and ending with ATP.

Up to 36 ATP

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Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Aerobic

Krebs

Electron Transport Chain

Up to 32 ATP

2 ATP

Glycolysis 2 ATP

Total of up to36 ATP

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The first two processes Glycolysis The first two processes Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle break down food and the Krebs cycle break down food molecules.molecules.

The third pathway oxidative The third pathway oxidative phosphorylation transfers energy phosphorylation transfers energy from the food molecules to ATP.from the food molecules to ATP.

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Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Anaerobic

AlcoholFermentation

Lactic AcidFermentation

ATP ATP

ATP

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Cellular RespirationFermentation in the Absence of Oxygen

•Fermentation When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows.•Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate.

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Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration23

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Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the equationequation

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

glucose alcohol

energy

For example, our own muscles resort to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not delivered to them fast enough.

The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably less than the energy from aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration takes place at some stage in the cells of most living organisms.

25

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Anaerobic Respiration (low oxygen or Anaerobic Respiration (low oxygen or no oxygen)no oxygen)

3 types of anaerobic respiration:3 types of anaerobic respiration:

1.1.Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs when you run without proper warm-when you run without proper warm-up. Carbon dioxide and lactic acid are up. Carbon dioxide and lactic acid are produced from pyruvic acid. Results produced from pyruvic acid. Results in muscle soreness.in muscle soreness.

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2. Alcohol Fermentation – pyruvic 2. Alcohol Fermentation – pyruvic acid is broken down into ethyl acid is broken down into ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide. Results in food/beverages dioxide. Results in food/beverages that are high in calories.that are high in calories.

3. Acetic Acid Fermentation – 3. Acetic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is broken down into Pyruvic acid is broken down into acetic acid (vinegar) and carbon acetic acid (vinegar) and carbon dioxide. Cabbage becomes dioxide. Cabbage becomes sauerkraut.sauerkraut.

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Alcohol Alcohol fermentationfermentation

Used by bacteria and Used by bacteria and yeast (a type of yeast (a type of fungus). Alcohol and fungus). Alcohol and COCO22 are products of are products of this reaction. this reaction.

For thousands of For thousands of years, humans have years, humans have used yeast in brewing, used yeast in brewing, winemaking and winemaking and baking. The bubbles baking. The bubbles (CO(CO22) generated by ) generated by bakerbaker’’s yeast allow s yeast allow bread to rise. bread to rise.

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Lactic Acid Lactic Acid FermentationFermentation

Lactic acid fermentation Lactic acid fermentation is used by certain fungi is used by certain fungi and bacteria in the and bacteria in the dairy industry to make dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt. cheese and yogurt. Lactate is the product of Lactate is the product of this reaction. this reaction.

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Lactic acid Lactic acid fermentation is also fermentation is also used by human used by human muscles. muscles.

Muscles make ATP by Muscles make ATP by lactic acid fermentation lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce. when oxygen is scarce.

(For instance, opening (For instance, opening and closing your hand and closing your hand many times over short many times over short periods of time, or periods of time, or lifting a weight for lifting a weight for many repetitions.)many repetitions.)

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As your muscles run As your muscles run out of oxygen, they out of oxygen, they need a quick way to need a quick way to make more ATP. Lactic make more ATP. Lactic acid fermentation acid fermentation provides the ATP but provides the ATP but produces lactate which produces lactate which accumulates causing accumulates causing muscle sorenessmuscle soreness. . Eventually, the lactate Eventually, the lactate is carried away by is carried away by blood to the liver blood to the liver where it is converted where it is converted back to pyruvate.back to pyruvate.

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THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Aerobic Anaerobic

Krebs

Electron Transport Chain

AlcoholFermentation

Lactic AcidFermentation

ATP

ATP

ATP ATP

ATP

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Aerobic vs. AnaerobicAerobic vs. Anaerobic

Anaerobic Anaerobic DOES NOTDOES NOT require oxygenrequire oxygen SimpleSimple fast fast produces smaller produces smaller

amounts of amounts of energy (ATP)energy (ATP)

Aerobic Aerobic requires requires oxygenoxygen Yields Yields largelarge

amounts of amounts of energyenergy

What is this What is this energy energy molecule?molecule? ATP, ATP, ATP, ATP,

ATPATP

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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

bacteria, plants and most animalsbacteria, plants and most animals

After glycolysisAfter glycolysis 2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid

Sometimes happens in your muscles, Sometimes happens in your muscles, cramps-----Exercisecramps-----Exercise

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Alcoholic Alcoholic FermentationFermentation

Bacteria and fungi (yeast)Bacteria and fungi (yeast)

Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end productsare the end products

Process used to form beer, wine, Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beveragesand other alcoholic beverages

Also used to raise dough, breadAlso used to raise dough, bread