cell structure hand out

7/29/2019 Cell Structure Hand Out

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By Group

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Cell is smallest living unit which most of them are microscopic.

Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in live creature.

- Mean of structural unit that cell is the base arranger for live creature

body

- As a functional unit mean that cell or live creature body arranger cell

do a function or live procces activity.

Cells divided into two types, there are ....

>> Prokaryote

Is name for type of cell that

do not have nuclear

membrane.

The chromosome at

prokaryotes condensed in the

center of the cell, called

nucleoid.

Prokaryote do not have some

important organelles like

mitochondria, chloroplast, and

golgi apparatus. Instead, their function is taken by plasma membrane.

>> Eukaryote

Is name for type of cell that have

nuclear membrane.

The chromosome at eukaryotesis on the nucleolus which located

inside nucleus. Nucleus have

nuclear membrane/nuclear

envelope which separated

nucleus from cytoplasm. Nuclear

membrane have nuclear pores

which enable some enzymes to

enter the nucleus.

Furthermore, eukaryote can reach ten times of

prokaryote in size, and even one thousand

times in volume.


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Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Animal Cell

1. Plasma Membrane

Plasma membrane is the outer of cell that act as separator

between contents of the cell and the environment. Plasma membrane

have some function :

a. Control substance exchange between cytoplasm and

environment.

b. As receptor for hormone and other chemical substance

whether from the environment or from inside the cell.

c. As protector for the contents so do not easily leave the

cell.

d. Control substance that will enter/leave cytoplasm.

2. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is protoplasm that fill space between plasma membrane and

nucleus. Cytoplasm is composed of cytosole, the dissolved parts of cytoplasm

that fill in spaces of organelle.


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3. Nucleus

Nucleus is the largest organelle. Nucleus is covered by nuclear envelope

or karyote except in human red blood cell.Generally, every cell has one

nucleus except on cells of particular organisms, such as paramecium and

striated muscle.

Nucleus is a very vital organelle because it controls all cell activities and

contains genetic information, the DNA.

4. Nuclear Envelope (Nucleus membrane)

Nuclear envelope consists of two membrane layers that function as

cover and protector of nucleus. The membrane is related directly to

endoplasmic reticulum. In the membrane, there are pores which allow

substance exchange between nucleic plasma and cytoplasm.

5. Nucleolus

Nucleolus contains a lot of DNA that functions as nucleic organisator.

The main function of nucleolus is to synthesize RNA. So, nucleolus also plays

role indirectly in protein synthesis.

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

ER is a complex membrane system arranged irregularly in the plasma of

eukaryotic cell. ER membrane is covered by ribosome. ER distinguished into

two, rough and smooth ER. the surface of rough ER is formed because it

attached by ribosome.

7. Ribosome

Ribosome is composed of protein. It function as a site for protein

synthesis of amino acid.

8. Golgi complex

Golgi complex is an organelle with flat sack shape concentrated on one

of the nucleus side and often found in gland cell. It function :

1. To secrete protein, glycoprotein, carbohydrate, and lipid and also

to transport lipid.

2. To form lysosome and active digestive enzyme.

9. Mitochondria

Mitochondria is a site for an aerobic respiration to occur. Mitochondria is

covered by two membrane, inner membrane called cristae that necessary to

extent mitochondria surface, and outer membrane.

10.Lysosome

Lysosome is an organelle with bubble shape containing various

enzymes. The enzymes are formed by rough ER and then sent to Golgi

complex. It plays role in molecule decomposition by endocytosis, ectocytosis,

autophage, and autolysis.

11.Flagella


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Flagella is a movement apparatus that mostly found in unicellular

organism. Flagella not always present in cell.

12. Centrioles

Centriole is a pair of micro structure with tube shape that appear near

nucleus.

It function in controlling the movement of cell.

13. Microbody

Microbody is a small organelle covered by one layer of membrane. The

size is similar with lysosomes size. The example of microbody are Peroxisome

and Glyoxysome.

14. Cytoskeleton

Skeleton (cytoskeleton) is the cell skeleton that lies between nucleus

and cell membrane of eukaryotic cell that function in cell movement and

substance transportation. Cytoskeleton is composed of two elements:

Microtubules

Microfilament

Difference of Eukaryotics and

Prokaryotics

- As you can see, in prokaryotic cell theres nucleoid in

cytoplasm instead of nucleus in eukaryotic cell. And in

eukaryote cell contain membrane-bound compartmets in

which specific metabolic activities take place. This is the

major and extreme difference which makes them really

different with each other.

- In fact, the size of eukaryote can reach ten times of

prokaryote in size and one thousand times in volume.


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- Eukaryote organisms include fungi, animals, and plants

as well as some unicellular organisms.

- Prokaryote organisms generally an monocell organisms

- Prokaryotes lack of organelles, such as mitochondria,chloroplasts, and golgi apparatus. Instead, their function

are taken by prokaryotic plasma membrane.

- Eukaryotes have many organelles which do their own

jobs.

- Prokaryotic cells have three region :

o

Appendages called flagella and pili (proteinsattached to cell surface)

o A cell envelope consisiting of a capsule, a cell wall,

and a plasma membrane

o Cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome

(DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions.

cell structure hand out

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