cell reproduction notes day 1
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Cell Reproduction Notes Day 1. Warm Up Where are your genes located?. http://people.na.infn.it/~nicodem/research/cell_genes.jpg. FROM DNA TO CHROMOSOMES. DURING MOST OF THE CELL’S LIFE, DNA FORMS A TANGLED MASS CALLED CHROMATIN . CHROMATIN LOOKS LIKE A PLATE OF SPAGHETTI . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cell ReproductionNotes Day 1
Warm Up
Where are your genes located?
http://people.na.infn.it/~nicodem/research/cell_genes.jpg
•DURING MOST OF THE CELL’S LIFE, DNA FORMS A TANGLED MASS CALLED CHROMATIN.•CHROMATIN LOOKS LIKE A PLATE OF SPAGHETTI.•RIGHT BEFORE A CELL DIVIDES, THE CHROMATIN FORMS INTO CHROMOSOMES (X-SHAPED).
MOST OF THE TIME ONCE IN A WHILE
CHROMATIN CHROMOSOMES
Cell Division• Chromosomes = Tightly coiled, rod-shaped DNA• Chromosomes are made of chromatin• Human body produces 2 trillion cells per day & 25
million per second• Cells are formed by cell division of older cells
1. When a cell divides, DNA is first copied & then distributed
2. Each cell ends up with a complete set of DNA
Chromosome Number
• Each human somatic cell has 2 copies of 23 different chromosomes – Total 46– Somatic = any cell that is NOT a sex cell– (also called body cells or autosomes)
Sets of Chromosomes
• Each pair is made up of 2 homologous chromosomes– Homologous chromosomes = chromosomes that are similar
in size, shape, & genetic content– Each homologue comes from one of the parents
• One from mom• One from dad
Cells Can Be Diploid or Haploid
• Diploid = a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)
• Haploid (monoploid) = a cell that contains only 1 set of chromosomes (1n or n)
Chromosomes Determine Your Gender
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes• 22 pairs are autosomes (chromosomes NOT
directly involved in determining sex)• 1 pair are sex chromosomes (contain genes
that WILL determine the sex)– X & Y chromosomes
X & Y Chromosomes
• Male = XY• Female = XX• Male (dad) can donate an X or a Y to
offspring• Female (mom) can ONLY donate an X
So-Which parent determines the sex of the baby?
MALEXY
Gametes
• Gametes are reproductive cells– Males = sperm (n = 23)– Female = egg (n = 23)
• Combine in fertilization to make a: – Zygote (2n = 46)
Karyotype• Karyotype = a photo of the chromosomes in a
dividing cell that shows the chromosomes arranged by size.
Karyotype cont’d
• Each of an individual’s 46 chromosomes has thousands of genes so the presence of all chromosomes is essential for normal functioning– Humans who are missing a chromosome don’t
survive– Humans with more than two copies of a
chromosome, called trisomy, may survive but will not develop properly.
What is wrong?
The Cell Cycle
• Repeating sequence of cell growth and division during an organism’s life
• 90% of cell life is spent in INTERPHASE
• Then it may go into MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS
INTERPHASE(divided into mini-phases)
• G1(first growth) phase = Cell grows rapidly
• S (synthesis) phase = DNA copied
• G2 (2nd growth) phase = Nucleus prepares to divide
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/ch4_interphase_big.html