cbse class 10 mathematics geometry topic
TRANSCRIPT
As originally posted on Edvie.com
GEOMETRY
Class Xth Notes
Introduction: Observe the following figures
By observation
i), ii) are of the same shape but different in size iii), iv) are of the same shape and same size v), vi) are different in shape as well as size. Similar figures: Two figures are said to be similar if they have the same shapes although they may differ in sizes. The following pairs of figures are similar.
Similar triangles: If two triangles are similar then their
i) Corresponding angles are equal,
and
ii) Corresponding sides are in
proportion.
Here consider
So,
The symbol ‘~’ means “is similar to”.
Corresponding sides: Sides opposite to equal angles in similar triangles are known as corresponding sides and they are proportional.
. Therefore, AB and DE are corresponding
sides as they are opposite to and respectively.
Similarly, BC and EF are a pair of corresponding sides. AC and DF are also a pair of
corresponding sides.
Thus, , as corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.
Corresponding angles: Angles opposite to proportional sides in similar triangles are
known as corresponding angles.
as they are opposite to corresponding sides BC and EF respectively.
Similarly, .
Congruency and similarity of triangles: Congruency is particular case of similarity.
In both the cases, three angles of one triangle are equal to the three corresponding
angles of the other triangle. But in similar triangles the corresponding sides are
proportional, while in congruent triangles the corresponding sides are equal.
Where k is the constant of proportionality or the scale factor of size transformation.
Therefore, in congruent triangles the constant of proportionality between the
corresponding sides is equal to one. Thus, congruent triangles have the same shape
and size while similar triangles have the shape but not necessarily the same size.
Congruent triangles are always similar, but similar triangles are not necessarily
congruent.
Triangles that are similar to the same triangle are similar to each other.
Here ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF and ΔLMN ∼ ΔDEF
Therefore, ΔABC ∼ ΔLMN
Criteria of similarity between triangles:
1. SAS criterion of Similarity: If two triangles have their corresponding angles equal
and the sides including between a pair of angles are proportional, then the triangles
are similar.
2. AA or AAA Criterion of similarity: If two angles of one triangle are equal to two
corresponding angles of the other, then the triangles are similar.
If in two triangles, two angles of one are equal to two angles of the other, then the third
angle of the first triangle is also equal to the third angle of the other because the sum
of the three angles in a triangle is 180 0 .
Thus, similar triangles are equiangular.
3. SSS criterion of similarity: If in two triangles, three sides of one are proportional to
the three sides of the other, then the triangles are similar.
Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, if a perpendicular is drawn from the right angled
vertex to the hypotenuse, the triangles on each side of it are similar to the whole
triangle and to one another.
Given: Let ABC be a triangle in which angle
To prove:
Proof:
(Given)
(Common angle)
Therefore ( By AA criterion of similarity) . . . . .(1)
(Given)
(Common angle)
Therefore ( By AA criterion of similarity) . .. .. .. (2)
from 1, 2 .
Hence Proved.
Basic proportionality theorem:
Theorem: A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides in
the same ratio (proportion).
Given: In ΔABC,D and E are points on AB and AC respectively, such that DE ∥ BC
To prove: Proof:
In
( Common angle)
( Corresponding angles)
( AA criterion of similarity)
(Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional)
( By subtracting 1 from both sides)
(by reciprocating term in above step).
Hence Proved.
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem:
Theorem: The line dividing two sides of a triangle proportionally is parallel to the third side.
Given: ΔABC, D and E are points on AB and AC respectively, such that
To Prove: DE∥BC.
Proof:
(Given)
(Taking reciprocals of both sides)
(By adding 1 both sides)
In
(From statement 1)
(Common angle)
(By SAS criterion of similarity .
(Corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal)
(Corresponding angles are equal)
Hence Proved.
An important application of Basic Proportionality Theorem: The internal bisector of
an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side in the ratio of the sides containing the
angle. (Vertical angle bisector theorem).
Given: AD is the internal bisector of
To prove:
Construction:
Proof:
(Given) integral bisector . . . . (1)
( )
( )
(from 1)
AE = EC (opposite sides of equal angles of ) . . . (2)
( )
(By statement 2)
Hence Proved.
The above proposition is true for external division also.
Converse of the above proposition is also true. So, if D is a point on BC such that
BD : DC = AB : AC then AD bisects the angle BAC internally or externally.
Area of similar triangles: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles has relation
with the ratio of the corresponding sides. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles
is the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
Theorem:
Statement: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of their corresponding sides.
Given: ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF
So,
Also,
To prove:
Construction: Through A draw AP BC and through D draw DQ EF.
Proof:
Thus,
Putting the value of from (iv) in (i), we get
Similarly, it can also be prove that
and From (v), (vi) and (vii), we obtain
Example: Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio
the squares of their corresponding: i) altitudes ii) angle bisectors
Solution:
i) altitudes
Given:
To prove:
Proof:
ii) Angle bisectors
Given:
AM is the bisector of and DN is the
corresponding bisector of
To prove:
Proof:
Given below is the proof given in two ways. Let us check the relevancy of the proof for
similarity.
Some students solve it as: The two triangles are similar as
Correct statements is: Here but including angles and are not equal. So
the given triangles are not similar.
GET MORE FREE STUDY MATERIAL & PRACTICE TESTS ON
Edvie.com
Follow us on Facebook