Cayuga Museum of History and ArtCayuga Museum of History and Artand and

Case Research LabCase Research LabPhases of American HistoryPhases of American History

The The Willard-Case Willard-Case MansionMansion Built in 1836 by John Seymour.Built in 1836 by John Seymour. Sylvester Willard purchased the mansion in 1843. His Sylvester Willard purchased the mansion in 1843. His

wife and two daughters, along with his in-laws, Erastus wife and two daughters, along with his in-laws, Erastus and Mary Case, moved to Auburn, NY, from Connecticut.and Mary Case, moved to Auburn, NY, from Connecticut.

Sylvester Willard was a prominent physician, as well as Sylvester Willard was a prominent physician, as well as part owner of the Oswego Starch Company. part owner of the Oswego Starch Company.

Upon their death, Willard and his wife left the mansion to Upon their death, Willard and his wife left the mansion to their two daughters. The daughters bequeathed the their two daughters. The daughters bequeathed the mansion and a $1.5 million estate to their cousin, Willard mansion and a $1.5 million estate to their cousin, Willard E. Case.E. Case.

The building soon served as a residence and business of The building soon served as a residence and business of Willard's son, Theodore E. Case.Willard's son, Theodore E. Case.

The Case Research Lab The Case Research Lab MuseumMuseum

Theodore E. CaseTheodore E. Case 19121912: Case graduated from Yale : Case graduated from Yale

University.University. 1916:1916: Theodore and his father, Theodore and his father,

Willard, converted the greenhouse Willard, converted the greenhouse into a scientific laboratory.into a scientific laboratory.

1924:1924: Development began with Development began with scientifically putting sound on film.scientifically putting sound on film.

1926:1926: Case demonstrated this Case demonstrated this development to William Fox of Fox development to William Fox of Fox Film.Film.

1927:1927: Fox-Case talking newsreels Fox-Case talking newsreels debut with a short of Lindbergh’s debut with a short of Lindbergh’s first transatlantic flight.first transatlantic flight.

Both Sides of the WallBoth Sides of the WallAuburn and Its PrisonAuburn and Its Prison

1815: Auburn becomes incorporated as 1815: Auburn becomes incorporated as a village.a village.

1816: Authorization is permitted for a 1816: Authorization is permitted for a new state prison in Auburn.new state prison in Auburn.

1817: First 53 prisoners arrive.1817: First 53 prisoners arrive. April 1817: New York State grants the April 1817: New York State grants the

use of prison labor.use of prison labor.

The Auburn SystemThe Auburn System

Prior to the Auburn System, prisons Prior to the Auburn System, prisons used a system of single-prisoner used a system of single-prisoner cells.cells.

At night, Auburn confined prisoners At night, Auburn confined prisoners individually.individually.

During the day, prisoners worked During the day, prisoners worked together with these rules:together with these rules: Enforced silenceEnforced silence Lockstep method of marchingLockstep method of marching Convicts were required to keep their Convicts were required to keep their

eyes averted from EVERYONEeyes averted from EVERYONE Goal: To prevent the corruption of Goal: To prevent the corruption of

one prisoner by another.one prisoner by another.

Life in the PrisonLife in the Prison Convict Labor:Convict Labor: To lessen the expense of their sentence on the To lessen the expense of their sentence on the

state, convicts produced goods for industry.state, convicts produced goods for industry.

The Electric Chair:The Electric Chair: Thomas Edison recommended using Thomas Edison recommended using George Westinghouse’s alternating current (AC), as it was deemed George Westinghouse’s alternating current (AC), as it was deemed so dangerous. Edison also recommend this style of execution be so dangerous. Edison also recommend this style of execution be titled “Westinghousing”. Westinghouse was determined that his titled “Westinghousing”. Westinghouse was determined that his name would not be associated with death.name would not be associated with death.

Women Convicts:Women Convicts: Auburn was authorized to build a new prison, Auburn was authorized to build a new prison, but it never happened. Although in 1894, the asylum for the but it never happened. Although in 1894, the asylum for the criminally insane closed down and was converted to a women’s criminally insane closed down and was converted to a women’s prison until 1934. Prior to this, women were kept in a large room in prison until 1934. Prior to this, women were kept in a large room in the attic.the attic.

The Mutual Welfare League: The Mutual Welfare League: Thomas Mott Osborne became Thomas Mott Osborne became chairman of a Commission on Prison Reform in 1913.chairman of a Commission on Prison Reform in 1913.

A Child’s World ~ HomeA Child’s World ~ HomeLower Class ChildrenLower Class Children

Both parents worked: Mom in service industry, Dad in labor Both parents worked: Mom in service industry, Dad in labor industry.industry.

Children were responsible for taking care of the home while the Children were responsible for taking care of the home while the parents worked.parents worked.

Special devices, such as the yoke, a shoulder harness for Special devices, such as the yoke, a shoulder harness for carrying water buckets, were available so that even small carrying water buckets, were available so that even small children could help with chores.children could help with chores.

Middle Class ChildrenMiddle Class Children Were considered to be “Mother’s Little Helper,” to help with Were considered to be “Mother’s Little Helper,” to help with

basic household chores.basic household chores. Learned to play instruments, usually the piano.Learned to play instruments, usually the piano.

Upper Class Children Upper Class Children Clothing, as young as 3 or 4 years of age, was replica of adult Clothing, as young as 3 or 4 years of age, was replica of adult

clothing: corsets, jackets, tie, high collar.clothing: corsets, jackets, tie, high collar. 2020thth century social reformers helped change children’s clothing century social reformers helped change children’s clothing

to be made for play.to be made for play.

Child’s World ~ PlayChild’s World ~ Play Even with playtime, everything had a purposeEven with playtime, everything had a purpose

Playtime often replicated chores.Playtime often replicated chores. Paper Dolls advertised products on the back for Paper Dolls advertised products on the back for

parents.parents. 1907 ~ Boy Scouts 1907 ~ Boy Scouts

Their goal was to prepare every eligible boy in America to Their goal was to prepare every eligible boy in America to become a responsible citizen. become a responsible citizen.

1912 ~ Girl Scouts1912 ~ Girl Scouts Their goal was to guide girls from the isolation of their homes Their goal was to guide girls from the isolation of their homes

out into their community.out into their community. Almost all activities, including scouting, prepared Almost all activities, including scouting, prepared

children for independence. Examples include cooking, children for independence. Examples include cooking, sewing, map reading, animal sciences, and athletics.sewing, map reading, animal sciences, and athletics.

A Child’s World ~ SchoolA Child’s World ~ School

1850: First public school in Auburn, NY: 1850: First public school in Auburn, NY: Fulton Street Elementary.Fulton Street Elementary. 1870: Free elementary school available in the United States 1870: Free elementary school available in the United States Many schools were one-room school houses. Many schools were one-room school houses. For discipline, a school was likely to have the policy of: “Spare For discipline, a school was likely to have the policy of: “Spare

the Rod, Spoil the Child.”the Rod, Spoil the Child.” Open Air Classroom:Open Air Classroom:

1930s1930s Children dressed in wool mittens and cloaks.Children dressed in wool mittens and cloaks. Purpose: To prevent lung diseases by providing a constant Purpose: To prevent lung diseases by providing a constant

source of fresh air.source of fresh air. Summer vacation was purposely planned to align with family Summer vacation was purposely planned to align with family

farms and their harvest time. This helped to reduce absenteeism.farms and their harvest time. This helped to reduce absenteeism.

A Child’s World ~ WorkA Child’s World ~ Work

Two theories why children were so prevalent in the workforce:Two theories why children were so prevalent in the workforce:1. The supply of available working adults did not equal the demand.1. The supply of available working adults did not equal the demand.2. Factories had narrow passages and small spaces for mechanical repair, 2. Factories had narrow passages and small spaces for mechanical repair,

small children were just the right size.small children were just the right size.

1890: Jacob Riis publishes “How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the 1890: Jacob Riis publishes “How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York.” The book chronicles the living conditions of new Tenements of New York.” The book chronicles the living conditions of new immigrants. Also, there is much documentation on the conditions children immigrants. Also, there is much documentation on the conditions children endured.endured.

1904: National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) formed a mission of  1904: National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) formed a mission of  "promoting the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of "promoting the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of children and youth as they relate to work and working." children and youth as they relate to work and working." 

• 1908: Lewis Hine, school teacher, was hired by the NCLC to take pictures 1908: Lewis Hine, school teacher, was hired by the NCLC to take pictures that would document the type of working conditions children endured.that would document the type of working conditions children endured.

1938: Fair Labor Standards Act prohibited employers from hiring children into 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act prohibited employers from hiring children into "oppressive child labor.""oppressive child labor."

ActivityActivityCategorize the listed items as components of a political, Categorize the listed items as components of a political,

social, or economic system:social, or economic system:

Apprenticeships Apprenticeships Lindenbergh’s Transatlantic FlightLindenbergh’s Transatlantic FlightAuburn [Prison] System Auburn [Prison] System Mutual Welfare LeagueMutual Welfare LeagueBoy ScoutsBoy Scouts National Child Labor CommitteeNational Child Labor CommitteeColumbian Rope FactoryColumbian Rope Factory New ImmigrantsNew ImmigrantsCompulsory Education Compulsory Education Oswego Starch FactoryOswego Starch FactoryDeath Penalty Death Penalty Paper DollsPaper DollsFair Labor Standards Act Fair Labor Standards Act Social ReformSocial ReformFox-Case Movietones Fox-Case Movietones Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Girl Scouts Girl Scouts Thomas Mott OsborneThomas Mott OsborneInmate LaborInmate Labor Tiffany GlassTiffany GlassInfrared Signaling SystemInfrared Signaling System Water PowerWater Power

Sources Sources

Riis, J. (1890). Riis, J. (1890). How the Other Half Lives: studies among the How the Other Half Lives: studies among the

tenements of New Yorktenements of New York. New York : Charles Scribner’s Sons. New York : Charles Scribner’s Sons www.cayuganet.org/cayugamuseumwww.cayuganet.org/cayugamuseum http://www.dol.gov/esa/whd/flsa/http://www.dol.gov/esa/whd/flsa/ http://http://

www.girlscouts.org/who_we_are/historywww.girlscouts.org/who_we_are/history// http://www.kapow.org/nclc.htmhttp://www.kapow.org/nclc.htm http://www.scouting.org/Media/mission.aspxhttp://www.scouting.org/Media/mission.aspx http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1YCZhttp://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1YCZ http://www.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/title.htmlhttp://www.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/title.html