catalogue of rivers for southeast asia and the pacific, vol. vi; 2012

CATALOGUE OF RIVERS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-Volume VI

The UNESCO-IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Edited by: HIDETAKA CHIKAMORIGraduate School of Environmental Science,Okayama University, Japan

LIU HENGInternational Center on Small Hydro Power,China's Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Commerce, China

TREVOR DANIELLFaculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia

March 2012

i

Members of IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (2010-2012)

Chairman* Trevor Daniell Australia Secretary Kaoru Takara Japan Member Countries Australia Cambodia People’s Republic of China

Indonesia Japan Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia Republic of the Union of Myanmar Mongolia New Zealand Papua New Guinea The Philippines Thailand Vietnam

Observer SOPAC countries** Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

Secretariat UNESCO Office Jakarta

* Chairman since 28 October 2011 Chairman 2010 – 2011 Liu Heng China

** SOPAC the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission

PRINTED IN INDONESIA

ii

Preface It is our great pleasure that we present the sixth volume of the Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. This volume contains seven rivers from seven countries with the inclusion of first time contributions from Korea (D.P.R.), Mongolia and Myanmar, and brings the total number of rivers catalogued in the region, including those in volumes I to VI, to 121. The electronic versions of the catalogues including some previous volumes are available through the web page of the Asian Pacific Water Archive (APWA) at http://flood.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ihp_rsc/riverCatalogue/index.html maintained by the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. The objectives of the publication of the Catalogue are:

� To promote mutual understanding of hydrology and water resources of the region and of the neighbouring countries. This is essential for better regional co-operation in hydrological sciences as well as for water resources development and management.

� To promote information exchange among different organizations in each country. This is essential for the development of hydrological sciences and for better development and management of the water resources within each country.

� To promote the establishment of an international data exchange and collaborative research network in the region. This is expected to assist the Asian FRIEND (Flow Regime from International Experimental and Network Data) Projects in IHP VII (2008-2013) to meet their goals.

It is heartening to note that all these objectives are being realized. With the dissemination of more information it is hoped that there will be better understanding and co-operation on matters related to water resources within each country as well as regionally. Of particular importance was the establishment of the Asian Pacific FRIEND, a UNESCO-IHP regional collaborative project, and the Asian Pacific Water Archive (APWA) that archives and makes available hydrometeorological and related data for Asian Pacific FRIEND projects and other IHP related activities in the region. In connection with the APWA that is held at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, the contents of the Catalogue of Rivers acts as a source of “meta-data” for some of the data in the APWA. Owing to differences in national data-release policies not all basins covered in the Catalogue of Rivers have matching data in the APWA. It is hoped that over time these differences can be resolved and that a complete set of matching data will become available. We would like to express our sincere appreciation and due respect to all the individual contributors of all the countries who have consolidated the data and information from various and often diverse sources, prepared the text, maps and tables, and co-operated with us by responding to revision requests. We also express our sincere gratitude to the many institutes, agencies and other organizations that provided the data, facilities, and above all, the funds and the personnel to carry out the work. In particular, we would like to thank the following organizations for providing the necessary financial support: � UNESCO Jakarta Office

� The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan, which

provides the following funds to support the UNESCO IHP activities:

□ Japanese Fund-in-Trust (JFIT) □ Global COE Program "Sustainability/Survivability Science for a Resilient Society

Adaptable to Extreme Weather Conditions" (Leader: Prof. Kaoru Takara, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University)

http://flood.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ihp_rsc/riverCatalogue/index.html

iii

The editors hope that this volume can serve in various ways to further fulfil the national and regional objectives that were originally aimed for. Finally, we ask the readers to provide critical comments and ideas to improve future volumes of the Catalogue.

Editors:Hidetaka Chikamori

Graduate School of Environmental Science,Okayama University, Japan

Liu HengInternational Center on Small Hydro Power,

China's Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Commerce, China

Trevor DaniellFaculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences,

University of Adelaide, Australia

March 2012

iv

Rivers Catalogued in Vols. I to VI The following 121 rivers are compiled in the six volumes of the Catalogue of Riversin Southeast Asia and the Pacific, which are products of UNESCO’s InternationalHydrological Programme (IHP) regional activities in the framework of the AsianPacific FRIEND.

Country Vol. I (1995) Vol. II (1997) Vol. III (2000) Vol. IV (2002) Vol. V (2004) Vol. VI (2012)

Australia Burdekin River Pioneer River

Todd River East Finniss River

Torrens River Scott Creek

Snowy River below lake Jindabyne

Cambodia Prek Thnot Stung Chinit

China Bei-jiangJin-jiang Jiyun-he

Gan-jiangTaizi-he Ou-jiang

Bailong-jiang You-jiang Huang-he

Fen-he Hongshui-he Jialing-jiang Luan-he

Rongjiang River Tanghe

Indonesia Citarum Bengawan Solo Kali Brantas

Sungai AsahanCitanduy Kali Progo

Cimanuk Kali Serayu

Kali Tuntang Jeneberang River

Kali CiliwungKali Cisadane

Japan Yoshino-gawa Ara-kawa Mogami-gawa

Chikugo-gawaFuji-kawa Ishikari-gawa

Shimanto-gawa Shonai-gawa Watarase-gawa

Shinano-gawa Tone-gawa Yodo-gawa

Nagara-gawaNatori-gawa Yasu-gawa

Yoshii-gawa

Korea DPR Taedong River

Korea (Rep. of)

Pyungchang-gang Geumho-gang Miho-chun

Soyang-gang Nam-gang Gap-chun

Nam Han-gang Hwang-gang Geum-gang

Seomjin-gang Milyang-gang Sapkyo-chun

Banbyeon Hyeongsan-gang

Lao PDR Nam Khane Nam Ngum Sedone

Nam-Theun/CadingNam Sebangfay Nam Sebanghieng

Nam Ou Nam Suang Nam Sekong

Nam Ngiep Nam Sane Nam Song

Malaysia Rajang Batang Sungai Johor Kelantan River Chalok River

Pahang River

Mongolia Tuul River

Myanmar Chindwin River

New Zealand Buller River Motu River Hutt River

Taieri River Mahurangi River

Motueka River

Papua New Guinea Ramu Wara Purari Wara Sepik Wara

Philippines Ilog Magat Ilog Pampanga

Ilog Itaas ng Agno

Pasig-Marikin a-Laguna de Bay Basin

Thailand Mae Nam Ping Mae Nam Mae Klong

Mae Nam Nan Mae Nam Yom Mae Nam Wang

Prachinburi RiverBang Pakong RiverTonle Sap River East Coast Gulf River

Chao Praya Sakae Krang Pasak Tha Chin

Vietnam Song Ky Cung Song Thu Bon Song Ba Song Srepok

Cau River Tra Khuc River

Chay RiverHuong River

Ca River

Number of rivers

25 24 20 25 20 7

v

CONTENTS Regional Steering Committee iPreface iiRivers Catalogued in Vols. I to VI iv

1. China15. Tanghe 1-13

2. Japan16. Yoshii-gawa 14-28

3. Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of)1. Taedong River 29-34

4. Korea (Republic of)14. Hyeongsan-gang 35-48

5. Mongolia1. Tuul River 49-60

6. Myanmar1. Chindwin River 61-75

7. Vietnam9. Ca River 75-92

1

China

China-15: TangHe

TangHe

2

Introduction

The river catalogued in this volume is the Tanghe.

The Tanghe is a branch of Tangbai River which flows into the Han River – the largest branch of Changjiang River (Yangtze River). Most part of Tanghe catchment is located in the southwest of HeNan Province, a small part is located in Hubei province. The catchment area is 8010 km2 with a main river length of 286 km. The river flows in a southwest direction from its origin near Qifeng Mountain in the northeast of the catchment. The average annual precipitation of Tanghe river basin is 950 mm and annual discharge is 52m3/s for the period of 1956-2009.

Acknowledgements

The following people and organizations are highly appreciated and acknowledged for their contributions.

Liu Heng (Chair), Xie Ziyin, Zhou Bingqing, Jin GuanshengNanjing Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources, Ministry of Water Resources

Sun Qichang, Zhu Xiaoyuan, Liang JiazhiBureau of Hydrology, Ministry of Water Resources

Information Center, Ministry of Water Resources (MWR)Pearl River Water Resources Commission, MWRChangjiang Water Resources Commission, MWRYellow River Water Resources Commission, MWRHydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

China-15

River TangHe Map of River TangHe

Table of Basic Data Name: Tanghe Serial No.: China-15 Location: Henan Province N 32° 10' ~ 23° 55' E 112° 18' ~ 33° 29' Area: 8010km2 Length of main stream: 286km Origin: Qifeng Mountain Highest point: 720m Outlet: TangBai river Lowest point: 70m Main geological features: Various hard, Massive intrusive rocks; Cohesive soil Main tributaries: Biyanghe, Tonghe, Sanjiahe Main lakes: Main reservoirs: Huashan (63.5*106m3, 1958), Sanshan (12.96*106m3, 1959), Songjiachang (132*106m3, 1959), Songjiachang (132*106m3, 1959) Mean annual precipitation: 820mm (309 ~1097 ) at Guotan Mean annual runoff: 52m3/s (13.3 ~ 124) at Guotan Population: 2,800,000 in 2001 Main cities: Tanghe, Biyang, Sheqi Land use: Forest (25%), Urban land (12%), Agriculture (55%), Others (8%)

1. General Description The Tanghe River is a branch of Tangbai River which flows into the Han River. It is mainly located in the southwest part of Henan Province with a small part located in Hubei province. The catchment area is 8010 km2 with a main river length of 286 km. The river flows in a southwest direction from

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China-15

its origin near Qifeng Mountain in the northeast of the catchment. There are several tributaries, namely Biyanghe, Tonghe and Sanjiahe. The river is influenced by Subtropical High climate. There are quite a few large reservoirs have been constructed in this basin, such as Huashan, Sanshan, Songjiachang, Hushan and Heqinghe Dam/reservoirs. The Songjiachang Reservoir is classified as large-scale reservoir according to the China State Reservoir Identification Standard. Total reservoir storage capacity is 320 million m3. In the basin, there are three important economically counties including Tanghe, Biyang and Sheqi. Water quality in the river is identified as grade II and III at the upper river reaches and down stream areas, respectively.

The average annual precipitation for the basin is 950 mm and annual discharge is 52m3/s (based on time series of 1956-2009). 25% of the basin area is covered by forests. The geographical features include mountain, hill, basin and plain.

2. Geographical Information There are several kinds of rocks and soils, which can be identified from the geological map as presented below.

2.1 Geological Map

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China-15

2.2 Land Use Map

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China-15

2.3 Characteristics of River and Main Tributaries No. Name of river Length [km]

Catchment area [km2]Highest peak [m] Lowest point [m]

Cities population

Land use [%]

1 Tanghe River (Main River)

2868010

60070 1,277,000 Forest (25%)

Urban land (12%) Agriculture(55%)Others (8%)

2 Biyanghe (Tributary)

1101734

56090 813,273

3 Sanjiahe (Tributary)

851325

72089 2,670,553

2.4 Longitudinal Profiles

Tanghe

BiyangheSanjiahe

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3. Climatological Information 3.1 Annual Isohyetal Map and Observation Stations

3.2 List of Meteorological Observation Stations No. Station Elevation

[m] Location Observation

periodMean annual precipitation

[mm]

Observationitems1)

(frequency)57178 Nanyang 131 N

E33°00'112°36'

1951~present 779

57278 Xiangfan 70 N E

32°00'69°48'

1959~2009 850

57271 Xinye 89 N E

32°30'112°24'

1971~2000 780

57273 Tanghe 110 N E

32°42'112°48'

1971~2000 905

57281 Biyang 143 N E

32°42'113°18'

1971~2000 933

57187 Sheqi 123 N E

33°06'112°54'

57179 Fangcheng 162 N E

33°18'113°00'

1) P: Precipitation, E: Evaporation, TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart.

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China-15

3.3 Monthly Climate Data (Observation station: NanYang ) Observation

item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Period for

the mean Temperature

[oC]1.4 3.8 8.6 15.5 20.5 25.3 27.0 26.1 21.3 15.9 9.1 3.4 14.8 1971~2000

Precipitation [mm]

13.7 16.3 35.3 48.5 72.9 124.6 177.6 111.6 75.9 61.3 29.4 11.6 778.7 1971~2000

Solar radiation [MJ/m2/d]

7.7 9.3 11.8 15.2 16.7 17.5 16.7 15.3 13.1 10.4 8.3 6.7 12.4 1971~2000

Duration of sunshine [hr]

124.8 123.3 145.7 172.2 189.9 201.6 194.8 206.2 156.2 158.5 140.6 133.3 1947.1 1960~2005

3.4 Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation Tanghe River at Nanyang

(37-month moving average added) Annualmean:779mm/year

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1951

1953

1956

1958

1961

1963

1966

1969

1971

1974

1976

1979

1982

1984

1987

1989

1992

1994

1997

2000

2002

2005

2007

Year

Prec

ipita

tion(

mm

/mon

th

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China-15

4. Hydrological Information 4.1 Map of Streamflow Observation Stations

4.2 List of Hydrological Observation Stations

No. Station Location Catchment

area (A) [km2]

Observationperiod Observation items (frequency)

62016400� Guotan� N112�36�E32�31��

6877� 1956~present H, Q 1

62017800� Pingshi� N 113�03�E��

748� 1953~present H, Q

62016200� Tanghe� N 112�49�E��

4771� 1936~present H, Q

62017100� Biyang� N 113�18�E��

635� 1952~present H, Q

62016000� Sheqi� N 112�58�E��

1044� 1951~present H, Q

No. 2

[m3/s]Qmax 3

[m3/s]max 4

[m3/s]min 5

[m3/s] / A

[m3/s/100km2]Q max / A

[m3/s/100km2]Period of statistics

62016400� 52 13400 2325 5 0.76 195 1956~2009 62017800� 7.83 4330 876 0.58 1.05 579 1997~2009 62016200� 37.86 13100 2180 4 0.79 275 1997~2009 62017100� 4.68 4550 529 0.7 0.74 717 1997~2009 62016000� 7.53 4210 820 1 0.72 403 1997~2009

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China-15

1. H: water level, Q: discharge 2. : Mean annual discharge. 3. Qmax : Maximum discharge. 4. max: Mean maximum discharge. 5. min: Mean minimum discharge.

4.3 Long-term Variation of Monthly Discharge

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Tang River at Guotan

(37-manth moving averages added)

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Mean:52m3/s

4.5 Annual Pattern of Discharge

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Tanghe at Guotan Station(6.877km2)Daily flows in 2007

Flow duration curve

China-15

4.6 Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges At Station Guotan (drainage area6,877 km2)

Year Maximum Minimum Year Maximum Minimum Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s]

1956 8.23 4260 12 6.93 1983 10.6 2230 4 8.1 1957 7.7 2730 1 0.25 1984 7.27 3390 4 11.2 1958 8.14 1060 3 0.11 1985 7.16 643 10 10.7 1959 7.1 1830 9 2.8 1986 9.10 347 5 4.31 1960 9.5 1640 1 1.9 1987 6.6 1440 3 6.7 1961 7.6 600 4 6.1 1988 7.25 1010 7 6.6 1962 8.6 1140 3 2.42 1989 6.7 2780 2 6.2 1963 8.3 3510 2 2.27 1990 6.20 1510 12 11.3 1964 5.25 2010 3 9.5 1991 8.6 3480 2 9.68 1965 8.4 3980 6 4.08 1992 7.16 440 12 3.85 1966 7.23 1900 12 2.86 1993 8.25 788 2 3.8 1967 7.12 3560 1 2.1 1994 7.13 912 6 2.63 1968 9.19 2870 3 7.15 1995 7.26 1130 5 3.24 1969 9.3 1100 12 6.75 1996 11.8 2200 4 2.84 1970 7.26 1360 4 4.97 1997 7.18 216 12 5.12 1971 7.2 2160 4 4.91 1998 8.16 4000 2 4.88 1972 7.2 4710 2 2.4 1999 7.7 542 10 3.2 1973 4.30 3250 4 5.68 2000 7.5 3410 5 0.56 1974 8.6 2680 1 5.5 2001 7.30 1180 7 1.5 1975 8.8 13400 2 8 2002 6.28 1840 4 2.86 1976 7.22 1200 12 7.72 2003 8.30 3510 2 3.23 1977 7.19 4260 2 5.8 2004 7.18 3060 5 6.4 1978 6.27 663 10 2.57 2005 7.10 3630 4 4.2 1979 7.25 2390 1 3.37 2006 6.23 913 4 12.2 1980 6.24 3000 2 5.95 2007 7.20 2460 12 7.7 1981 8.23 1110 5 5.3 2008 7.23 3510 2 6 1982 7.23 1950 3 8.23 2009 6.20 630 5 6.2

Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Flood

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5. Water Resources 5.1 General Description The Tanghe River is a branch of Tangbai River which flowing the Han River. The river is located in Henan and Hubei Province. The precipitation is concentrated in April-September when 80%-85% of the annual precipitation is recorded. The annual variation of precipitation is large. For example, the maximum precipitation at Guotan was 1,097 mm in 2000 but the minimum was only 309 mm in 1992. Correspondingly, the annual runoff shows similar characteristics. In general high precipitation occurs in the mountain areas. Water availability in Tanghe is relatively abundant in comparing with other areas in China. However, due to the high density of population, average water availability per capita is limited.

There are one large reservoir Songjiachang and four medium and small size reservoirs of Huashan, Sanshan, Hushan and Heiqinghe in the river basin. These reservoirs were mainly completed in the 1950s-1980s. The main purpose of these reservoirs is hydropower generation and flood control.

Map of Water Resource Systems

5.3 List of Major Water Resources Facilities Major Reservoirs

Name of river

Name of dam (reservoir)

Catchment area [km2]

Gross capacity [106m3]

Effective capacity [106m3]

Purpose 1) Year of completion

Bihe Huashan 76 41.5 A,F,P 1958 Lianghe Sanshan 20.5 12.96 5.79 A,F,P 1959

Shibadaoe Songjiachang 186 132 92 A,F,P 1969

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China-15

Chouhe Hushan 199 87.36 A,F,P 1978 Heqinghe Heiqinghe 141 25.63 A,F,P 1961

1) A: Agricultural use; F: Flood control; I: Industrial use; N: Maintenance of normal flows; P: Hydropower; W: Municipal water supply

Major Water Transfer

5.4 Major Floods and Droughts Major Floods at Guotan station

Date Peak discharge [m3/s]

Rainfall [mm], Duration

Meteorological cause

Dead and missing

Major damages (Districts affected)

1975.8 13400 325�4days1972.7 4710 1977.7 4260 74�2days

Major Droughts Period Affected area Major damages and counteractions

2008.11~2009.3 Tanghe, Sheqi Water suspension for high water consumption industries

2010.11~2011.1 Tanghe, Sheqi, Biyang River dry, no water for part of irrigation land

5.5 River Water Quality River Water Quality 1) at Guotan Station2) in 2000

Date 1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 11/1 12/1 pH 8.74 � 8.20 � 8.14 7.83 8.44 8.37 8.85 7.87 8.81

BOD [mg/l] 5.7 � 3.6 � 2.9 3.1 2.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 1.4 CODMn [mg/l] 7.2 � 5.1 � 3.7 5.8 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.2

Do [mg/l] 13.22 � 8.15 � 8.08 6.32 7.41 7.86 11.04 9.39 9.70 Discharge3) [m3/s] 11.3 � 9.64 � 16.1 29.7 80.3 48.7 17.4 8.85 1.44

1) Observed once a month 2) Located near Osaka City 25 km upstream from the river mouth. 3) Discharge on the water quality observation date.

6 Socio-cultural Characteristics The Tang River area is located in the middle part of China. It has a long history and is a very important area for Chinese Revolution. In the past two decades the GDP in the area has increased dramatically. It is also a base for agriculture and fruits, such as Seedless Watermelon, pear etc. The development of livestock industry especially for cattle has been growing continuously in recently years.

7 References, Databooks and Bibliography Geology Press (1973): The atlas of geology in China. China Atlas Press (1978): China Meteorology Atlas. China Bookstore Press, China Historical Floods, 1992. China Population Investigation, China Statistical Press, 1994.

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120˚E

130˚E

130˚E

140˚E

140˚E

150˚E

30˚N30˚N

40˚N40˚N

JAPAN

JAPAN-16: Yoshii-gawa

Yoshii-gawa

�

Introduction The Yoshii-gawa is compiled into this volume. The Yoshii-gawa is one of the three large

rivers in Okayama Prefecture (Okayama three rivers; Okayama Sansen), the Yoshii, the Asahi, and the Takahashi.

The downstream area of the Yoshii-gawa Basin has a long development history of around 1,300 years (since 700’s, Nara Period). Active transport by riverboats called as Takase-bune along the Yoshii-gawa had brought cultural prosperity as well as economic prosperity of this

area since the beginning of the development history. In the early Edo Period (1,600’s), some public works were undertaken in this area. New rice-producing regions were reclaimed by

drainage around the Kojima Bay, and then rice production was increased to improve finance of the local government. Riverbed excavation was also done for securing water resources for newly reclaimed rice farms and for improving riverine transportation. Since Meiji Period, the

downstream area has been developed as an industrial area, and has become an important hub of both railway and highway transportations. As a cultural activity, Saidai-ji Eyo Hadaka Matsuri (Naked Festival at Saidai-ji Temple) is well known worldwide.

The Tsuyama City located in the midstream area of the Yoshii-gawa Basin has been the

center of the north part of the Okayama Prefecture since Nara Period (700’s). Exchange between Tsuyama and Okayama Cities by riverine transport was active until opening of a railway. Recently, the Tsuyama City invited some industies, and is now being developed as

an inland industrial city. It is now known as the second largest local city of stainless industry. In the upstream area, natural environment is well preserved. Okutsu and Yunogo Hot Spring

Areas are famous as historic spas. Okutsu-kei, Hyono-sen, Ushiro-yama and Nagi-san Quasi National Park, Yubara Okutsu Prefectural Natural Park and Yoshii-gawa Shuryu Prefectural

Natural Park are included in this area. Acknowledgements The information on the Yoshii-gawa was compiled by voluntary members of the IHP Working Group of the Japanese National Committee for UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme (IHP), which is chaired by Prof. Kaoru Takara, Disaster Prevention

Research Institute, Kyoto University. Generous assistance from governmental organizations is acknowledged. Contributors are listed as follows:

Hidetaka Chikamori, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University; Mr.

Isao Fujii and Mr. Hiroyuki Hori, Okayama River Office, Chugoku Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT). Financial support was provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and

Technology (MEXT).

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Japan-16

Yoshii-gawaMap of River

Iwato

Mt. Mikuni(Origin of R. Yoshii)

Tsuyama

R. Kuram

i

R. Kajinam

i

R. Yos

hino

R. H

attoji

R. Yoshii

R. H

igasa

R. Kongo

R. Kawai

R. Hatsuse

R. Hoshita

R. Onoda

R. Ohji

R. Takada

R. Takiyama

R. Motoyama

R. S

ara

R. Kume

R. Nakatani

R. H

ade

R. Miya

R. Kam

o

R. Tsu

gawa

R. E

ndo

R. Kagam

i

R. H

iroto

R. Taki

R. Yodo

R. Hase

R. Aka

wase

R. Naka

tsugaw

a

R. Shichiku

R. Kohwake

Shin TabaraIntake Weir

Hattojigawa Dam

Onbara Dam

SakaneIntake Weir

KamogosiIntake Weir

Seto Inland SeaKojima Bay

Hyogo

Hiroshima

Shimane

Tottori R. Yoshii

R.YoshiiBasin

Japan Sea

Seto Inland Sea

Yamagushi

Okayama

R53R53

R181R181

R2R2

R250R250

R250 BypassR250 Bypass

R374

R374

R373

R373

R179

R179

Legend

:Reference Point(High-water level)

:Reference Point(Low-water level)

:Railroad (Japan Railways) :Expressway :National Road

:Segment directly managed by the MLIT* :Dam :Weir

Chugoku Expressway

Sanyo

ExpresswayAko Line

Sanyo Line

Kishin Line

Sanyo Shikansen Line

Tsuy

ama

Line

Inba Line

Tomata Dam

KagaminoTown

Tsuyama City

AkaiwaCity

Mimasaka City

MisakiTown

Sho-oh Town

Setouchi City

Nagi Town

Nishiawakuravillage

WakeTown

Bizen City

Bizen City

AkaiwaCity

Okayama City

Bizen City

Kum

enan Town

TsugawaDam

*MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Table of Basic Data

Name: Yoshii-gawa Serial No.:JAPAN-16 Location: Western Honshu, Japan N34°36� - 35°21� E 133°49� - 134°25�Area: 2,110 km2 Length of main stream: 133 km Origin: Mt. Mikuni Highest point: Mt. Mikunigasen (1,247.7m) Outlet: Kojima Bay Lowest point: River Mouth (0 m) Main geological features: Granite, andesite, mudstone, diorite-tuff, deposits, rhyolite, weathered graniteMain tributaries: Kagami-gawa, Yoshino-gawa, Kamo-gawa, Kongo-gawa Main lakes: None Main reservoirs: Tomata Dam (84.10 ×106 m3, 2005) Mean annual precipitation: 1480.5 mm (1971~2000) at Tsuyama Mean annual runoff: 61.44 m3/s (1966 ~ 2003) at Miyasu Population: 294,000 (2000) Main cities: Okayama, Tsuyama, Mimasaka Land use: Mountainous area (85%), cultivated area (10%), urban area (5%)

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Japan-16

1. General Description

The Yoshii-gawa is one of the three large rivers in Okayama Prefecture (Okayama three rivers; Okayama Sansen), the Yoshii, the Asahi, and the Takahashi. The drainage area of the Yoshii-gawa covers 2,110 km2,and the length of the main channel is 133 km. The drainage area of the Yoshii-gawa occupies the east part of the Okayama Prefecture, and includes six cities, six towns and one village.

The Yoshii-gawa originating at Mt. Mikunigasen (1,252m) in Kagamino Village runs through the Okutsu Valley, and flows east after entering in the Tsuyama Basin. After the confluence with the Kagami-gawa and that with the Kamo-gawa in Tsuyama City, it flows south through the Kibi Plateau. The Yoshino-gawa joins the Yoshii-gawa in Akaiwa City, and the Kongo-gawa in Wake Town, and then it flows south in the Okayama Plain to reach the eastern end of the Kojima Bay, Saidaiji in Okayama City.

The soil of the upstream area is composed of granite and andesite in Cretaceous Period, and mudstone and diorite-tuff during Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Era. In the midstream, the soil is composed of deposits as gravels, sand and clay in Tertiary period and granite and rhyolite in Mesozoic including Palaeozoic rocks. In the downstream, weathered granite of the Quaternary deposits are found.

2. Geographical Information 2.1 Geological Map

Hyogo

Okayama

Tottori R.Yoshii

R.YoshiiBasin

Seto Inland Sea

Bihoku Group

Alluvium

Hiroshima Granite

Granite

Ota, Kuba and Kanoashi Groups

Kisa Andesite

Rhyolite

Yakuno Complex

Sangun Metamorphic Rocks

Tsunozu Group

Plutonic Rock

Terrace Deposit

Misasa Group

Miya and Atsu Groups

Fault

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2.2 Land Use Map

Legend

:Mountanous area

:Cultivated area:Urban area

Moutainousarea85%

Cultivatedarea10%

Urbanizedarea5%

TsugawaTsugawaDamDam

TomataTomataDamDam

OnbaraOnbaraDamDam

R. Kamo

R. Kamo

R. YoshiiR. Yoshii

R. Y

oshii

R. Y

oshii

R. YoshinoR. Yoshino

R. KongoR. Kongo

HattojigawaHattojigawaDamDam

Shin TabaraShin TabaraIntake WeirIntake Weir

SakaneSakaneIntake WeirIntake Weir

KamogoshiKamogoshiIntake WeirIntake Weir

2.3 Characteristics of River and Main Tributaries

No. Name of river Length [km] Catchment area [km2]

Highest peak [m] Lowest point [m]

Citiespopulation (in 2005)

Land use [%]

1 Kamo-gawa 115.4 262.3

1196.670.0

Tsuyama110,569

Mountainous:85%Cultivated area: 10%Urbanized: 5%

2 Yoshino-gawa 334.5 603.5

1344.630.0

Mimasaka 32,479

3 Kongo-gawa 65.0 161.1

538.613.5

Bizen40,241

M: Mountainous area F: Flat area


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0.0km 5.0km 10.0km 15.0km 20.0km 25.0km 30.0km 35.0km

Elev

atio

n (T

Pm

)

Levee design heightDesign water stage1972 avg.1999 avg.1990 avg.1995 avg.1999 avg.2002 avg.

Segment 0.0 7.2km Segment 7.4 12.6km Segment 15.6 22.4km Segment 22.6 28.2kmSegment

28.4 32.8kmSegment

12.8 15.4km

(1972) 1/18593(1979) 1/15199(1990) 1/226056(1995) 1/73388(1999) 1/48400(2002) 1/40409

Averageriver-bed slope

(1972) 1/3371(1979) 1/2982(1990) 1/2576(1995) 1/3266(1999) 1/6005(2002) 1/4135

(1972) 1/596(1979) 1/733(1990) 1/804(1995) 1/775(1999) 1/763(2002) 1/1019

(1972) 1/1959(1979) 1/1677(1990) 1/1907(1995) 1/1733(1999) 1/1607(2002) 1/1560

(1972) 1/1027(1979) 1/934(1990) 1/932(1995) 1/980(1999) 1/928(2002) 1/953

(1972) 1/896(1979) 1/917(1990) 1/834(1995) 1/867(1999) 1/855(2002) 1/931

Segment No.3 Segment No.2-1 Segment No.2-2

Distance from river mouth

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LegendAnnual precipitationWatershed devideBordersRainfall station

TsugawaDamTsugawaDamTsugawaDam

TsuyamaTsuyamaTsuyama

OkayamaOkayamaOkayama

TomataDamTomataDamTomataDam

R. YoshiiR. YoshiiR. Yoshii

R. YoshiiR. YoshiiR. Yoshii

R. YoshinoR. YoshinoR. Yoshino

R. KongoR. KongoR. Kongo

HattojigawaDamHattojigawaDamHattojigawaDam

Shin TabaraIntake WeirShin TabaraIntake WeirShin TabaraIntake Weir

SakaneIntake WeirSakaneIntake WeirSakaneIntake Weir

KamogoshiIntake WeirKamogoshiIntake WeirKamogoshiIntake Weir

R. KamoR. KamoR. Kamo

KamisaibaraKamisaibaraKamisaibaraOnbaraOnbaraOnbara

OkutsuOkutsuOkutsuOhgami-miyaharaOhgami-miyaharaOhgami-miyahara

HadeHadeHade

SugiSugiSugi

TomataDamTomataDamTomataDam

TsuyamaTsuyamaTsuyama

YanaharaYanaharaYanahara

SusaiSusaiSusai

ShakusoShakusoShakuso

SaidaijiSaidaijiSaidaiji

NagiNagiNagi

HorisakaHorisakaHorisaka

KatsumadaKatsumadaKatsumada

YunogoYunogoYunogo

EmiEmiEmi

KagamiKagamiKagami

MitsuishiMitsuishiMitsuishi

* Annual average during 1971 and 2000 according to the website of the Okayama Meteorological Observatory.

3.2 List of Meteorological Observation Stations 1)

No.2) Station Elevation [m] Location Observation period

Mean annual precipitation [mm]

Observationitems 3)

66306 Wake 35 34°48´54˝N134°11´0˝E

1974 - 1197.3 (1979 – 2000)

DS, P, T, W

66251 Akaiwa (Susai)

56 34°55´6˝N134°05´0˝E

1974 - 1229.4 (1979 – 2000)

P

66186 Tsuyama 146 35°03´48˝N134°00´30˝E

1943 - 1480.5 (1971– 2000)

DS, P, T, W

66127 Nagi 212 35°06´42˝N134°10´12˝E

1977 - 1551.9 (1979 – 2000)

DS, P, T, W

66136 Imaoka (Furumachi)

207 35°05´54˝N134°19´30˝E

1974 - 1681.9 (1979 – 2000)

DS, P, T, W

66056 Onbara 734 35°18´0˝N133°59´12˝E

1981 - 2383.6 (1981– 2000)

P

1) 6 rainfall observation stations managed by Japan Meteorological Agency and 20 ones managed by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport are operated in the Yoshii-gawa basin. A Part of the stations is listed here.

2) Serial Number used by Japan Meteorological Agency. 3) DS: Duration of sunshine, P: Precipitation, T: Air temperature, W: Wind velocity and wind direction.

3.3 Monthly Climate Data (Observation station: Tsuyama) Observation

item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Period for the

meanTemperature [oC] 2.1 2.6 6.1 12 16.7 20.9 24.8 25.6 21.3 14.9 9 4 13.4 1971 – 2000

Precipitation [mm] 45.8 61.3 101.1 131.4 155.9 210.9 250.3 121.7 208.6 90.5 65.9 37 1480.5 1971 – 2000

Solar radiation [MJ/m2/d] – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Duration of sunshine [hr] 119.9 120.7 155.3 182.8 196.1 152.1 157.4 182.2 141.4 152.5 116.4 115 1791.7 119.9

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3.4 Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Monthly precipitation (mm/mon)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

TsuyamaAnnial average: 1486.4 mm/yStandard deviation: 282.0 mm/y

(1976 - 2009)

Monthly precipitation 30-month moving average


Water level anddischarge station

▲ Water level station

Rainfall station

Weir

Dam

KamisaibaraOnbara

OkutsuOhgami-miyahara

Hade

Sugi

TomataDam

Tsuyama

Yanahara

Susai

Shakuso

Saidaiji

Nagi

Horisaka

Katsumada

Yunogo

Emi

Kagami

Mitsuishi

Hade-nishitani Sugi

TomataDam

Hara

Tsuyama

Hisagi

Susai

Tsuse

Shakuso

Kawatahara

Sakane-zeki kamiSakene-saki shimo

Miyasu

Kuban

Monomi

KajinamiTakano

Yunogo

Toyono

R. Kuram

i

R. Kajinam

i

R. Yoshino

R. H

attoji

R. Yoshii

R. H

igasa

R. Kongo

R. Kawai

R. Hatsuse

R. Hoshita

R. Onoda

R. Ohji

R. TakadaR. Takiyama

R. MotoyamaR. S

ara

R. Kume

R. Nakatani

R. H

ade

R. Miya

R. Kam

o

R. Tsugawa

R. E

ndo

R. Kagam

i

R. H

iroto

R. Taki

R. Yodo

R. Hase

R. Aka

wase

R. Naka

tsugaw

a

R. Shichiku

R. Kohwake

Shin TabaraIntake Weir

HattojigawaDam

TsugawaDam

Onbara Dam

SakaneIntake Weir

KamogosiIntank Weir

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4.2 List of Hydrological Observation Stations 1)

No.2) Station Location Catchment area (A)

[km2]

Observation period Observation items 3) (frequency)

307131287708030

Hisagi 34°57´11˝N134°3´42˝E

978.8 1959 – 2003 (1986, 1988, 1989,

1996 missing)

HQ (hourly)

307131287708120

Yunogo 34°59´09˝N134°08´12˝E

490.1 1960 – 2003 (1966 missing)

HQ (hourly)

307131287708050

Tsuse 34°52´17˝N134°06´25˝E

1675.1 1986 – 2003 (1986, 1990, 2000

missing)

HQ (hourly)

307131287708090 Miyasu 34°42´29˝N

134°05´18˝E 1996.1 1966 – 2003 HQ (hourly)

No. 4)

[m3/s]Q max 5)

[m3/s] max 6)

[m3/s] min 7)

[m3/s] / A



307131287708030

41.16 3842.46 1316.10 7.44 4.21 392.57 1959 – 2003 (1986, 1988, 1989, 1996

missing) 307131287708120

17.77 2906.40 993.48 1.45 3.63 593.02 1960 – 2003 (1966 missing)

307131287708050

61.92 6987.25 2022.49 12.25 3.70 417.12 1986 – 2003 (1986, 1990, 2000

missing) 307131287708090

61.44 7235.34 2217.74 3.91 3.08 362.47 1966 – 2003

1) A part of water stage stations and discharge stations is listed here. 2) Serial Number used by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. 3) H: water level, Q: discharge, Q is obtained from rating curve. 4) : Mean annual discharge. 5) Q max : Maximum discharge. 6) max: Mean maximum discharge. 7) min: Mean minimum discharge.


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Monthly Discharge (m

3/s)

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Year

Yoshii River at Tsuse (1675.1 km2) Average: 62.4 m

3/s

Standard deviation: 41.7 m3/s

Monthly discharge 36-month moving average

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4.4 Annual Pattern of Discharge

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Daily discharge (m

3/s)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1997

Yoshii River at Tsuse (1675.1 km2)

Daily in1997 Daily discharge Flow duration curve

Annual Average: 76.48 m3/s

4.5 Unique Hydrological Features

The precipitation increases from downstream to upstream in the basin. The downstream part is located in the region with the least precipitation where the annual precipitation is 1,200mm and precipitation concentrates in summer season. On the other hand, annual precipitation in the upstream part is about 2,000 mm because of large amount of precipitation throughout the year including winter season. The large amount of precipitation in the upstream has supplied irrigation water sufficient for extensive farmlands that has been reclaimed in the downstream area since late 1600’s, although these farmlands are located in low-precipitation area.

While the water resources development for farmlands was started from early times, sufficient river improvement for preventing flood disasters was delayed until 1940’s due to damage by the World War 2nd. The downstream area frequently suffered from flood disasters. Approximately 70 large floods are recorded in the Yoshii-gawa Basin during the recent 400 years. With the flood disaster due to the typhoon No. 16th of 1945 (Typhoon “Makurazaki”) as a turning point, embankment improvement project was started, and river improvement work is being continued. In 2005, the Tomata Dam was started its operation for flood control.

4.6 Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges Station: Tsuse

Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)

Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s]1983 -* -* -* 1995 6.26 3539.94 10.23 11.97 1984 6.26 2481.62 6.7 12.93 1996 6.28 -* 6.7 14.04 1985 6.28 2283.99 12.17 6.52 1997 7.11 2984.53 11.15 11.11 1986 7.11 1905.82 11.20 8.79 1998 10.17 6987.25 12.22 14.46 1987 10.17 1019.51 12.19 9.33 1999 6.3 2728.10 1.15 11.65 1988 6.3 1386.68 2.17 13.97 2000 7.13 -* -* -* 1989 7.13 1513.36 12.20 13.19 2001 9.19 2003.73 5.21 10.17 1990 9.19 4872.27 9.11 13.79 2002 7.5 499.18 8.7 13.56 1991 7.5 859.38 12.16 13.33 2003 8.9 1739.51 10.31 14.20 1992 8.9 1519.53 1.30 12.93 2004 7.3 5059.50 12.2 17.39 1993 7.3 2168.26 6.13 14.82 2005 9.30 620.46 5.26 21.51 1994 9.30 606.76 8.19 4.96 2006 6.26 3840.35 10.30 14.07

1), 2) Instantaneous observation by recording chart *: missing data

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Station: Tsuyama

Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)

Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s]1979 10.19 2,255 8.2 22.64 1994 9.30 263 7.23 14.53 1980 -* -* -* -* 1995 7.3 730 9.19 23.22 1981 6.27 438 8.25 22.66 1996 9.17 184 5.26 21.44 1982 -* -* -* -* 1997 8.5 948 6.27 27.17 1983 -* -* -* -* 1998 10.18 2,964 9.14 27.32 1984 -* -* -* -* 1999 6.29 561 5.23 22.54 1985 6.28 510 6.2 30.22 2000 11.2 417 9.7 20.64 1986 7.13 512 11.20 24.07 2001 6.19 594 5.20 24.1 1987 7.17 353 10.14 19.61 2002 9.8 173 10.20 15.7 1988 6.3 382 2.22 23.35 2003 7.13 375 1.16 27.22 1989 9.19 427 6.7 25.44 2004 9.29 640 2.20 26.04 1990 9.19 760 8.2 27.36 2005 9.7 227 6.15 43.58 1993 7.27 736 6.8 34.6 2006 7.19 1,119 10.30 24.25

1), 2) Instantaneous observation by recording chart *: missing data

4.7 Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Flood

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

DIscharge (m

3/s)

00:00Oct.16

00:00Oct.17

00:00Oct.18

00:00Oct.19

00:00Oct.20

00:00Oct.21

1998

30

20

10

0

Rainfall (mm/h)

Rainfall at Tsuyama

Discharge at Tsuse1998Typhoon No.10

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5. Water Resources

5.1 General Description

Principal water utilization in the Yoshii-gawa System has been for agricultural irrigation since old days. Especially, water resources in the Yoshii-gawa Basin is crucial for irrigation water for farms in reclaimed lands that has been developed since around early 1600’s (the Edo Period).

Presently, around 90 % of total water utilization (except for hydropower) in the basin is for agricultural irrigation, and the other for domestic and industrial water use. Most of the water demands is supplied by the Shin-Tabara Intake Weir (1987) and the Sakane Intake Weir (1979). The Sakane Intake Weir also provides water to the outside area of the Yoshii-gawa Basin. For hydropower generation, the Okutsu Second Hydroelectric Power Station established in 2002 is supplying electricity up to 15,200kW.

In addition, operation of the Tomata Dam was started in 2005 to supply water to new domestic and industrial consumers. The Tomata Hydroelectric Power Station established with the dam is also supplying electricity up to 4,600 kW.

5.2 Map of Water Resource Systems

Shin-TabaraiIntake Weir

TomataDam

Onbara Dam

Tsugawa Dam

HattojigawaDam

SakaneIntake Weir

KamogoshiIntake Weir

Yoshino R.

Konogo R.

Yoshii R.

Yosh

ii R

.

Kamo R

.

Seto Inland SeaWeir

Dam

Legend

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5.3 List of Major Water Resources Facilities

Major Reservoirs

Name of river Name of dam (reservoir)

Catchment area [km2]


Effective capacity [106m3] Purpose 1) Year of

completion

Yoshii Tomata(Okutsu) 217.4 84.10 78.10 A, F, I, P, W 2005

Tsugawa Tsugawa 17.8 5.90 5.45 F, N, P, W 1996 Hattoji

(Kongo) Hattojigawa 35.2 5.70 4.64 F, W 1989

Onbara Onbara 24.1 1.853 1.752 1928

1) A: Agricultural use F: Flood control I: Industrial use N: Maintenance of normal flows P: Hydro-power W: Municipal water supply

Major Water Transfer

Irrigation Irrigation

Irrigation

Domestic

IrrigationIndustrialDomestic



Domestic

Industrial


OnbaraDam

TsugawaDam

HattojigawaDam

Shin-TabaraIntake Weir

SakaneIntake Weir

KamogoshiIntake Weir

TomataDam

KurokiDam

KagamiDam

R.Hade

R.Kurami

R.YoshiiR.Tsugawa

R.Kongo

R.Hadenishitani

Bis

ham

on W

eir

Sag

ai W

eir

KamogawaWeir

Hydropower plant

Dam, Weir

Weir

Weir

Legend

Okutsu SecondHydroelectricPower Station

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5.4 Major Floods and Droughts

Major Floods

Date* Peak discharge [m3/s]** Rainfall [mm], Duration Meteorological cause

Deadand

missing


1934.9.21 3,900 174, 2 days Typhoon

(Muroto Typhoon) NA House suffered: 8,092

1945.9.18 7,600 226, 2 days

Typhoon(Makurazaki

Typhoon)92 House suffered: 14,798

1963.7.11 5,600 162, 2 days Low pressure front 2 House washed away: 40

House inundated: 4,876

1965.7.11 4,000 171, 2 days Low pressure front 5 House suffered: 4,126

1972.7.9 5,000 272, 2 days Low pressure front 3

House totally destroyed and washed away: 13

House inundated: 3,049 1976.9.10 5,200 256, 2 days Typhoon No. 17 6 House suffered: 13,759

(All over Okayama Prefecture) 1979.10.19 4,800 206, 2 days Typhoon No. 19 2 House destroyed: 101


19909.19 5,100 262, 2 days Typhoon No. 19 NA

House destroyed and/or washed away: 5


199810.18 8,000 174, 2days Typhoon No. 10 NA

House destroyed and/or washed away: 14

House inundated: 5,890 20049.29 5,400 155, 2 days Typhoon No. 21 NA House inundated: 823

2006.7.19 4,200 168, 2 days Low pressure front NA House inundated: 5

Note: * Peak discharge was observed on this Date. ** Discharge is observed at Iwato.

Major Droughts

Year Water restriction period Month/Day

No. of days with restriction

Water restriction ratio

Tap water Irrigationwater Industrial water

1978 8/29 - ? 20 %

1982 1st2nd

7/1 – 7/3 7/3 – 7/19

317

10 % 20 %

20 % 20 %

1994

1st2nd3rd4th

7/15 - 7/19 7/19 - 7/22 7/22 - 8/16 8/16 - 9/30

54

2546

7 % 7 % 7 %

30 %

50 % 70 % 70 %

20 % 20 % 30 %

2002 Aug. 11 50% 20 %

2005 1st2nd

6/177/1

151

25 % 30 %

5.5 River Water Quality

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River Water Quality 1) at Eian-bashi 2) in 2003

Date Jan. 08 Jan. 14 Jan. 14 Jan. 15 Jan. 15 Feb. 04 Mar. 11 Apr. 23 Apr. 23 May. 20 May. 20 Jun. 17 Time 8:10 12:50 18:30 0:10 5:50 7:00 11:15 11:00 14:40 8:40 13:00 8:45 pH 7.7 8 8.2 7.9 7.7 7.9 7 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.5 7.5

BOD [mg/l] 1.6 1.6 4.3 2.9 2.2 0.8 <0.5 0.7 1.5 2.1 0.6 2 CODMn [mg/l] 2.3 2.7 5 4.7 3.5 2.1 2.2 4.1 4.2 3.3 2.3 3.2

SS [mg/l] 3 3 3 9 4 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 Discharge3) [m3/s] 27.58 25.70 25.70 12.56 12.56 44.62 65.18 50.08 50.08 45.71 45.71 60.82

Date Jun. 17 Jun. 17 Jun. 18 Jul. 16 Jul. 16 Aug. 21 Aug. 21 Sep. 16 Sep. 16 Sep. 16 Sep. 17 Oct. 21 Time 14:10 22:45 4:10 9:00 12:00 9:20 16:00 8:20 16:20 22:20 4:05 8:45 pH 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.1 6.9 7 7.1 7.6 8 7.9 8.1 7.5

BOD [mg/l] 2.1 1.2 1 0.9 <0.5 1.2 2.3 2.1 2.5 2 1.7 1.3 CODMn [mg/l] 3.2 3.2 3.5 2.9 2.5 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.6 3 3.2 3.4

SS [mg/l] 6 5 8 6 6 11 5 5 3 4 5 4 Discharge3) [m3/s] 60.82 60.82 43.04 129.90 129.90 115.12 115.12 23.40 23.40 23.40 22.25 18.64

Date Oct. 21 Nov. 18 Nov. 18 Time 13:00 10:00 15:00 pH 7.7 7.5 7.6

BOD [mg/l] 1.8 1.3 1.8 CODMn [mg/l] 3.6 3 3.3

SS [mg/l] 5 4 4 Discharge3) [m3/s] 18.64 10.54 10.54

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located near Okayama City ?? km upstream from the river mouth. 3) Discharge observed at Miyasu on the water quality observation date.

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6. Socio-cultural Characteristics

The Yoshii-gawa Basin has been a base for social, economical and cultural activities in the eastern part of the Okayama Prefecture.

The downstream area of the Yoshii-gawa Basin has a long development history of around 1,300 years (since 700’s, Nara Period). Active transport by riverboats called as Takase-bune along the Yoshii-gawa had brought cultural prosperity as well as economic prosperity of this area since the beginning of the development history. In the early Edo Period (1,600’s), some public works were undertaken in this area. New rice-producing regions were reclaimed by drainage around the Kojima Bay, and then rice production was increased to improve finance of the local government. Riverbed excavation was also done for securing water resources for newly reclaimed rice farms and for improving riverine transportation. Since Meiji Period, the downstream area has been developed as an industrial area, and has become an important hub of both railway and highway transportations. As a cultural activity, Saidai-ji Eyo Hadaka Matsuri (Naked Festival at Saidai-ji Temple) is well known worldwide.

The Tsuyama City located in the midstream area of the Yoshii-gawa Basin has been the center of the north part of the Okayama Prefecture since Nara Period (700’s). Exchange between Tsuyama and Okayama Cities by riverine transport was active until opening of a railway. Recently, the Tsuyama City invited some industies, and is now being developed as an inland industrial city. It is now known as the second largest local city of stainless industry.

In the upstream area, natural environment is well preserved. Okutsu and Yunogo Hot Spring Areas are famous as historic spas. Okutsu-kei, Hyono-sen, Ushiro-yama and Nagi-san Quasi National Park, Yubara Okutsu Prefectural Natural Park and Yoshii-gawa Shuryu Prefectural Natural Park are included in this area.

7. References, Databooks and Bibliography

River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (1938 – 2003), River Discharges Year Book of Japan.

River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (2009), Basic Policy of River Improvement for Yoshii River System (in Japanese).

River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (2009), Abstract of Basin and Channels of the Yoshii River System (in Japanese).

Japan Meteorological Agency, Annual Report of the Japan Meteorological Agency (1961 – 2009).

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29

Korea (D.P.R.)

DPR Korea-1: Taedong River

Taedong River

Korea (D.P.R.)-1

30

Taedong River

Taedong River Basin is located at the west middle part of DPR Korea.

Taedong River starts at Handae Peak of MT.Rangrim in Taehung County, South Pyongan Province and

flows with converged branches including Biryu River, Nam River and Jaeryong River. And there are

Nampho City and Onchon County, South Pyongan Province on the right side, and Unchon County and

Unryul County, South Hwanghae Province on

the left side of Taedong River which is flowing

into the West Sea of Korea passing through

Pyongyang city.

There are over 600 streams in the river

system, which are more than 5 kilometers long.

Taedong River is about 450kilometers long

which is the fifth longest river in DPRK and its

basin area covers over 20,000squre kilometers.

In topographical aspect, the basin consists

mostly of low highlands with an average

elevation of 166m above sea level and slopes

down from upperstream to downstream and

from northeast to southwest.

In view of topography and geology

Taedong River is mainly being developed by

erosion and the upper reaches consist of deep

valleys and the middle and lower reaches cover submerged areas.

The river runs zigzag from the middle reaches to the lower reaches and around the hilly area of the

Pyongyang peneplain in the lower reaches.

Limestone developed in the upper and middle reaches of the river affects greatly the flow in this area.

It rains a lot in Pukchang, Maengsan and

Sungtong areas in the upper reaches of Taedong River

and in the area centered on Sinpyong in the upper

reaches of Nam River, but a little in Nampho in the

lower reaches of Taedong River.

It also rains a little in the lower reaches of the

Jaeryong River which is the main tributary of

Taedong River.

The average annual precipitation is 1033mm in

the overall reaches.

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

0%

Seasonal Precipitation Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Korea (D.P.R.)-1

31

The average annual precipitation in Taedong River basin accounts for 22.7% in spring(April~June),

62.9% in summer (July~September), 7.5% in autumn (October~November), and 6.8% in

winter(December~February). As it has seasonal differences, summer has the largest amount of precipitation,

whereas autumn and winter has the smallest.

The average annual temperature in Taedong River basin is 8~12 .

The Taedong River has many tributaries with their wide basin area and large amount of water including

Jaeryong , Nam and Biryu Rivers.

The main tributaries are concentrated on the left bank.

The area of the basin of the largest Jaeryong River, which is 120-odd km long, is 3600-odd kim2 with its

round form.

The source of water in the streams is rain, snow and ground water. The total amount of water resources

is around 1,495,722×104m3 and its flow is 470m3/s

With regard to distribution of surface water resources of the area, the surface water per unit area is great

in the upper reaches and small in the lower reaches due to regional imbalance of its distribution. Biryu river

is reported as the river with the greatest amount of surface water per unit area.

The amount of water resources of Taedong River basin is varied from seasons and months. The amount

of surface water in August is the lagerst in Biryu river basin, among the main tributaries.

According to the increasing of the demand for water resource of Taedong River, there are large-scale

hydroelectric power plants on the main stream of Taedong River and Nam River whereas the medium and

small-scale hydroelectric power plants are built on the tributaries.

Taedonggang Power Station in Toukchon City located in the upper reaches of the Taedong River has the

water management structure for control of water amount and water level in case of flood and water shortage,

for water supply for irrigation and Pukchang Thermal Power Complex as well as for power production.

Sunchon, Songchon, Ponghwa and Mirim lock gates built along main stream of Taedong River mainly

provide water level of the river and, additionally, they have the capacity to produce several ten thousands kw

of electricity per year.

There are tens of the medium and small-size hydroelectric power plants in the area of the tributaries of

Taedong River and most of them produce electricity only during irrigation as they are water reservoir for

irrigation.

The metal, machine-building, electricity, textile, chemical, pharmaceutical, food processing and

daily-goods industries built in Taedong River basin require large amount of water: for example, the

Pyongyang Thermal Power Complex and Pukchang Thermal Power Complex consume large amount of

water a day that is equivalent to the amount of a reservoir, and major factories and enterprises in Pyongyang

City use over million m3 of industrial water daily.

Irrigation by water of reservoirs is the most important use of agricultural water in Taedong River basin.

The total irrigation area covers 210000 ha, out of which 155000ha are paddy fields and 55000ha are dry

fields.

Korea (D.P.R.)-1

32

Coastal water area of Taedong River is under the favorable hydrological and ecological conditions for

fish farming. After that West Sea Barrage was built, Taedong River turned into a great artificial lake and

freshwater fishpond.

West Sea Barrage

Because of the construction of the

West Sea Barrage, river and marine

transportation is very fast developed.

West Sea Barrage, built on

8km-long sea of the Korean West Sea,

is completed in a short period from

1981 to 1986. There are dam, 3 lock

chambers, 36 sluices, 3 fishways and

barrage monument. There are railway,

motorway and pavement on the dam

and lock chamber capable of passing

50000- ton ships through.

The capacity of Nampho port is 9.5

million ton per year and it has a space

that can be harbored 7 ships of 20 000~40 000 tons. The harbors and quays arranged in coastal area

including Nampho port are responsible for the transportation of domestic and international cargo of

Pyongyang and the western region.

Every year hundreds of thousands m3 of soil, sand and mud have flown into the river to be deposited,

which makes the unprecedented species of hydrophyte and fish to survive.

In the coastal area there are 650 species of beasts and 220 species of birds.

There are 77 species of freshwater fish and 52 of these are the major species of this area, which are

adapted to warm water.

In Taedong River basin, there are the revolutionary sites showing immortal revolutionary exploits of

President Kim Il Sung and the General Kim Jong Il established in the liberation and construction of socialist

country and the cultural recreation resources, the scenery resources and the mineral spring resources which

are being used for the recreation life, promotion of health and the cultivation of emotion and feelings of the

people. And also there are the historical remains including the ancient and cultural relics showing the pride

of Korean nation’s eternity and superiority.

Korea (D.P.R.)-1

33

The pictures in bellow are the commemoratic buildings constructed at Taedong River

Kim II Sung University

Mansudae Art Theatre Pyongyang Matanity Hsopital

King Tangun’s Mausoleum The Pothong Gate

Korea (D.P.R.)-1

34

The May Day Stadium Ryanggang Hotel

Light Sports Gymnasium

Pyongyang Circus

The Taekwondo Grand Palace

35

Republic of Korea

Korea (R. of)-14: Hyeongsan-gang

Cheju-Island

Hyeongsan-gang

36

Introduction

The Korean peninsula, about 1,300 km long and 300 km wide, is located between the Yellow Sea and the East Sea on the eastern end of the Asian continent. The eastern coast line of the peninsula runs directly along the skirt of the steep mountain slope range, while the western and southern coast lines indicate curved shapes having wide alluvial plains in places. In general, rivers running to the eastern coast are short and steep in their riverbed gradients. Long stretching rivers with gentle slopes such as the Han River, the Geum River, the Nakdong River, and the Seomjin River, discharge to the southern or western coasts.

Korea is in the moderately humid zone of medium latitudes. It has a definite, seasonal climate which is greatly defined by dry, cold continental air masses during the winter, and humid warm air masses from the ocean during the summer. The average annual temperature is 14 °C (57 °F) along the southern coast, while it drops to as low as 11 °C and 8 °C (52 °F and 46 °F), respectively, over the mid and northern climatic zones. The yearly distribution of precipitation is determined by westerly and north- westerly dry winds from the Asian continent in the winter and South-easterly winds from the Pacific Ocean in the summer. Thus the rainfall is concentrated in the summer. Of the annual precipitation of1,274 mm, approximately 66 % occur during the rainy season from June to September, 16 % during the transition period from April to May and the remaining 18 % during the six months from October to March. As of 2012, the population of Korea was 50,750,837 with a population density of 493 person/km2. Of a total land area 99,450 km2, farm lands account for 21,379 km2 while forest cover is about 63,762 km2.

The river catalogued in this volume is the Hyeongsan-Gang. The Hyeongsan-Gang is a main river basin in the south-eastern area of the Korean peninsula which flows through the south-eastern part of Gyeongbuk province mainly. The Dukdong Dam located in this river plays main roles to meet agricultural water demand and municipal water supply to Gyeongju and Pohang area.

Acknowledgements

A working group was established for the preparation of the catalogues as part of the IHP project of 2008which was supported by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of the Republic of Korea. The working group members are as follows:

Lee, Soontak (Chair), Yeungnam University, Jee, Hongkee, Yeungnam University, andYeo, Woonki (Assistant), Yeungnam University.

The organizations that have contributed include:

River Management Division, Water Resources Bureau, Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime AffairsNakdong River Flood Control Office, Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime AffairsInternational Hydrologic Environmental Society (IHES)Korea Water Resources Association (KWRA), andK-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation).

Korea (R. of) –14

Hyeongsan Gang Map of the River

Geographical Survey, MOCT Korea

Table of Basic data Name(s) : Hyeongsan River Serial No.: Korea (R. of) – 20

Location : Gyeongbuk Province, Korea N 35°° 40� 00� � � 36°12�00� � E 129°° 01� 00� � � 129°25�00� �

Area : 1,166.80 km2 Length of the main stream : 62.1 km

Origin : Mt. Beakwoon (901m) Highest point. : Mt. Beakwoon (901m)

Outlet : East Sea Lowest point. : River mouth (6m)

Main base rocks : Bulguksa Granite, Sedimentary Rocks, Hayang Group, Yucheon Group

Main tributaries : Dae Stream (160.40km2 ), Gigye Stream (199.20km2 )

Main lakes : Bomoonho(98.34×104m3)

Main reservoirs : Deokdong Dam (32.7×106m3)

Mean annual precipitation : 1,120mm (1949 � present) at Pohang

Mean annual runoff : 18.3 m3/sec (1966 ~ present) at Pohang

Population : 374,937 (2005) Main cities : Gyeongju, Pohang

Land use : Forest (69.1%), Paddy(12.3%), Agricultural Field(6.0%) Urban(6.2%), Others(6.4%) (2000)

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1. General Description 1.1 General Description

The Hyeongsan river is flowing through the south-estern part of Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. The catchment area is 1,166.80km2 and 62.1km long, originate from Mt. Beakwoon(901.0 m). The average annual precipitation is 1,117mm over the basin and the average annual runoff is 18.3m3/sec.In 2005, the population in the basin are 374,937 people. Deokdong dam having the storage volume that is 32.7×106m3 for agricultural water supply was constructed in 1986. The basin consists of the upper stream that is mountainous area and the lower stream that is the well developed area. There are urban cities such as Gyeongju and Pohang which are placed in south-eastern part of Gyeongbuk Province, Korea.

2. Geographical Information 2.1 Geological Map

LEGENDBulguksa Granite Yucheon Group

Hayang Group Sedimentary Rocks

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2.2 Land Use Map

LEGEND

2.3 Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries

No. Names of River Length

Catchment Area

Highest Peak Cities

Population (2007)

Land use (%)

F W P A U G

1 Hyeongsan (Main Stream)

62.10km1,166.80km2

Mt. Baekwoon 901.0m

Gyeongju 276,877

69.1 5.4 12.3 6.0 6.2 1.0

2 Dae Stream (Tributary)

25.0km160.0km2

Mt. Daema 375.2m

3 Nam Stream (Tributary)

23.0km88.0km2

Mt. Jibbong 542.5m

4 Buk Stream (Tributary)

15.0km79.1km2

Mt. Hwangjang 342.6m

F : Forest W: Water P: Paddy Field A : Agricultural field U : Urban G : Grassland

WaterUrbanGrasslandForestPaddy FieldAgricultural Field

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Moa

Bujo

Gigye

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Meteorological Observation PointHydrological Observation PointDam

LEGEND

Based on the data of Ministry of Construction & Transportation

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3.2 List of Meteorological Observation Stations

No. Station Elevation (m) Location Observation

Period

Mean annualPrecipitation (mm)

Mean annual Evaporation1

)

ObservationItems

138** Pohang 1 N 129° 23' 00�E 36° 02' 00� 1949 � present 1,120 1253 P(TB),E,DS

21014010* Gigye1 30 N 36° 04'18�E129° 12' 37� 1998 � present 1,184 - P(TB)

21014020* Gyeongju1 20 N 35° 46' 30�E129° 18' 02� 1998 ~ present 1,320 - P(TB)

21014040* Geoncheon 100 N 35° 51' 18�E 129° 05' 13� 1998 � present 1,171 - P(TB)

21014050* Gibuk 120 N 36° 07' 00�E 129° 09' 24� 1998 � present 1,155 - P(TB)

21014060* Oksan 60 N 35° 59' 33�E 129° 10' 16� 1998 � present 1,209 - P(TB)

21014070* Gyeongju2 20 N 35° 50' 05�E 129° 12' 12� 1998 � present 1,130 - P(TB)

21014080* Geomdan 80 N 35° 50' 05�E 129° 12' 20� 1998 � present 1,292 - P(TB)

21014090* Dudong 90 N 35° 42' 05�E 129° 12' 33� 1998 � present 1,732 - P(TB)

21014100* Gigye2 30 N 36° 03' 19�E 129° 14' 38� 1998 � present 1,074 - P(TB)

21014110* Cheonbuk 80 N 35° 55' 11�E 129° 17' 33� 1998 � present 1,418 - P(TB)

21014120* Bulguksa 70 N 35° 45' 01�E 129° 17' 49� 1998 � present 1,315 - P(TB)

21014130* Dukdong 260 N 35° 50' 25�E129° 19' 28� 1998 ~ present 1,439 - P(TB)

21014140* Pohang 20 N 36° 00' 06�E129° 20' 21� 1998 � present 1,277 - P(TB)

* : Serial number used by Ministry of Construction and transportation ** : Serial number used by Weather Office, Korea Meteorological Agency P: Precipitation, E: Evaporation, DS: Duration of sunshine, TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart 1) Measured by 20cm pan

3.3 Monthly Climate Data (Observation station : Pohang)

Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Period for the mean

Temperature [°°C] 1.6 3.1 7.4 13.4 17.9 21.0 24.8 25.4 21.3 16.1 9.9 4.0 13.8 1949 ~ present

Precipitation[mm] 41 43 67 79 75 139 182 208 160 52 48 26 1,120 1949 ~ present

Evaporation[mm]* 64 64 91 128 160 135 139 137 101 96 72 66 1253 1949 ~ present

Solar radiation [MJ/ m2/day] 8.6 11.1 13.4 16.5 17.6 16.7 14.9 14.5 12.2 11.4 8.9 8.1 12.8 1949 ~ present

Duration of sunshine[hr] 182 168 186 208 226 166 159 167 158 188 173 186 2,167 1949 ~ present

*measured by 20cm pan

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Korea (R. of) –14

3.4 Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation Series

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1951 1959 1967 1975 1983 1992 2000 2008

Prec

ipita

tion(

mm

)

Time (year)

Hyeongsan River at PohangPrecipitation30 month moving average

4. Hydrological Information

4.1 Map of Streamflow Observation Stations

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LEGEND

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No. Station Location Elevation [m]

Catchment area (A) [km2]

Observation period

Observation items1)

[Frequency]

2101690 Pohang N 36° 40' 30� E 129° 22' 30

-0.93 1,086 1952 ~ present H1

2101680 Bujo N 35° 59' 35� E 129° 18' 15�

-0.94 925 1952 ~ present H1

2101675 Angang N 35° 58' 41� E 129° 16' 04�

0.77 908 1962 ~ present H1

2101668 Gigye2 N 36° 03' 06�E 129° 14' 27�

21.56 185 1998 ~ present H1

2101650 Moa N 35° 55' 10� E 129° 14' 35�

9.11 672 1962 ~ present H1

2101625 Gyeongju2 N 35° 50' 17� E 129° 12' 05�

26.71 1998 ~ present H1

No. * Q 2)

[m3/s] Q max3)

[m3/s]Q max 4)

[m3/s]Q min 5)

[m3/s]Q / A

[m3/s/100km2]Qmax / A [m3/s/100km2]

Period of statistics

210690 18.3 3,126.1 44.1 4.0 1.68 4.06 1966 ~ present *: Serial number used by Ministry of Construction 2) Mean annual discharge

1) H1 : water level in recording chart H2 : water level by manual 3) Maximum discharge Q : discharge, P: precipitation, WQ : BOD etc., S : sedimentation 4) Mean annual maximum discharge

d : daily, 10d:10-daily, m: monthly 5) Mean annual minimum discharge

4.3 Long-term Variation of Monthly Discharge Series

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4.4 Annual Pattern of Discharge Series

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4.6 Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges At Pohang

Year Maximum Minimum

Year Maximum Minimum

Date (m3/s) Month (m3/s) Date (m3/s) Month (m3/s)

1966 3.7 198.8 2 1.5 1986 6.25 572.4 12 0.6

1967 7.6 210.5 11 0.7 1987 8.31 831.0 1 0.8

1968 8.17 211.8 3 0.2 1988 8.16 510.0 3 0.3

1969 9.15 1,080.6 2 0.8 1989 8.23 366.8 1 0.8

1970 7.17 462.5 2 0.5 1990 7.16 427.2 12 1.4

1971 8.5 149.8 12 0.4 1991 8.23 3,126.1 2 0.6

1972 9.14 659.6 1 0.2 1992 8.18 339.6 12 1.5

1973 9.10 130.3 12 1.0 1993 8.10 983.6 1 1.4

1974 7.6 640.2 2 0.5 1994 5.25 177.4 10 0.5

1975 9.17 189.2 1 1.1 1995 8.31 228.3 4 0.1

1976 6.8 196.9 12 0.8 1996 6.25 775.7 3 0.1

1977 9.9 147.5 2 0.3 1997 8.10 628.5 4 0.0

1978 6.18 962.3 6 0.9 1998 9.30 1,864.4 12 2.2

1979 8.26 526.9 1 1.7 1999 9.23 753.0 3 0.5

1980 9.11 893.0 3 0.3 2000 9.15 886.8 4 0.3

1981 9.3 971.6 6 0.7 2001 6.24 958.3 2 0.7

1982 8.14 603.2 2 0.3 2002 8.31 1,491.0 4 1.3

1983 8.28 332.2 1 0.7 2003 9.12 714.3 2 1.6

1984 9.3 882.6 4 0.3 2004 8.19 1,001.6 4 0.8

1985 9.19 658.4 2 0.4 2005 9.6 1,135.5 12 1.4

4.7 Hyetographs and Hydrographs of Major Floods

0

30

60

90

120

1500

300

600

900

1200

1500

09-11-2003 09-12-2003 09-13-2003 09-14-2003

Pre

cipi

tatio

n(m

m)

Disc

harg

e(m

3 /sec

)

Time

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Based on the data of Ministry of Construction and Transportation

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Korea (R. of) –14

5 Water Resources 5.1 General Description

The Hyeongsan River Stream, which occupies 1,160.80km2 watershed basin, consist of the upper stream that is mountainous area and the lower stream that is a plane area. The agricultural and forest area in the basin occupy about 20% and 65% of total area in the watershed basin respectively. The runoff in the river in the dry season is very little even though the flood in the rainy season is often indicated. To meet the agricultural water demand, which is called as Deokdong Dam, was constructed. Nowadays, almost all agricultural water in the basin is supplied from the Bomoonho reservoir.


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LEGEND


Major Reservoirs

Name of river Name of dam Catchment area [km2]


Effective capacity[(106m3] Purpose1) Year of

completion Hyeongsan

(main) Deokdong 51.70 327 318 W, A 1977

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Major Interbasin Transfer

Name of Transfer line

Names of rivers Connected Length

(km)

Maximum Capacity (m3/s)

Purposes1) Year of Completion From To

Buk Stream Line Deokdong Dam Gyeongju 20.5 347.2 W, A 1977

1) W: Municipal water supply, I: Industrial use, A: Agricultural use.

5.4 Major Flood and Drought Experiences

Major Floods (Catchment area 1,166.80km2)

Date Peak discharge [m3/s]

Rainfall [mm] Duration


Dead and missing

Major damages [Districts affected]

1987. 9. 11 1,836.8 208.59. 11 � 9. 20 Storm -- Pohang, Gyeongju

1991. 8. 24 2,445.9 394.48. 22 � 8. 24

Storm -- Pohang, Gyeongju

1998. 9.28 3,998.1 611.39. 28 � 10. 1 Storm -- Pohang, Gyeongju

2002.8.31 3,138.0 134 8.31 ~ 9.1 Storm -- Pohang, Gyeongju

Major Droughts

Period Areas Affected Major damages and counteractions

1976 �� 1977 Pohang, Gyeongju Supply cut : ratio at the first stage: 24%

1981 �� 1982 Pohang, Gyeongju Supply cut : ratio at the first stage: 15%

1994 �� 1995 Pohang, Gyeongju Damage : crops of 13%

2000 ~ 2001 Pohang, Gyeongju Damage : crops of 7%

5.5 Groundwater and Water Quality

River Water Quality1) at Hyeongsan River2), 2005

Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PH 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.6 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.2 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.6

BOD [mg/I] 2.1 2.2 2.9 2.1 4.6 3.6 4.9 6.6 1.9 1.8 2.4 1.7

CODMn [mg/I] 4.5 5.1 5.8 4.4 8.0 7.3 8.8 9.4 4.5 4.0 5.2 4.6

SS [mg/I] 1.6 3.5 6.3 4.3 8.9 4.8 12.0 14.4 5.9 4.3 5.1 3.1

Coliform group [MPN/100ml]3) 2,700 1,650 5,650 500 500 2,900 2,300 440 1,000 660 560 230

Discharge[m3/s]4) 3.8 7.2 16.4 7.4 4.3 4.2 14.6 34.3 77.5 4.6 3.1 1.7

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located near Kyeongju City . 3) Measurement method: BGLB (brilliant green lactose bile) method. 4) Discharge on the observation date.

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Korea (R. of) –14


The Hyeongsan river is flowing through the sourth-eastern part of Gyeongbuk province, Korea peninsular. There are urban cities such as Gyeongju and Pohang where are very beautiful mountainous area of clean water, fresh air and many ancient temples. Especially, about a thousand years ago, Kyongju was the capital city of the Shilla kingdom having its glorious culture at its height. These are the most natural regions of Gyeongbuk province and famous of hot-spring and mineral water which tastes very unique.

7. References, Databooks and Bibliography Korean Meteorological Administration, Annual Climatological Report, 1966-200, (in Korean) Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Flood in Korea, 1973-2008, (in Korean). Ministry of Environment, Annual Report of Water Quality Observation, 2005, (in Korean) Nakdong River Flood Control Office (http://www.nakdongriver.go.kr) WAMIS, K-WATER (http://www.wamis.go.kr) Korea National Statistical Office (http://www.nso.go.kr)

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http://www.nakdongriver.go.kr

http://www.wamis.go.kr

http://www.nso.go.kr

49

Mongolia

Mongolia-1: Tuul River

Tuul River

Mongolia–1

Tuul River Map of the River

Hydrology section, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Mongolia

Table of basic data Name (s) : Tuul river Serial No : Mongolia -1Location: Tuv province and Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia N 48o 56’ 53” E 104o 47’ 55’’ Area : 49766 km2 Length of the main stream : 898 km

Origin: Southern slope of Baga Khentei saridag (2000m)

Highest point : Asralt khairkhan (2800m), Khiidiin saridag (2665m), Baga Khentei saridag (2534m), Bogdkhaan Mountain (2226 m)

Outlet : Orkhon river Lowest point : River mouth (780m) Main base rocks : Cenozoic sand, gravel, clay; Mesozoic granites, sandstone and siltstones and Palaeozoic shales and conglomerates Main tributaries : Terelj, Uliastai, Selbe, Kharbukh Main lakes : Khagiin Khar nuur (29.45 km2)Main reservoirs: There aren’t reservoirs. Mean annual precipitation : 232 mm Mean annual runoff : 26.6 m3/sec at Ulaanbaatar, 25.8 m3/sec at Songino, 24.1 m3/sec at Undurshireet Population : 1,148911 (2009-12-31) Main cities : Ulaanbaatar, Zuunmod Land use: Pasture (80.2%), Forest (2.9%), Agriculture (1.4%), Urban area (4.8%), Irrigated area (0.1%), Others (10.6%)

1. General DescriptionThe Tuul River originates at south-western slope of the Khentey range, in particular at southern slope of the Baga Khentey, elevated up to 2000-m a.s.l. It is formed by the confluence of Namiya and Nergui streams. Catchment area to Ulaanbaatar is 6300 sq.km, totally 49766 km2, 898 km long, covering forest and steppe area. Hydrological station was operating on the Tuul River at Ulaanbaatar since 1945.

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Mongolia–1

There are three runoff components, such as rainfall, snowmelt water and groundwater. Therefore, annual runoff composes of 69 % of rainfall water, 6 % of snow melting water and 25 % of groundwater. Annual mean river flow in Ulaanbaatar site is 26.6 cub.m/sec. Ulaanbaatar is fully dependent on it’s groundwater resources hydraulically connected with river water.

Tuul river water is fresh and calcium and bicarbonate type of water. Total dissolved solids of the river water range from 100-210 mg/l along its reach. Along the Tuul have been monitored water quality and pollution since 1980-th. in addition to basic chemical compositions, there analyzed such parameters as ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, pH, permanganate value, dissolved oxygen, BOD and heavy metals like iron, manganese, chromium and others. Tuul river water is fresh in upper reach upper than Ulaanbaatar and polluted after Ulaanbaatar.

2. Geographical Information2.1 Geological Map

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Mongolia–1

2.2 Land Use Map

2.3 Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries

No Name of river Length,(km)/

catchment area, (km2)

Highestpeak

discharge,m3/sec

Land use (%)

F W P A S

1 Selbe 41.3/300.4 168 57.94 11.52 24.63 No 5.91 2 Uliastai 3.1/3.42 20 63.89 6.27 28.46 No 1.38 3 Terelj 110.3/1281.9 564 79.54 16.41 4.05 No No 4 Kharbukh 183.5/17178.9 No data 0.65 28.16 38.14 19.49 13.56

2.4 Longitudinal profiles

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3.2 List of Meteorological Observation Stations

No Station Elevation, m Location Observationperiod

Mea

n an

nual

Pr

ecip

itatio

n (m

m)

Mea

n an

nual

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apor

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n

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tion

Item

s

47803500 Bulgan-Gurvanbulag 1093.027 N 1030 28’ 52.68” E 470 44’ 40.2” 1982~present 226.1 959* P

48305400 Tuv-Ugtaal 1150.586 N 1050 24’ 17.64” E 480 15’ 30.06” 1979~present 262.6 527* P

47204200 Tuv-Erdenesant 1339.078 N 1040 29’ 34” E 470 20’ 0.88” 1962~present 269.4 582* P

4770700 Tuv-Zuun mod 1516.482 N 1060 57’ 6.12” E 470 42’ 47.92” 1965~present 270.3 - P

47905300 Tuv-Lun 995.5643 N 1050 15’ 17.57” E 470 52’ 1.02” 1994~present 188.2 - P

47606300 Tuv-Altanbulag 1260 N 1060 24’ 33.98” E 470 41’ 49.99” 1994~present 199.0 - P

47907000 Ulaanbaatar 1279.432 N 1060 50’ 52.44” E 470 55’ 7.43” 1969~present 262.4 572** P

47806800 Buyant-Uhaa 1271.5 N 1060 27’ 0.00” E 470 30’ 36” 1940~present 241.4 - P

47906900 Ikh surguuli 1341.1745 N 1060 55’ 12.45” E 470 55’ 22.19” 1983~present 267.5 - P

48007510 Terelj 1508.22 N 1070 27’ 23.004” E 470 59’ 18.99” 1986~present 331.5 - P

*Pan evaporation estimated by empirical formulae P: Precipitation, E: Evaporation, DS: Duration of sunshine

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Mongolia–1

3.3 Monthly Climate Data (Observation station : Ulaanbaatar) Observation

item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Period for the mean

Temperature[0C] -21.5 -16.8 -8.2 1.3 9.6 14.9 17.1 15.2 8.6 0.0 -11.1 -18.8 -0.8 1969~present

Precipitation[mm] 2.3 2.4 3.5 8.19 18.1 47.8 64.8 68.8 30.2 7.9 4.9 3.5 262.4 1969~present

Solar radiation [MJ/ m2 /day] 271 443 527 636 618 583 515 420 321 189 138 138 172 1962~present

Duration of sunshine[hr] 201 257 255 289 267 253 249 241 228 173 145 2725 168 1962~present

Fr - Freezes

3.4 Long-term variation of monthly precipitation series


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No Station Location Elevation [m] Catchment area (A) [km ]

Observationperiod

Observation items [Frequency]

1 Tuul-Lun N 1050 10’ 59.98” E 470 51’ 0.00” 1009 23574 1998~present H2

2 Tuul-Altanbulag N 1060 16’ 59.98” E 470 40’ 59.98” 1172 9987 2002~present H2

3 Tuul-Ulaanbaatar N 1060 55’ 59.98” E 470 52’ 59.98” 1400 6450 1945~present H2

4 Tuul-Bosgo N 1070 43’ 59.98” E 480 1’ 59.98” 1501 2193 2003~present H2

5 Terelj-Terelj N 1070 28’ 0.012” E 470 58’ 0.012” 1550 1281 1972~present H2

6 Selbe-Damba N 1060 55’ 12” E 470 58’ 48” 1369 192 1983~present H2

7 Selbe-Sanzai N 1060 52’ 59.98” E 480 7’ 59.98” 1597 33.1 1983~present H2

8 Uliastai-Uliastai N 1070 3’ 45.18” E 480 2’ 28.68” 1471 228 1969~present H2

No � m3/s2)

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m3/s

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Qmax/ A [m3/s/km2*1000]

Period ofstatistics

3 25.64 1580 334.9 0.0 0.0 4.07 250.8 1945~present1) H1 : water level in recording chart H2 : water

level by manual 2) Mean annual discharge 3) Maximum discharge

4) Mean annual maximum discharge 5) Mean annual minimum discharge Q : discharge, P: precipitation, WQ : BOD etc., S : sedimentation 10d:10-daily, m: monthly, d : daily

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Mongolia–14.3 Long-term Variation of Monthly Discharge Series

4.4 Annual Pattern of Discharge Series

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4.6 Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges

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YearMaximum Minimum

Date (m3 /s) Month (m3 /s) Month (m3 /s) Month (m3 /s)

1945 No data No data No data No data 1978 28-Jun 223 Winter 0.01946 8-Jun 137 Winter 0.0 1979 17-Aug 172 Winter 0.01947 2-Jul 184 Winter 0.0 1980 16-Jun 83.2 Winter 0.01948 30-Aug 480 Winter 0.0 1981 8-Aug 137 Winter 0.01949 25-Aug 264 Winter 0.0 1982 1-Jul 327 Winter 0.01950 7-Jul 138 Winter 0.0 1983 30-Jul 518 Winter 0.01951 15-Jul 128 Winter 0.0 1984 29-Aug 400 Winter 0.01952 24-Jul 319 Winter 0.0 1985 27-Jun 772 Winter 0.01953 26-Jun 157 Winter 0.0 1986 22-Jun 323 Winter 0.01954 13-Jul 183 Winter 0.0 1987 8-Aug 255 Winter 0.01955 4-Sep 137 Winter 0.0 1988 4-Sep 678 Winter 0.01956 9-Aug 112 Winter 0.0 1989 16-Aug 174 Winter 0.01957 12-Jul 211 Winter 0.0 1990 28-Aug 507 Winter 0.01958 26-Jul 533 Winter 0.0 1991 30-Jul 415 Winter 0.01959 15-Aug 500 Winter 0.0 1992 5-Sep 397 Winter 0.01960 28-Jun 370 Winter 0.0 1993 10-Jul 721 Winter 0.01961 11-Aug 174 Winter 0.0 1994 21-Aug 591 Winter 0.01962 No data No data Winter 0.0 1995 12-Aug 424 Winter 0.01963 14-Sep 182 Winter 0.0 1996 14-Jun 48.2 Winter 0.01964 23-Aug 1120 Winter 0.0 1997 9-Aug 118 Winter 0.01965 11-Aug 121 Winter 0.0 1998 6-Aug 148 Winter 0.01966 12-Jul 1580 Winter 0.0 1999 12-Jul 105 Winter 0.01967 28-Jun 1180 Winter 0.0 2000 28-Aug 135 Winter 0.01968 25-Jul 243 Winter 0.0 2001 18-Aug 92.4 Winter 0.01969 25-Aug 311 Winter 0.0 2002 1-Jul 124.6 Winter 0.01970 2-Aug 300 Winter 0.0 2003 18-Aug 158.1 Winter 0.01971 10-Jun 563 Winter 0.0 2004 4-Jul 106.4 Winter 0.01973 3-Aug 15.9 Winter 0.0 2005 15-Jun 133 Winter 0.01974 2-Jul 717 Winter 0.0 2006 6-Jun 149 Winter 0.01975 19-Aug 459 Winter 0.0 2007 26-Aug 55.4 Winter 0.01976 8-Jul 485 Winter 0.0 2008 25-Jun 197 Winter 0.01977 6-Jul 432 Winter 0.0 2009 29-Jun 170 Winter 0.0

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Mongolia–14.7 Hyetographs and Hydrographs of Major

Source:Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology

5. Water Resources 5.1 General DescriptionThe Tuul River, which occupies 49766 km2 watershed, consisting of the upper stream that is forest, mountainous area, midstream inter-mountainous valley and the lower stream that is a hilly steppe area. The agricultural and forest area in the basin occupy about 20% and 65% of total area in the watershed basin respectively. Pasture, forest, agriculture,urban area, irrigated land and others occupy 80.2, 2.9, 1.4, 4.8, 0.1 and 10.6 percents, respectively. The runoff in the river in the dry and winter seasons is very low even though the flood in the rainy season is often occurred. To meet the agricultural water demand, 12 small irrigation systems were constructed.

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Mongolia–15.2 Map of Water Resource Systems

5.3 Major Flood and Drought Experiences Major Floods (Catchment area 49766 km2 )

Date Peak

discharge [m3/s]

Rainfall [mm] Duration


Dead and missing

Major damages [Districts affected]

1966.07.10-11 1700 103.5 Storm caused rainfall flood

13000household 239617$

1982.08.15-16 - 44 Storm caused flash flood

87 people died 119 households

91447 $

Major Droughts

Period Areas affected Major damage and counteractions 1972 Whole catchment Livestock loss and hay making 1999-2002 Whole catchment Livestock loss and

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Mongolia–15.4 Groundwater and Water Quality

River Water Quality 1) at Tuul River 2) , 2009

Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PH - 6.64 7.63 7.35 8.17 9.80 6.92 7.23

BOD [mg/l] 2.3 1.4 3.6 4.0 0.8 1.2 2.6 1.1 CODMn[mg/l] 15.0 3.4 1.6 4.8 2.0 2.3 1.6 6.1

SS [mg/l] 2.0 - 18.7 66.8 - 4.6 - -

Discharge[m3/s] 4) 0.006 - 0.13 8.68 11.2 23.2 44.6 33.7 21.4 10.5 1.58 0.31

1) Observed once a month. 2) Located near Ulaanbaatar City.3) Measurement method: Chemical analysises. 4) Discharge on the observation date.


The population is 1098771 in the basin, in 2008. There are Ulaanbaatar, founded in 1639 as a movable (nomadic) Buddhist monastic centre, capital city of the country, Zuunmod, central part of the Tuv province and its soums (counties) Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar is located in north central Mongolia, the city lies at an elevation of about 1,310 m. in a valley on the Tuul River. It is the cultural, industrial, and financial center of the country. It is the center of Mongolia's road network, and is connected by rail to both the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia and the Chinese railway system.


Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment Monitoring, Mongolia, Annual Meteorological Database, Water Quality report, 2009 and Annual Hydrological Yearbook, 1945-2009 (http://www.tsag-agaar.mn) andStatistical reports, Mongolian National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (http://www.nso.mn)Thematic maps on Geology and Land uses.

Catalogue of the Tuul river has been prepared by Dr. G. Davaa, Head, Hydrology section and Ms. J. Odgarav, researcher, Hydrology section, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment Monitoring, Mongolia

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http://www.nso.mn

61

Myanmar

Myanmar-1: Chindwin River

Chindwin River Chindwin River

Myanmar-1

Chindwin River Map of River

Chindwin River Basin

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Myanmar-1

Table of Basic Data Name: Chindwin River Serial No. : Myanmar-1Location: Sagaing Region N 21° 30� ~ 27° 15� E 93° 30� ~ 97° 10�Catchment Area: 110 350 km2 Length of main river: 900 kmOrigin: Saramali Mountain Highest point: 3796 m Outlet: Ayeyarwady River Lowest point: 57 m Main geological features: sand-stones of different hardness, clay with gypseous veins, shales and

limes-stonesMain tributaries: Myittha, Yu-Wa, U-YuMain Reservoir: - Mean annual precipitation: 670 mm ~ 3740 mm (1967-2009) Mean annual runoff: 4750 m3/s at Monywa (1967-2009) Population: 5535035 (2004) Main cities: Hkamti, Htamanthi, Homalin, Mawlaik,

Kalewa, Kalaymyo, Mingin, Monywa Land use: approximately 120 000 acres of cultivated land. About 90 % of the basin is thickly

forested by valuable species of wood.

1. General Description The Chindwin river basin is located in the North Western part of Myanmar. The Chindwin river is the third largest river in Myanmar. The Chindwin basin is located in Sagaing Region, where Meteorological & Hydrological data are available at the stations along this river, such as Hkamti, Homalin, Mawlaik, Kalewa and Monywa, which are situated between 21° 30� and 27° 15� N Latitude and between 93° 30� and 97° 10� E Longitude. The source of Chindwin radiates from the Kachin plateau. The second highest mountain in Myanmar, Saramali with the elevation of 12553 ft, is also located on the upper Chindwin catchment area. Since it passes through the mountainous region there are numerous streams, flowing into the Chindwin river. These streams are small tributaries of the Chindwin river.The upper part of Chindwin river is known as Tanai Hka that flows in north direction in its upper reach before entering into the Hukaung Valley, the Upper Chindwin Lowlands. Very clearly, rapids and water falls could often be seen along the river stretch within the 850 km water course from origin to Mawlaik. The large tributaries of Chindwin river are U Yu, Yu-wa and Myittha. Four miles below Homalin receives an important tributary on the left bank- the U Yu river, which rises in the Myitkyina district. On the right bank it receives the Yu-wa at Yu-wa and the Myittha at Kalewa, from which it receives the drainage of the Chin hills.The main stream is navigable by light vessels throughout the year; in the rainy season the vessels ply up to Homalin. The basin of Chindwin river is, in general, a mountainous forested terrain with the only exception of its lowest southern part which is a vast plain. The highest mountains are to be found to the West and North of basin where they reach 10 000 feet more. From the East the watershed passes a mountain chain of 3000-5000 feet high. The source of the river, which in its upper reaches before entering the Hukawng Valley, bears the name of Tanai Hka, flowing at the height of 7000 feet, then within the distance of 80 miles it goes down to the height of 700 feet and enters the Hukawn Valley. The Chindwin river joins with the Ayeyarwaddy river near Myingyan situated in the central dry zone.

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Myanmar-1

General Climate and land useThe major contribution of rainfalls in the Chindwin basin is from rainfall over the catchment. The heavy rainfalls are generally caused by monsoon trough and strong monsoon. The average annual rainfall over the catchment varies from 670 mm to 4200 mm. The Chindwin river basin is contributed mainly by tertiary continental sediments. Among them more frequently found are sand-stones of different hardness, less frequent are clay with gypseous veins, shales and limes-stones. The width of the river varies from 300 to 10 000 feet. Chindwin catchment area covers 110350 km2.The Chindwin basin has approximately 120 000 acres of cultivated land. About 90 % of the basin is thickly forested by valuable species of wood.

2. Geological Informatin 2.1 Soil Type Map

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Chromic Cambisols Cotena of Luvisols on Slopes & Vertisols in Depres Eutric Cambisols Eutric Gleysols/Dystric Gleysols Eutric Gleysols/Humic Gleysols Ferralic Cambisols Ferric Acrisols Nitosols Rhodic Ferralsols Xanthic Ferralsols other

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Myanmar-1

2.2 Characteristics of River and Main Tributaries �

No. Name of river Length (km) Catchment area(km2)

Height peak (m) Lowest point (m)

1. Chindwin (Main River) 900110350

379657

2. Myittha (Tributary) 58024225

264392

3. Yu-Wa (Tributary) 6125 225

2260119

4. U-Yu (Tributary) 34511150

1650123



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Distance (km)

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Myanmar-1

3.2 Monthly Climate Data

Monthly Mean Temperature (°C)

Stations Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Period for the Mean

Hkamti 16.6 18.9 22.5 25.6 27.3 27.9 26.4 27.1 27.1 25.8 21.9 16.9 1966-2000

Homalin 17.6 18.9 23.1 25.9 27.5 27.5 27.1 26.0 27.4 26.3 21.9 18.1 1966-2000

Kalewa 19.1 21.1 25.8 29.2 29.9 28.6 28.5 27.8 27.6 26.5 23.2 19.7 1968-2000

Monywa 20.8 23.4 27.5 30.9 31.6 30.5 30.3 29.7 29.1 27.7 24.7 21.2 1966-2000

Monthly Mean Precipitation (mm)


Hkamti 6 13 20 43 222 834 1197 769 491 225 26 6 1967-2009

Homalin 6 13 22 42 162 445 501 421 361 173 39 8 1967-2009

Mawlaik 3 5 16 40 147 274 262 331 341 178 40 6 1976-2005

Kalewa 2 4 13 35 157 278 260 333 329 186 51 7 1967-2005

Monywa 1 2 5 25 86 100 70 132 164 119 47 4 1971-2005

Monthly Relative Humidity (%)


Hkamti 78 74 69 68 73 87 91 89 87 83 81 82 1966-2000

Homalin 80 74 69 66 72 86 89 89 88 83 81 82 1966-2000

Kalewa 77 67 53 52 63 80 82 85 86 83 83 82 1968-2000

Monywa 68 59 48 50 61 69 71 75 78 78 75 72 1966-2000

Monthly Evaporation (mm)

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Period for the Mean

Kalewa 76.2 95.0 140.0 172.2 159.4 125.8 106.7 111.3 114.9 99.9 78.5 73.6 1360.8 1995-2006

Monywa 86.5 113.3 158.2 180.0 156.4 154.6 157.9 146.8 121.0 104.3 93.4 84.0 1591.2 2000-2006

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Myanmar-1

Monthly Temperature

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Kalewa

Monywa

Monthly Precipitation

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Monywa

Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation

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Myanmar-1

(a) Hkamti

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1993

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1995

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1973

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1985

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1987

-Jan

1989

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-Jan

1993

-Jan

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1997

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1999

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2005

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2009

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1967

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-Jan

1971

-Jan

1973

-Jan

1975

-Jan

1977

-Jan

1979

-Jan

1981

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1983

-Jan

1985

-Jan

1987

-Jan

1989

-Jan

1991

-Jan

1993

-Jan

1995

-Jan

1997

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1999

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2001

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2003

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2005

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1971

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1973

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1975

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1977

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1979

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1981

-Jan

1983

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1985

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1987

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1989

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1991

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1993

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1995

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1997

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1999

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2001

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2003

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2005

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Prec

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Myanmar-1

4. Hydrological Information4.1 Map of Streamflow Observation Stations

4.2 List of Hydrological Observation Stations No. Station Location Catchment area (A)

[km2]Observation

periodObservation items 1)

Latitude Longitude

1 Hkamti 26° 0 0� 95° 4 2� 27420 1972-2009 H, Q 2 Homalin 24° 5 2� 94° 5 5� 43124 1973-2009 H, Q 3 Mawlaik 23° 38� 94° 2 5� 69339 1972-2009 H, Q 4 Kalewa 23° 1 2� 94° 18� 72848 1966-2009 H, Q 5 Monywa 22° 0 6� 95° 08� 110350 1966-2009 H, Q

No. 2)

[m3/s]Q max 3)

[m3/s] max 4)

[m3/s] min 5)

[m3/s] / A



1 2290 19720 14150 109 8.36 71.92 1972-2009 2 3170 21320 16437 352 7.35 49.44 1973-2009 3 4007 26790 19732 342 5.78 38.64 1972-2009 4 4147 26370 20530 509 5.69 36.20 1966-2009 5 4637 27550 19935 649 4.20 24.97 1966-2009

1) H: water level, Q: discharge, Q is obtained from rating curve. 2) : Mean annual discharge. 3) Q max : Maximum discharge. 4) max: Mean maximum discharge. 5) min: Mean minimum discharge.

Monthly Mean Flow

Hkamti

Homalin

Mawlaik

Kalewa

Monywa

Elevation (m)

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Myanmar-1

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Myanmar-1

4.4 Annual Pattern of Discharge Series(2009)

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9

3-D

ec-0

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ec-0

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Date

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Hkamti

Homalin

Maw laik

Kalew a

Monyw a


Monthly mean discharge of Chindwin River at Monywa(110350 km2)

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1966-20042005-2009

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Myanmar-1


Station: Monywa

Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2) Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)

Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s]1966 5-9-66 24550 11-4-66 575 1988 5-8-88 25450 18-4-88 610 1967 7-10-67 17740 22-4-67 775 1989 7-8-89 22490 21-4-89 783 1968 15-7-68 25450 24-3-68 757 1990 3-8-90 20580 26-3-90 907 1969 25-7-69 20130 24-5-69 582 1991 22-7-91 25600 1-4-91 852 1970 4-8-70 19790 13-4-70 548 1992 13-7-92 14470 18-5-92 1039 1971 29-8-71 19450 6-4-71 509 1993 6-9-93 21140 24-3-93 981 1972 5-8-72 16490 29-4-72 757 1994 1-9-94 13410 27-4-94 644 1973 12-8-73 21700 19-4-73 530 1995 23-7-95 20580 2-4-95 684 1974 15-8-74 25000 3-3-74 921 1996 27-7-96 16080 29-4-96 616 1975 6-8-75 17840 23-4-75 709 1997 2-10-97 20400 14-5-97 432 1976 21-7-76 26650 16-4-76 892 1998 10-9-98 19600 27-3-98 736 1977 3-9-77 23800 31-3-77 798 1999 2-9-99 21530 5-5-99 480 1978 7-7-78 16540 27-4-78 672 2000 5-10-00 18740 26-4-00 632 1979 13-9-79 18920 8-6-79 530 2001 8-8-01 14040 22-5-01 512 1980 9-10-80 20300 18-4-80 806 2002 20-8-02 24300 26-4-02 672 1981 25-7-81 15010 18-5-81 790 2003 12-7-03 18460 21-4-03 744 1982 3-8-82 23160 31-3-82 650 2004 27-7-04 19770 1-4-04 608 1983 7-8-83 18840 1-3-83 653 2005 1-9-05 16200 1-5-05 552 1984 5-9-84 22710 7-4-84 600 2006 21-9-06 16520 12-4-06 242 1985 4-8-85 19450 28-3-85 613 2007 1-8-07 19740 13-4-07 318 1986 14-9-86 15420 9-6-86 591 2008 11-7-08 23270 8-5-08 288 1987 24-8-87 20010 27-5-87 659 2009 28-8-09 16160 13-5-09 257

Hyetographs and Hydrographs of Major Floods (1991) (a) Hkamti

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

2100

1-Ju

l-05

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)

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m)

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Myanmar-1

(b) Homalin

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(cm

)0

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Rainfall (m

m)

5. Water Resources 5.1 General Description Chindwin catchment area covers 110350 km2. The basin of Chindwin river is, in general, a mountainous forested terrain with the only exception of its lowest southern part which is a vast plain. The Chindwin basin has approximately 120 000 acres of cultivated land. About 90 % of the basin is thickly forested by valuable species of wood. Generally, floods arise from the source of the river and the flood waves move down stream, causing damage to the crops and properties. Major floods generally occur from July to September. Potential surface water resource of Chindwin river basins is 149.7 km3/year and there are 4 Under Construction Hydro Electric Power Projects which are Htamanthi, Shwesaryay, Manipu and Myitthar.

5.2 Major Flood and Drought experiences No major drought has been experienced in Chindwin River basin in the past.

Major Flood at Hkamti

Date Peak discharge

[m3/s]

Rainfall [mm], Duration


Deadand

missing


26. 6.78 17140 911, 21-6-78 ~26-6-78

VigorousMonsoon - Hkamti

13. 7.91 19720 1478,2-7-91~19~7-91


12. 7.97 19460 1496,2-7-97~15-7-97


5. 7.03 17650 1162,25-6-03~5-7-03


21. 7.04 17770 1465,7-7-04~21-7-04


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Myanmar-1

5.3 Water Quality The values of pH for rain water at Monywa (2004 & 2005)

Date of Measurement

pH

9-4-200415-5-20048-6-200413-7-20049-9-20043-10-200428-4-20056-5-2005

6.86.95.98.17.67.77.77.5

6. Socio-cultural Characteristics The Chindwin River is a river in Myanmar and the major tributary of the Ayeyarwaddy River. It runs through misty-blue mountains and charming towns and villages, proudly running through a region of abundant natural resources and fertile meadows. The Chindwin Valley is a place of deep jungles and lofty mountains. Temperatures fall to freezing point in winter on Pakkoi and Naga mountain ranges where coldness remains in summer. Winter temperatures falls as low as 4 °C in northern low lands. In Monywa, temperatures rise as high as 43 °C in summer and falls to 10 °C in the cold season. Principal agricultural crops are paddy, wheat, maize, http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar/images/sagaing.jpgmillet, groundnut, sesame, cotton, pulses. Timber extraction work is the principal industry as valuable teak forests are widespread in the basin.In the Chindwin basin live Myanmars, Kachins, Chins, Nagas, and Shans.Sagaing Region of Chindwin Basin has over 3 million acres of total cultivated area. Paddy is cultivated on 1.4 million acres and other crops are on 1.5 million acres. Others are alluvial- land cultivation, garden farms and hillside cultivation. Capital of Sagaing Region is Sagaing, a town boast for its belonging of World’s third biggest bell (Minngun Bell). Sagaing Hill, Kaunghmudaw Pagoda, Minngun, Monywa Powun Hill, Phowin, Htamanthi Wild life sanctuary, Nyaungkan Bronze Age Archaeological Site, Twinn Hill, Kyaukka Lacquer ware village are famous in this area.

7. References, Databooks and BibliographyDepartment of Meteorology and Hydrology: Meteorological and Hydrological Data Agricultural Atlas of the Union of Myanmar by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (2004): Land use, Land cover and Geological information ��

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http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar/images/sagaing.jpgmillet

76

Vietnam

Vietnam-9: Ca River

Ca River

Vietnam-9

Ca River Map of River

Table of Basic Data

Name: Ca Location: Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces, Vietnam; Huaphanh province, Lao PDR

N 17050'-20050' E 103014'-106010'

Area: 27,200 km2 Length of main stream: 531 km Origin: Mt. Muong Mut, Lao PDR Highest point: 2620 m (Nam Mo tributary) Outlet: East Sea Lowest point: Cua Hoi (River Mouth) (0m) Main tributaries: Nam Mo (F=3,930 km2), Huoi Nguyen (F=800 km2), Khe Choang (F=431 km2), Hieu River (F=5,340 km2), Giang River (F=1,050 km2), Ngan Sau (F=2,310 km2), Ngan Pho (1,110 km2).Main lakes: None Main reservoirs: Ban Ve, Ban Mong, Khe Bo, Thac Muoi, Ngan Truoi. Mean annual precipitation: 1400 mm (basin average ) Mean annual runoff: 430 m3/s at Dua (20,800 km2) (1959-2004) Population: 3,358,000 (in 2005) Main cities: Vinh, Ha Tinh Land use: 44% forest, 16% paddy rice, 2% vegetable and crops, 38% others (in 2006)

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1. General Description Ca River basin is one of the large basins in the north Centre of Vietnam, it is an international river basin with 531 km of length and occupying the area of 27,200 km2 in which the area in Vietnam territory is 17,730 km2, holding 65.2% of the total basin area. In this part, the population is 3,358,000 with eight ethnic groups. Originating from Mt. Muong Khut and Muong Lap (1,800 ÷ 2,000 m), it runs northwest – southeast through three provinces of Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh before flowing out into the East Sea via Cua Hoi river mouth. Every year, the basin receives average precipitation of 1100 ÷ 2500 mm. In the large rainfall centres such as upstream of Hieu, La and Giang Rivers, average annual rainfall can reach to 2000 ÷ 2400 mm. The rainy season lasts from May to October in the upstream and from August to November in the downstream. Similar to the annual rainfall distribution, the annual river flow is uneven distribution in spatial scale, ranging from less than 20 l/s.km2 to above 80 l/s.km2 in the eastern side of the North Truong Son mountain range.

2. Geographical Information

2.1 Geological Map

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Vietnam-9

2.2 Land Use Map

2.3 Characteristics of river and main tributaries

No. Name of river Length [km]

Catchment area [km2]Highest peak [m] Lowest point [m]

Slope (‰)

1Ca

(Main river) 531

27,2001,800 ÷ 2,000

018.3

2Nam Mo

(Tributary)173

3,9702620

5925.7

3Giang

(Tributary)77

1,050- 17.2

4Hieu

(Tributary)228

5,34024526.3

13.0

5Ngan Sau

(Tributary)135

2,0601047

-728.2

6Ngan Pho (Tributary)

701070

1136-7

32.5

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Vietnam-9


Longititual Profiles

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Distance from the river mouth (km)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Ca river

Giang river

Hieu river

Ngan Pho riverNgan Sau river

Nam Mo river

3. Climatological information 3.1 Annual isohyetal map and Observation stations

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Meteorology station

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3.2 List of Meteorological observation stations

No Station Location Monthly rainfall (mm)

Lat Long I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual

1 Vinh 105°40' 18°40' 53.8 41.6 48.3 62.9 147.6 115.5 114.3 214.8 514.7 497.0 163.9 69.4 2043.9

2 Do Luong 105°18' 18°54' 30.3 33.0 39.6 82.9 163.4 145.0 151.2 246.8 388.0 360.9 100.6 39.4 1781.0

3 Tay Hieu 105°25' 19°19' 18.9 23.1 31.4 67.2 153.3 168.2 158.2 250.8 344.5 267.7 61.3 22.7 1567.3

4 Tuong Duong 104°28' 19°16' 5.0 9.1 19.1 27.7 48.3 48.7 52.9 65.3 64.7 185.7 18.6 7.2 552.3

5 Quynh Luu 105°38' 19°08' 17.6 23.5 28.6 54.5 107.6 133.9 120.4 230.7 420.2 323.0 76.5 32.4 1568.8

6 Ky Anh 106°16' 18°06' 111.3 73.2 59.6 56.8 154.9 129.1 101.7 240.6 560.7 765.4 414.3 202.1 2869.7

7 Quy Chau 105°06' 19°34' 13.5 14.4 28.4 84.2 230.4 214.0 194.1 294.8 335.0 215.0 53.0 17.3 1693.9

8 Quy Hop 105°11' 19°19' 18.7 24.7 31.4 77.7 196.8 198.9 169.0 278.1 311.6 254.3 61.5 22.1 1644.7

9 Huong Khe 105°42' 18°11' 42.7 45.3 62.1 93.8 211.5 163.3 145.3 272.8 452.6 531.9 192.1 71.0 2284.4

10 Ha Tinh 105°54' 18°21' 112.6 64.1 57.8 71.6 165.5 144.7 111.0 227.4 543.6 741.7 337.0 163.5 2740.5

11 Kim Cuong 105°24' 18°31' 54.1 51.7 64.7 104.8 224.0 145.5 147.0 243.8 469.3 427.3 186.7 71.4 2190.2

No Station Elevation

[m] Location

Observationperiod

Mean annual precipitation

[mm]

Mean annual evaporation

[mm]

Observation Items1)

1 Vinh 6 E105°40' N18°40' 1956-present 2043.9 954.3 P, T, W, DS

2 Do Luong - E105°18' N18°54' 1961-present 1781.0 789.0 P, T, W, DS

3 Tay Hieu 72 E105°25' N19°19' 1960-present 1567.3 835.2 P, T, W, DS

4 Tuong Duong 97 E104°28' N19°16' 1961-present 552.3 867.1 P, T, W, DS

5 Quynh Luu 3 E105°38' N19°08' 1961-present 1568.8 982.8 P, T, W, DS

6 Ky Anh 3 E106°16' N18°06' 1961-present 2869.7 1161.3 P, T, W, DS

7 Quy Chau 87 E105°06' N19°34' 1962-present 1693.9 703.9 P, T, W, DS

8 Quy Hop 88 E105°11' N19°19' 1961-present 1644.7 945.4 P, T, W, DS

9 Huong Khe 10 E105°42' N18°11' 1961-present 2284.4 1006.6 P, T, W, DS

10 Ha Tinh 3 E105°54' N18°21' 1961-present 2740.5 799.8 P, T, W, DS

11 Kim Cuong - E105°24' N18°31' 1962-present 2190.2 1036.5 P, T, W, DS

1) DS: Duration of sunshine, P: Precipitation, T: Air temperature, W: Wind velocity and wind direction.

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Vietnam-9

3.3 Monthly climate data (Observation station: Vinh)

Observationitem

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Period for the

meanTemperature [oC] 17.5 17.9 21.9 24.1 27.6 29.4 29.6 28.7 26.8 24.4 21.5 18.7 24.0 1957-2000

Precipitation[mm] 53.8 41.6 48.3 62.9 147.6 115.5 114.3 214.8 514.7 497.0 163.9 69.4 2043.9 1961-2005

Duration of sunshine [hr] 745.1 509.5 728.3 1364 2220 2068 2321 1970 1714 1400 1020 848.6 16909 1963-2000

Solar radiation [MJ/m2/d] 6.97 6.75 9.11 15.10 20.19 17.77 19.97 17.38 16.81 12.48 9.35 7.69 13.30 1960-2003

Evaporation[mm]

39.4 28.9 35.5 54.1 110 155 180 121 65.6 59.9 54.7 50.5 954

3.4 Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation

Vinh station

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1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Year

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cipi

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12-month moving average

Annual rainfall: 2040 mmSD: 226.4 mm

Kim Cuong station

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12-month moving averageAnnual rainfall: 2200 mmSD: 198.8 mm

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Vietnam-9

4. Hydrological Information 4.1 Map of Hydrometeorology stations network

4.2 List of Hydrological observation stations

No Station River Location Catchment

area (A) [km2]Observation

period

Observationitems 1)

(frequency)1 Cua Rao Ca 104°25'00" 19°17'00" 12800 1960-1976 Q, H, WQ 2 Dua Ca 105o02'20" 18o59'20" 20800 1959-2004 Q, H, WQ3 Yen Thuong Ca 105o23'00" 18o41'10" 23000 1968-2004 Q, H, WQ4 Muong Xen Nam Mo 104o07'12" 19o24'30" 2620 1969-2004 Q, H5 Coc Na Khe Choang 104°45'00" 19°05'00" 417 1961-1976 Q, H, WQ6 Quy Chau Hieu 105o08'20" 19o23'30" 1960 1962-2005 Q, H, WQ7 Nghia Khanh Hieu 105o20'00" 19o26'00" 4024 1959-2004 Q, H, WQ8 Khe La Khe Thiem 105°19'00" 19°06'00" 27.8 1970-1985 Q, H, WQ

9 Hoa Duyet Ngan Sau 105o35'00" 18o22'00" 1880 1959-1981,1997-2004 Q, H, WQ

10 Trai Tru Tiem 105°34'00" 18°10'00" 96.2 1964-1981 Q, H11 Huong Dai Ngan Truoi 105°29'00" 18°23'00" 408 1965-1976 Q, H

12 Son Diem Ngan Pho 105o21'20" 18o30'30" 790 1961-1981,1997-2004 Q, H, WQ

13 Ke Go Rao Cai 105o55'07" 18o12'26" 229 1959-1975 Q, H, WQ

Meteorology station

Hydrology station

River

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Vietnam-9

Station 2)

[m3/s]Q max 3)

[m3/s]Q min 4)

[m3/s] / A


[m3/s/100km2]Q min / A


Cua Rao 233 5690 30.3 1.820 0.445 2.37 1960-1976 Dua 417 10200 47.8 2.005 0.490 2.30 1959-2004

Yen Thuong 517 9140 61.4 2.248 0.397 2.67 1968-2004 Muong Xen 66.6 1170 8.60 2.542 0.447 3.28 1969-2004

Coc Na 15.2 920 2.79 3.645 2.21 6.69 1961-1976 Quy Chau 77.4 2870 6.70 5.160 1.91 4.47 1962-2004

Nghia Khanh 122.1 5750 10.4 3.034 1.43 2.58 1959-2004 Khe La 0.621 257 0.002 2.234 9.24 0.072 1970-1985

Hoa Duyet 113 3880 8.82 6.011 2.06 4.69 1959-1981,1997-2004

Trai Tru 7.28 1120 0.850 7.568 11.6 8.84 1964-1981 Huong Dai 30.6 2080 4.35 7.500 5.10 10.7 1965-1976

Son Diem 47.2 4480 5.28 5.975 5.67 6.68 1961-1981,1997-2004

Ke Go 1510 0.200 6.59 0.873 1959-1975

1) Q: Discharge, H: Water level, WQ: Water quality 2) : Mean annual discharge. 3) Q max: Maximum discharge. 4) Q min: Minimum discharge.


Dua station on Ca river

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1959 1969 1979 1988 1998 Year

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Mean annual = 417 m3/s

Yen Thuong Station on Ca river

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Annual Pattern of Discharge

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Daily discharge 2002Duration curve

Dua Station on Ca river

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Yen Thuong Station on Ca river

Hoa Duyet station on Ngan Sau river

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Jan-66 Jan-66 Mar-66 Apr-66 May-66 May-66 Jun-66 Jul-66 Aug-66 Sep-66 Oct-66 Nov-66 Dec-66

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Vietnam-9


Station: Dua Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2) Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)

Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s]1959 24-Aug 1880 4-May 50.0 1983 12-Oct 3840 22-Jun 116 1960 15-Oct 2790 3-May 54.0 1984 15-Oct 2400 6-Apr 85.0 1961 21-Oct 3300 25-Apr 81.0 1985 13-Sep 3190 12-Jun 92.0 1962 1-Oct 6660 23-Mar 115 1986 25-Oct 3130 3-Apr 95.0 1963 26-Jul 8630 27-Apr 73.0 1987 24-Aug 4220 25-Apr 92.0 1964 10-Oct 4350 10-Apr 151 1988 18-Oct 8840 24-Apr 84.0 1965 3-Sep 2210 28-Apr 109 1989 26-Jul 4310 23-Apr 71.0 1966 16-Nov 2060 14-May 74.0 1990 6-Oct 4520 23-Apr 103 1967 9-Sep 2740 5-Apr 97.0 1991 20-Aug 5440 5-May 115 1968 15-Aug 3000 3-Apr 122 1992 22-Sep 2830 12-May 55.0 1969 19-Jun 1120 1-Apr 79.0 1993 14-Jul 2130 6-Apr 40.0 1970 21-Aug 2380 16-Mar 75.0 1994 1-Aug 4190 5-May 61.0 1971 20-Jul 4610 5-Apr 96.0 1995 31-Aug 4620 24-Apr 101 1972 7-Sep 4720 13-May 96.0 1996 24-Sep 5710 24-Mar 88.0 1973 28-Aug 7300 12-Apr 108 1997 30-Jul 2220 12-Mar 166 1974 30-Oct 1940 12-Apr 163 1998 4-Jul 862 3-May 112 1975 22-Sep 4060 30-Apr 133 1999 17-Oct 1860 23-Mar 64.5 1976 14-Aug 1180 19-Apr 82.0 2000 13-Sep 3520 5-Apr 76.0 1977 10-Sep 1860 20-Mar 83.0 2001 23-Oct 2850 24-Apr 79.2 1978 28-Sep 10200 2-Apr 69.0 2002 21-Sep 3690 12-Apr 63.4 1979 24-Sep 1610 12-Apr 110 2003 14-Sep 3985 9-May 51.0 1980 17-Sep 6620 11-Mar 64.0 2004 21-Sep 2540 31-Mar 69.0 1981 17-Oct 2620 25-Mar 79.0 2005 12-Aug 5100 6-May 72.8 1982 8-Sep 4370 20-Mar 108

Station: Yen Thuong Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2) Year Maximum 1) Minimum 2)

Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s] Date [m3/s]1968 16-Aug 2740 31-Dec 84.2 1986 24-Oct 3280 14-Apr 72.5 1969 19-Jun 1060 22-May 78.3 1987 24-Aug 3790 24-May 68.6 1970 30-Sep 2930 10-Apr 103 1988 18-Oct 7150 27-Apr 73.7 1971 24-Oct 5050 25-Apr 91.5 1989 15-Oct 4480 22-Apr 129 1972 8-Sep 4920 14-May 77.0 1990 6-Oct 4590 23-Apr 152 1973 29-Aug 5850 12-Apr 124 1991 20-Aug 4420 27-Mar 158 1974 6-Nov 2660 8-May 108 1992 23-Sep 2790 14-May 70.1 1975 23-Sep 3610 29-Apr 75.0 1993 14-Jul 2400 5-Apr 65.0 1976 3-Nov 2820 20-Apr 76.4 1994 1-Aug 4010 6-May 73.4 1977 7-Sep 2350 20-Jun 73.3 1995 1-Sep 4140 23-Apr 127 1978 28-Sep 8680 14-Mar 96.0 1996 26-Sep 5960 24-Mar 133 1979 23-Sep 2950 29-Dec 61.4 1997 6-Oct 2190 11-Jun 164 1980 19-Sep 5640 13-Mar 110 1998 17-Sep 1010 26-Apr 102 1981 16-Oct 3320 25-Mar 144 1999 16-Oct 2420 20-Mar 47.8 1982 9-Sep 4520 23-Mar 118 2000 14-Sep 3430 4-Apr 102 1983 11-Oct 4100 21-Jun 79.2 2001 23-Oct 3690 22-Apr 139 1984 16-Oct 3040 23-Mar 47.5 2002 20-Sep 4270 9-Apr 111 1985 13-Sep 3000 12-Jun 84.2 2003 14-Sep 4310 9-May 108

1), 2) Instantaneous observation by recording chart

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Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Flood Dua station, Oct 1988

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Hoa Duyet station, Oct 2009

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5. Water Resources 5.1 General Description

The Ca River system consists of Ca River and its tributaries such as Hieu River, Ngan Sau River, Ngan Pho River and so on. The total annual flow of the Ca River system is about 23.1 km3, in which the total annual flow originated from Lao PDR is 4.45 km3 and 18.6 km3 is generated in Vietnam (occupying 80.5%). Unit potential water availability per year on the Ca River basin system is about 849*103 m3/km2, and the assured water for a capital in year 2005 is approximately 5,320 m3 (only calculate for flow generated within Vietnam territory).

The flood season usually occurs in April, July to October and November on the main branch of the Ca River and its tributaries in the middle stream and upstream. On the other tributaries, the flood season occurs from August or September to December. The total flow volume in flood season occupies from 55-75% of the annual flow. The three subsequent months of highest flow discharge are usually occurred in July, August and September, or from August to October and from September to December. The three driest months are usually occurred from February to April or from March to May. The total flow volume in three months only occupies from 4.5-9.5% of the total annual flow. The flow regime of the rivers in coastal zone

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area is influenced under of tide with diurnal tidal regime. The maximum flood peak can reach to more 10 m3/s.km2 on the main stream, 0.6-6.6 (m3/s.km2) on the small branches and about 0.4-0.5 (m3/s.km2) on medium streams. The maximum flood discharge of 10,200 m3/s at Dua station was recorded by the flood that occurred in Sep1978.

Annual flow at selected stations in Ca river basin

Station River Flv1)

(km2)Wo

2)

(109m3)Qo

3)

(m3/s)Mo

4)

(l/s.km2)Yo

5)

(mm) Cua Rao Ca 12,800 6.72 213 16.6 525

Dua Ca 20,800 13.4 424 20.4 643

Yen Thuong Ca 23,000 16.0 508 22.1 695

Muong Xen Nam Mo 2,620 2.05 65 24.8 782

Quy Chau Hieu 1,500 2.49 79.1 52.7 1660

Nghia Khanh Hieu 4,020 4.13 132 32.6 1027

Thac Muoi Giang 785 1.15 36.4 46.4 1465

Son Diem Ngan Pho 790 1.60 50.6 64.1 2025

Hoa Duyet Ngan Sau 1,880 3.88 123 65.4 2063

Whole river basin Ca 27,200 23.5 745 27.4 864

1) Catchment area; 2) Mean annual flow volume; 3) Mean annual discharge; 4) Mean unit flow; 5) Mean flow depth

5.2 Annual isoline unit flow map

THANH HOA

QUANG BINH

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Major Reservoirs

Name of river Name of dam

(reservoir)Catchment area

[km2]Gross capacity

[106m3]Effective capacity

[106m3]Purpose 1) Year of

completion Ca Ban Ve 8,700 1834.6 1383 A, I, M, P, F 2009

Hieu Ban Mong 2,785 252.6 125.8 A, I, M, P 2012 Ca Khe Bo 14,300 97.8 17.2 P 2010

Giang Thac Muoi 785 558.1 437.8 P,F - Ngan Sau Ngan Truoi 506 425.6 353.9 A, P, I, F, W 2014

1) A: Agricultural use F: Flood control I: Industrial use N: Maintenance of normal flows P: Hydro-power W: Municipal water supply

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5.5 Major Floods and Droughts

Major Floods

Date Peak discharge

[m3/s]Rainfall [mm],

Duration Meteorological cause


26-28/IX/1978 10200 (Dua) 809.2 (Dua)

25÷28Typhoon No.07, 08, 09 Nghe An and Ha Tinh

10-18/X/1988 8630 (Dua) 694 (Dua)

12÷14Typhoon No.07 Nghe An and Ha Tinh

21-26/IX/1996 5710 (Dua) 100-250 (Dua) Typhoon No.04 Nghe An

22/IX/2002 4480 (Son Diem) 794 (Huong Khe) Tropical low pressure Ha Tinh

5.6 River water quality

The Suspended Sediment of River Flow

The mean annual sediment concentration of the Ca river system varies from 100 - 450 g/m3,relatively high in upstream of the Ca river and on the Hieu river (above 200 g/m3), but quite low on other tributaries. The suspended sediment concentrations on rivers are seasonal variation, during flood season, the sediment concentration is usually high, but sediment concentration becomes low in the dry season. Aggressive factor of the mean annual suspended sediment is varying from 600 tonnes/km2 per year in upstream of the Ca river to100 - 300 tonnes/km2 per year in middle stream of the Ca River and on other river branches, except some small streams on the right side downstream of the Hieu river (63 tonnes/km2.year at the Khe La gauging station on the Khe Thiem River).

The Chemistry Components of River Flow

The mean total annual mineralized value varying from 100 - 150 mg/l. The pH value is about 7.0. The water of river flow belongs to hydrocarbon class; ion HCO3

- is dominated in the total anion and ion Ca++ is dominated in the total cation. Hardness value of river flow is about 1.1 to 1.5 mg-e/l. The river flows in the downstream of the basin and in estuaries are under influence of salinity. At the Cho Trang gauging station on the Ca River, the monthly average of salinity is less than 0.5‰, the maximum salinity may up to 1.65‰. At Trung Luong gauging station on the La river, the monthly average of salinity is less than 0.5‰, the maximum salinity may up to 1.75‰. The salinity regime is under tidal influence. In general, river flows are clean. But during dry season the river flows had being polluted on the river sections nearby urban areas, industrial areas, and nearby the open-cast mining exploitation areas.

5.7 Ground water

Natural dynamic reserves of Ca River in area of 22,555 km2 (includes hydrological geology zones of Nghe An and Ha Tinh) is about 10,586,010 m3/day or 122.5 m3/s, related to unit flow of 5.43 l/s.km2 and total volume is 3.86 km3/year. Potential exploit reserve is 8,067,408 m3/year, or 93.4 m3/s, related to unit flow of 4.14 l/s.km2 and the total volume is 2.95 km3/year.

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Map of Potential ground water of Ca river basin (inside Vietnam territory)


Ca river basin in Vietnam territory runs through three provinces Nghe An, Ha Tinh and Thanh Hoa. The population in this part is 3,358,000 inhabitants with eight ethnic groups lived and in which is 90% of Kinh. The area is a supernatural land, where President Ho Chi Minh - a national liberation, a celebrity culture of the world was born and grew.

Nghe An and Ha Tinh have many touristic locations of historical and cultural interest such as Vu Mon Falls, Vu Quang Garden, Son Kim hot springs, Deo Ngang pass, Huong Tich Pagoda, and beautiful beaches at Thien Cam, Deo Con, Xuân Thanh, Chan Tien, Nga ba Dong Loc, Khe Dao. These provinces have not only rich in material cultural products but also have an abundant in immaterial cultural products. These immaterial culture have human culture, traditional struggle for defending the country and conquering the natural calamity; having the abundant folk culture and deeply stamped with national character such as: Vi dam singing, phuong vai singing and ho, ve songs. The immaterial cultural products are much attracted travellers.

Nghe An, Ha Tinh also have trained so many talent generations, scientists for the country. Social organization, living standard and educational level of the people on the whole river

Geological fault

Isoline of unit potential exploit reserve (l/s.km2)

LEGEND

LAO PDR THANH HOA

QUANG BINH

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basin are improved on the quality both of life and living. Innovation in the basin over the past 10 years is remarkable results.


Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN). Impacts of Climate change on Water Resources. 2010.

Institute of Water Resources Planning. Water Resources Integrated Planning for Ca River basin. 2004.

IMHEN. Water Resources in Vietnam. Nguyen Viet Pho, Vu Van Tuan, Tran Thanh Xuan. 2003.Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). Final report “Developing

decision support framework in Water resources management for Ca river basin”. Hoang

Minh Tuyen and others. 2007.

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catalogue of rivers for southeast asia and the pacific, vol. vi; 2012

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