Cas Bridge

Sam Korbe

Lisa Vasicek

ALOE VERA

•Member of the lily family.

•240 species of Aloe.

•Aloe Vera, Aloe Barbadensis.

•Succulent, perennial, evergreen.

•Very hardy.

•Native to Africa, but is now widespread.

•It is a bitter herb with a wide range of medicinal properties.

•It contains over 75 compounds, many of which are biologically active.

General Information

History

• Known as the “lily of the desert”.• Considered the “plant of immortality”

by many native peoples.• Very long history of medical usage…• 2200 B.C.- Mentioned on Sumerian clay

tablets.• 1550 B.C.- The Ebers Papyrus states 12

recipes for mixing Aloe with other agents to treat human disorders.– Usually the whole leaf was ground

and mixed with another medicinal agent.

– Used by Cleopatra and Nerfertiti.

History Continued

• 400 B.C.- Extensively traded in the Near East and Asia.

• 333 B.C.- The Island of Socotra was captured by Alexanderthe Great because of its Aloe supplies.

• 68 A.D.- Dioscorides wrote a detailed description of Aloe vera and all of its uses.

• 200 A.D.- Aloe vera was an important part of Roman medicine and became extremely popular in Europe in the centuries to come.

• 1500 A.D.- Introduced to the New World by the Conquistadors

Modern History

• First modern medical paper published in 1934.– Described how the whole leaf was

used to treat radiation dermatitis.• Many papers published in the 20th century

describing a wide range of medicinal properties.

• Reports have mainly focused on the antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties of the whole leaf, gel, or juice of the plant.

• Many species of Aloe have been studied.

10 Main Component Groups of Aloe

• Lignins– Inert except when in

topical treatments• Saponins

– 3% of Aloe Vera gel• Fatty Acids

– Cholesterol, Campesterol, Sisosterol, and Lupeol

• Salicyclic acid– Aspirin-like

• Amino Acids– 20 amino acids

• Vitamins– Vitamin D, A, C, E and B12

• Enzymes– Lipases, proteases,

kinases• Minerals

– Ca, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Se

• Sugars– Mono and poly

saccharides, gluco-mannans

• Anthraquinones– Most important: Aloin, and

Emodin

Aloe and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

• Normal: digestive tract absorbs nutrients into blood– bacteria helps

breakdown food • IBS: unabsorbed food coats

the bowel preventing normal absorption

• Symptoms:Exhaustion, constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion

• Colonic Irrigation: loosed and wash out residues

Aloe and Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Two main types of arthritis– Osteoarthritis: wear and

tear of life– Rheumatoid:

autoimmune disease• Symptoms: stiff, red,

swollen joints• Traditional treatment: anti-

inflammatory drugs with steroids

• Aloe helps repair damage – Mode of Action: stimulate

the Cytokines– Varying results

Aloe and Cosmetics

• Added because of known rejuvenating action

• Mode of Action: – Polysaccachrides act as

moisturizers– Stimulates the fibroblasts to

replicate faster– Smoothes skin because sticks

epidermal cells together which normally flake

– Interferes with melanin deposit production which lead to “liver spots”

Aloe and Diabetes

• Characterized by hyperglycaemia and alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism– Lead to cell damage and elevation of reactive

oxygen species• Must control blood glucose and lipid levels• Aloe shown to reduce blood glucose in diabetic rats

Aloe and Diabetes

Control (mg/dL)Control + 300mg/kg Aloe vera +600microgram/kg Glibenclamide

Chlosterol 92.6±5.7 228.3±15.1 98.3±8.5 106.2±7.0Triglycerides 735±5.2 229.3±16.1 79.2±5.2 83.4±5.8Phospholipids 80.5±5.7 163.8±11.1 85.7±5.8 88.8±6.7Free fatty acids 58.3±3.6 145.2±10.5 64.7±4.1 66.1±4.6LDLs 45.1±2.9 139.2±10.3 48.5±3.1 53.4±3.4HDLs 26.5±1.7 21.3±1.6 23.4±1.5 22.03±1.42

Diabetic (mg/dL)

Blood Glucose (mg/dL) Plasma InsulinControl 85.81 ±5.20 15.86±1.38DiabeticControl 332.27 ±20.80 5.12±0.68

+300 mg/kg Aloe vera 96.8±5.30 14.12±1.48+600microgram/kg Glibenclamide 118.46±6.56 12.52±0.69

Aloe and Diabetes

• Decrease in blood glucose due to stimulation of insulin secretion

• Decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids from increased clearance and decreased transporters

Anti-Microbial/-Bacterial

• 50% gel leaf solution, complete inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus

• Due to phenolics • Efficacy of gel or leaf?• S. aureus inhibited by both• Other bacteria inhibited by

just leaf or gel

Aloe, Antimicrobials, and Wounds

• When aloe is combined with other anti-microbials, a wound heals faster than with the anti-microbial alone.

• Possibly due to its moisturizing capability as well.

Immune Booster?

• Asian practice of ingesting herbs to support the immune system

• May have a direct inhibitory effect on microbes

• Also, selectively modulates cells of the immune system

Alveolar Osteitis

• Dry Socket (Wisdom teeth extraction)• Acemannan Hydrogel (from clear inner gel of aloe vera)

• Normal treatment 7.6% develop AO• With Acemannan 1.1% develop AO

Normal Dry socket, clot does not form properly

Burn Treatment

• Shows increased healing effects on 2nd degree burns• Anti-inflammation and wound healing promotion• Vessels return to normal size quicker than with

untreated burns

Aloe and Cancer

• Aloe-emodin induces apoptosis in T24 human bladder cancer cells

• Inhibits cell viability, induces G2/M arrest

• Mechanism- p53, p21, caspase activation

• Treat Radiation Symptoms?

Neuroectodermal Cancer

• Inhibits neuroectodermal tumors in mice.• Few toxic effects, does not inhibit normal fibroblasts.• Induces apoptosis and is specific to a tumor energy-

dependent pathway of drug incorporation

Cancer U-373 Glioma Cells

• Aloe emodin• Regulation of cell cycle, cell proliferation and protein

kinase C (PKC)• Inhibits S phase• Suppresses PKC activity

Gastric and Colorectal Cancers

• Aloe vera and Aloe arborescens did not suppress tumor growth

• Life prolongation up to 32% in mice

• Dose dependent

Products

• Gel and latex.• Gel- leaf pulp or mucilage

obtained from the parenchymal tissue.

• Latex- bitter, yellow substance obtained from pericyclic tubules just beneath the outer skin of the leaves. (otherwise called ‘Aloe juice’)

• These terms are often confused by consumers.

• Using a freshly cut leaf is thought to be the most effective treatment.

Summary

1. Dental Health and Hygiene

2. Provides Rapid Soothing

3. Aids in Healthy Digestion

4. Immune Support and Function

5. Regulates Weight and Energy Levels

6. Collagen and Elastin Repair

7. Daily Dose of Minerals

8. Daily Dose of Vitamins

9. Anti-inflammatory Properties

10. Essential Amino Acids

References

• Agarry, O.O., M.T. Olaleye, and C.O. Bella-Michael. 2005. Comparative antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 4 (12):1413-1414.

• Aloe vera and Digestion, Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Arthritis. http://www.positivehealth.com/Permit/Articles/Aloe%20Vera/aloinf20.htm 11 April 2006.

• Aloe vera: Myth or Medicine? http://www.positivehealth.com/Permit/Articles/Aloe%20Vera/atherton.htm 11 April 2006.

• Joeng, H.Y., J.H. Kim, S.J. Hwang, and D.K. Rhee. 1994. Anticancer effects of Aloe on sarcoma 180 in ICR mouse and on human cancer cell lines. Coll. Pharmacology, Vol. 38 (3):311-321.

• Kuo, P.L., T.C. Lin, and C.C. Lin. 2002. The antiproliferative activity of aloe-emodin is through p53- dependent and p21- dependent apoptopic pathway in hepatoma cell lines. Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 71 (16):1879-1892.

• Pecere, T., M. Vittoria Gazzalo, C. Mucignat, C. Parolin, F. Dalla Vecchia, and A. Cavaggioni. 2000. Aloe-emodin is a new type of anticancer agent with selective activity against neuroectodermal tumors. American Association for Cancer Research, Vol. 60:2800-2804.

• Rajasekaran, Subbiah, Kasiappan Ravi, Karuran Sivagnanam, and Sorimuthu Subramanian. 2006. Beneficial Effects of Aloe vera Leaf Gel Extract on Lipid Profile Status in Rats with Streptozotocin Diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, Vol. 33:232-237.

• Roberts, D.B., and E.L. Travis. 1995. Acemannan- containing wound dressing gel reduces radiation-induces skin reactions in C3H mice. Int. Journal Oncol. Biol. Phys., Vol. 32 (4):1047-1052.

• Tan B.H.K., and J. Vanitha. 2004. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional chinese medicinal herbs: A review. Current Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 11 (11):1423-1430.

• Visuthikosal, V., B. Chowchuen, Y. Sukwanarat, S. Sriurairatana, and V. Boonpucknavig. 1995. Effect of Aloe vera gel to healing of burn wounds: A clinical and histologic study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. Vol. 78 (8): 403-409.

Questions?