CARDIOVASCULAR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMSYSTEM

Chapter 15Chapter 15

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW BASIC FUNCTION: Bulk TransportBASIC FUNCTION: Bulk Transport

– Move nutrients and gases to tissue areasMove nutrients and gases to tissue areas Nutrients for energy, building materialsNutrients for energy, building materials Oxygen for cellular respirationOxygen for cellular respiration

– Remove wastes from tissue areasRemove wastes from tissue areas Urea and other metabolic wastesUrea and other metabolic wastes Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

BASIC STRUCTURE: Heart + VesselsBASIC STRUCTURE: Heart + Vessels– Heart – force pumpHeart – force pump– Pulmonary Circuit – blood to lungs and back to Pulmonary Circuit – blood to lungs and back to

heartheart Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Artery alveoli + pulmonary capillaries alveoli + pulmonary capillaries

pulmonary veins pulmonary veins– Systemic Circuit – circulation to all parts of Systemic Circuit – circulation to all parts of

bodybody Arteries – take blood away from heartArteries – take blood away from heart Capillaries – material exchangeCapillaries – material exchange Veins – take blood towards heartVeins – take blood towards heart

DIAGRAM

HEART STRUCTUREHEART STRUCTURE CoveringsCoverings

– PericardiumPericardium Double layeredDouble layered Separated by Separated by

pericardial cavitypericardial cavity– Epicardium – visceral Epicardium – visceral

pericardiumpericardium Outer layerOuter layer Serous membraneSerous membrane

– Mycardium – cardiac Mycardium – cardiac muscle tissuemuscle tissue ThickestThickest

– Endocardium – lines Endocardium – lines chamberschambers Purkinje fibersPurkinje fibers

ChambersChambers– Atria – upper (L & R)Atria – upper (L & R)

Auricles – outside flapsAuricles – outside flaps– Ventricles – lower (L & Ventricles – lower (L &

R)R)– Ineratrial and Ineratrial and

interventricle septumsinterventricle septums Valves Valves one way flow one way flow

– Chordae Tendinae and Chordae Tendinae and Papillary musclesPapillary muscles

– Tricuspid – b/w R. Atria Tricuspid – b/w R. Atria & R. Ventricle& R. Ventricle

– Bicuspid (mitral) – b/w Bicuspid (mitral) – b/w L. Atria & L. VentricleL. Atria & L. Ventricle

– Pulmonary Semilunar – Pulmonary Semilunar – b/w R. Ventricle & b/w R. Ventricle & Pulmonary ArteriesPulmonary Arteries

– Aortic Semilunar – b/w Aortic Semilunar – b/w L. Ventricle & AortaL. Ventricle & Aorta

DIAGRAM

INTERACTIVE DIAGRAM

VALVE DIAGRAM

HEART STRUCTUREHEART STRUCTURE Order of Blood Flow Order of Blood Flow

(Deoxygenated Blood)(Deoxygenated Blood)– Veins from Systemic Veins from Systemic

(Body) Circuit(Body) Circuit– Superior/ Inferior Vena Superior/ Inferior Vena

CavaCava– Right AtriaRight Atria– Tricuspid ValveTricuspid Valve– Right VentricleRight Ventricle– Pulmonary Semilunar Pulmonary Semilunar

ValveValve– Pulmonary ArteriesPulmonary Arteries– Lungs (capillaries)Lungs (capillaries)

Order of Blood Flow Order of Blood Flow (Oxygenated Blood)(Oxygenated Blood)– Lungs (capillaries)Lungs (capillaries)– Pulmonary ArteriesPulmonary Arteries– Left AtriaLeft Atria– Bicuspid ValveBicuspid Valve– Left VentricleLeft Ventricle– Aortic Semilunar ValveAortic Semilunar Valve– AortaAorta– Arteries of Systemic Arteries of Systemic

CircuitCircuit Heart circulationHeart circulation

– Coronary arteries Coronary arteries capillaries capillaries cardiac cardiac veins veins coronary sinus coronary sinusHEART DIAGRAM

CARDIAC CONDUCTION CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMSYSTEM

Specialized tissue Specialized tissue to transmit muscle to transmit muscle impulse for proper impulse for proper heart contractionsheart contractions– Functional Functional

synctiumsynctium– Self-excitatorySelf-excitatory

Cardiac cycle – 1 Cardiac cycle – 1 complete heartbeatcomplete heartbeat– Systole – Systole –

contraction contraction – Diastole – Diastole –

relaxationrelaxation ““lub” – “dup”lub” – “dup”

– 11stst sound – A-V sound – A-V valvesvalves

– 22ndnd sound – sound – semilunar valvessemilunar valves

Atria systole; Ventricle diastoleAtria systole; Ventricle diastole– Blood through A-V valvesBlood through A-V valves– SA (sinoatrial) nodeSA (sinoatrial) node

PacemakerPacemaker Transmit impulse to atriaTransmit impulse to atria

Atria diastole; Ventricle systoleAtria diastole; Ventricle systole– AV (atrialventricular) node AV (atrialventricular) node AV AV

bundle (Bundle of His) bundle (Bundle of His) purkinje purkinje fibersfibers

– Blood forced through semilunar Blood forced through semilunar valvesvalves

– ““Lub” – AV valves slam shutLub” – AV valves slam shut Murmur - defectMurmur - defect

Atria diastole; Ventricle diastoleAtria diastole; Ventricle diastole– Heart resetsHeart resets

DIAGRAM

EKG AND HEART ACTIONSEKG AND HEART ACTIONS Electrocardiogram – graph of Electrocardiogram – graph of

electrical activity of heart electrical activity of heart during cardiac cycleduring cardiac cycle– P wave – depolarization of atriaP wave – depolarization of atria

Impulse causes atria systoleImpulse causes atria systole

– P-Q interval – flat lineP-Q interval – flat line Impulse travels from atria to Impulse travels from atria to

ventricular fibersventricular fibers No contraction No contraction

– QRS Complex – depolarization of QRS Complex – depolarization of ventricles; repolarization of atriaventricles; repolarization of atria Ventricular systoleVentricular systole Atria returning to relaxed stateAtria returning to relaxed state

– T wave – repolarization of T wave – repolarization of ventriclesventricles

DIAGRAM

FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS AFFECTINGCARDIAC CYCLECARDIAC CYCLE

Parasympathetic pathways – inhibitParasympathetic pathways – inhibit– AchAch– Vegas NerveVegas Nerve

Sympathetic pathway – excitatorySympathetic pathway – excitatory– NorepinephrineNorepinephrine

Controlled by cardiac center (medulla oblongata)Controlled by cardiac center (medulla oblongata)– Baroreceptors in carotid arteries and aortaBaroreceptors in carotid arteries and aorta– Cerebrum and hypothalamusCerebrum and hypothalamus

Fainting – slow downFainting – slow down Anxiety – speed upAnxiety – speed up

– TemperatureTemperature– IonsIons

Arrythmias – irregular heartrate (ECG)Arrythmias – irregular heartrate (ECG)– Clinical Application 15.3 – P. 588 - 589Clinical Application 15.3 – P. 588 - 589– Tachycardia, bradycardia, ventricular fibrillationTachycardia, bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation– ECG interactive toolECG interactive tool

LAYERS OF THE HEARTLAYERS OF THE HEART

OPERATION OF VALVESOPERATION OF VALVES

ECG – Depolarization and ECG – Depolarization and Repolarization of cardiac tissueRepolarization of cardiac tissue

CORONARY ARTERIES &CORONARY ARTERIES &CARDIAC VEINSCARDIAC VEINS