cardio-vascular system diseases

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Cardio-vascular system Cardio-vascular system diseases diseases Associate professor Golovata T. Associate professor Golovata T.

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Cardio-vascular system diseases. Associate professor Golovata T. Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) and is leading cause of death in Europe and North America. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Cardio-vascular system diseasesCardio-vascular system diseases

Associate professor Golovata T.Associate professor Golovata T.

Page 2: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) and is leading cause of death in Europe and North America.

In the UK in 2009, around one third of all deaths in the UK were due to cardiovascular disease. Of these, over 82,000 deaths were caused by coronary heart disease, and about 49,000 were caused by stroke.

Page 3: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Types

Cardiovascular disease includes:

• coronary heart disease (heart attacks)• cerebrovascular disease (stroke) • raised blood pressure (hypertension) • peripheral artery disease• rheumatic heart disease • congenital heart disease and heart failure• valvular heart disease• cardiomyopathy - diseases of cardiac muscle• inflammatory heart disease

Page 4: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Risk factors

Almost all cardiovascular disease in a population can be explained in terms of a limited number of risk factors: age, gender, high blood pressure, high serum cholesterol levels, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, psychosocial factors, diabetes mellitus, air pollution.

Page 5: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Epidemiology

The most studied mortality from cardiovascular diseases as a manifestation of generalized atherosclerosis. In the Russian Federation in 2000, deaths from cardiovascular diseases was 800.9 per 100 000 population.

For comparison: France - 182.8 (the lowest in Europe); Japan - 187.4. It is shown that reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease

in these countries is concerned not so much with the quality of medical care as a way of life and eating habits.

Page 6: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Atheroma (Atherosclerosis)

According to the WHO definition atherosclerosis - a "diverse mix changes the inner lining of the arteries, which manifest as focal deposits of lipids, complex carbohydrates compounds, and elements of blood circulating in the matter, the formation of connective tissue and calcium adjournment."

Page 7: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Deposits formed atheromatous plaques. The next expansion in their connective tissue (sclerosis) and calcification of the vessel wall leading to deformity and lumen narrowing up to their obliteration (obstruction).

Page 8: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Etiology. Causes of atheroma is not

known. There are several theories of atheroma

Theory lipoprotein infiltration - initial accumulation of lipoproteins in the vascular wall;

Theory of endothelial dysfunction - primary violation of protective properties of the endothelium and its mediators;

Autoimmune - primary dysfunction of macrophages and leucocytes infiltration of their vascular wall;

Monoclonal - initial clone of abnormal smooth muscle cells;

Page 9: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Pathogenetic essence of atherosclerosis is the focal putting off in the intima of the arteries so-called atherogenic lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are spherical particles consisting of a core and outer shell. In the nucleus consists of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, the composition of the outer shell - proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol.

Page 10: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that usually develops many years before any clinical symptoms are manifest.

Clinical events include ischemic heart disease (coronary arteries), arterial occlusive disease (peripheral arteries), stroke (cerebral arteries), kidney failure (renal arteries), and aortic aneurism (aorta)

Page 11: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Morphogenesis of atherosclerosis

Macroscopically distinguish the following stages:

Yellow spots or bands;fibrous plaque Stage complicated changes (ulceration,

calcification, thrombosis)

Page 12: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Morphogenesis of atherosclerosis Microscopic manifestations

The first stage of atherosclerosis is endothelial damage and dysfunction, which stimulates the accumulation and oxidation of LDL-C in the vessel wall. Monocytes migrate from the blood into the subendothelial intima and transform into macrophages, which accumulate lipids (foam cells) to form the lipid core of the atherosclerotic plaque.

Page 13: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Morphogenesis of atherosclerosis Liposclerosis

Production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines stimulate migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells of the vascular intima, and deposition of extracellular matrix molecules such as elastin and collagen, which leads to plaque expansion and the formation of the fibrous cap.

Page 14: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Morphogenesis of atherosclerosis The cholesterol clefts of

lipid, along with a few scattered foam cells and a couple of lymphocytes, are seen at high magnification in this atheromatous plaque.

Page 15: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Morphogenesis of atherosclerosis

Atheromatous plaques may undergo a series of changes resulting in complicated plaques. These include calcification, ulceration, overlying thrombus formation, haemorrhage (as seen in this case) and aneurysmal dilatation of the vessel. It is these changes that usually account for the serious clinical consequences of this disease.

Page 16: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Atherosclerosis of the aorta-macroscopic pathology

It shows multiple variable sized atheromatous plaques which become confluent in the abdominal aorta. These plaques are well circumscribed, slightly raised and yellow/white in colour. Some of the larger plaques are complicated by superficial ulceration with adherent thrombus and focal dystrophic calcification.

Page 17: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Complication Atherosclerosis is the most

frequent cause of aortic aneurysms. Aneurysms is a focal stretching or

ballooning of the aorta. Usually occur in the abdominal

aorta When they reach a diameter of

over five centimeters (about two inches), the risk of fatal rupture increases. A rupturing aneurysm may cause symptoms of abdominal pain or rigidity, rapid heart rate, nausea and anxiety. A rapid loss of blood pressure (shock) may follow. Sudden rupture is associated with a high death rate.

Rupture of aortic aneurysm

Page 18: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries

Defined as cerebrovascular disease. Manifestations are ischemic (usually) or hemorrhagic stroke

Page 19: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Atherosclerosis of lower extremities

Blood flow to the extremities may be reduced because of this narrowing, and may not adequately provide for the need of oxygen for the tissues. Many patients experience leg pain, referred to as "intermittent claudication".

complete occlusion causes gangrene

Page 20: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries

Atrophy secondary to renal artery atherosclerosis: Gross, natural color, both kidneys one very atrophic and wrinkled. The large left kidney weighed 220 grams and the small left one 90 gram

Page 21: Cardio-vascular system diseases

HYPERTENSION (High Blood Pressure)

Hypertension is the commonest cause of cardiac failure in many societies and a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, it is a major risk factor for cerebral haemorrhage, another leading cause of death worldwide. There is no universally agreed definition of hypertension, but most authorities would accept that a sustained resting blood pressure of more than 160/95 mmHg is definite hypertension

Page 22: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Aetiological classification

Essential (primary) hypertension: Genetic susceptibility. Excessive sympathetic nervous system activity. Abnormalities of Na/K membrane transport. High salt intake. Abnormalities in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Page 23: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Aetiological classification

Secondary hypertension: Chronic renal failure. Renal artery stenosis. Glomerulonephritis. Endocrine causes. Adrenal tumours (cortical or medullary). Cushing's syndrome. Coarctation of aorta.

Page 24: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Pathological classification

Hypertension is classified also according to the clinicopathological consequences of the blood pressure elevation. Benign or essential hypertension is often asymptomatic and discovered only during a routine medical examination. Malignant hypertension is a serious condition necessitating prompt treatment to minimise organ damage or the risk of sudden death from cerebral haemorrhage

Page 25: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Vascular lesions in hypertension

Aorta-elastofibrosis Arteries-hyperelastosis. Arteriolar- hyalinosis

Page 26: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Myocardial changes-left ventricular hypertrophy

Page 27: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Hypertension

The characteristic histological lesion of malignant hypertension is fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries and arterioles

Page 28: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Changes in kidneys - Primary-wrinkled kidney

The underlying sclerosis and hyalinosis of arterioles renal glomeruli (1.2). Kidney wrinkled, its fine-grained surface.

Page 29: Cardio-vascular system diseases

CORONARY (ISCHEMIC) HEART DISEASE

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), or myocardial ischaemia, is a disease characterized by ischaemia (reduced blood supply) of the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries).

Page 30: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Classification of IHD

1. Sudden coronary death.

2. Angina

3. Myocardial infarction

4. Heart failure

Page 31: Cardio-vascular system diseases

The immediate cause of myocardial infarction

progressive atherosclerotic stenosis erosion of an atheromatous plaque with

superimposed thrombosis rupture of the fibrous cap of a plaque with

haemorrhage into the lesion and thrombosis prolonged coronary spasm against her

atherosclerotic lesions

Page 32: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Cause of myocardial infarction.Thrombosis of coronary artery, gross.

This is thrombosis in a coronary artery. Such a thrombus severely narrows or occludes the lumen and can produce a sudden ischemic event. "Sudden death" as well as infarction can occur.

Page 33: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Cause of myocardial infarction.Thrombosis of coronary artery, microscopic.

This severely narrowed coronary artery has the remaining lumen filled by thrombus.

Page 34: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Classification myocardial infarction

Transmural: associated with atherosclerosis involving a major coronary artery. It can be subclassified into anterior, posterior, inferior, lateral or septal.

Page 35: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Classification myocardial infarction

Subendocardial: involving a small area in the subendocardial wall of the left ventricle, ventricular septum, or papillary muscles.

Page 36: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Myocardial infarction. Morphology

24 - 72 hours from onset. Total loss of nuclei and striations along with heavy neutrophilic infiltrate

Page 37: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Myocardial infarction- scarring

Page 38: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Complications Arrhythmias Extension of infarction, or re-infarction Congestive heart failure (pulmonary edema) Cardiogenic shock Pericarditis Mural thrombosis, with possible embolization Myocardial wall rupture, with possible tamponade Papillary muscle rupture, with possible valvular insufficiency Ventricular aneurysm formation

Page 39: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Complications

When the infarction is 3 to 5 days old, the necrosis and inflammation are most extensive, and the myocardium is the softest, so that transmural infarctions may be complicated by rupture. A papillary muscle may rupture as well to produce sudden valvular insufficiency. Rupture through the septum results in a left-to-right shunt and right heart failure.

Page 40: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Complications

A cross section through the heart reveals a ventricular aneurysm with a very thin wall at the arrow. Note how the aneurysm bulges out. The stasis in this aneurysm allows mural thrombus, which is present here, to form within the aneurysm.

Page 41: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Cardiomyopatias

Cardiomyopathies are diseases of heart muscl. Cardiomyopathies include a variety of myocardial disorders that manifest with various structural and functional phenotypes and are frequently genetic. Although some have defined cardiomyopathy to include myocardial disease caused by known cardiovascular causes (such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, or valvular disease), current major society definitions of cardiomyopathy exclude heart disease secondary to such cardiovascular disorders.

Page 42: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Cardiomyopatias-classification

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular

cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) Unclassified cardiomyopathies

Page 43: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Illustration of dilated cardiomyopathy (right), showing a dilated left atrium and left ventricle, bulging interventricular septum from left to right, and thin ventricular walls. For comparison, a normal heart is shown on the left.

Page 44: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Illustrations of a normal heart (left) and a heart with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Note that the heart walls (muscle) are much thicker (hypertrophied) in the HCM heart.

Page 45: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Illustration of dilated cardiomyopathy -

fibrosis under the endocardium and in the the inner third of the myocardium.

Page 46: Cardio-vascular system diseases

Thank you for your attention