carbon sequestration in arid-land forest

9
SHORT COMMUNICATION Carbon sequestration in arid-land forest J. M. GRU È NZWEIG* 1 , T. LIN* 1 , E. ROTENBERG* 1 , A. SCHWARTZ { and D . Y A K I R * *Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, {Agricultural Botany, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel Abstract Rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations may lead to increased water availability because the water use efficiency of photosynthesis (WUE) increases with CO 2 in most plant species. This should allow the extension of afforestation activities into drier regions. Using eddy flux, physiological and inventory measurements we provide the first quan- titative information on such potential from a 35-year old afforestation system of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) at the edge of the Negev desert. This 2800 ha arid-land forest contains 6.5 6 1.2 kg C m 22 , and continues to accumulate 0.13±0.24 kg C m 22 yr 21 . The CO 2 uptake is highest during the winter, out of phase with most northern hemispheric forest activity. This seasonal offset offers low latitude forests 10 ppm higher CO 2 concen- trations than that available to higher latitude forests during the productive season, in addition to the 30% increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentrations since the 1850s. Expanding afforestation efforts into drier regions may be significant for C sequestration and associated benefits (restoration of degraded land, reducing runoff, erosion and soil compaction, improving wildlife) because of the large spatial scale of the regions poten- tially involved (ca. 2 3 10 9 ha of global shrub-land and C4 grassland). Quantitative infor- mation on forest activities under dry conditions may also become relevant to regions predicted to undergo increasing aridity. Keywords: carbon inventory, micrometeorological flux measurements, net ecosystem exchange, photosynthesis, pine afforestation, water use efficiency Received 14 June 2002; revised version received and accepted 21 August 2002 Introduction Land plants significantly influence the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere. For example, deforestation and other land-use changes are responsible for about 33% of the anthropogenic carbon emitted to the atmosphere over the past 150 years (Watson et al., 2000; Houghton et al., 2001). In addition, the large sink of atmospheric CO 2 inferred in the terrestrial biosphere (Tans et al., 1990; Battle et al., 2000) is attributed to forest re-growth, better forest man- agement practices (Houghton et al., 1999; Caspersen et al., 2000; Schimel et al., 2000), and the possible fertiliza- tion effects of nitrogen deposition (Holland, 1997; Nadelhoffer et al., 1999) and CO 2 concentrations (Schimel et al., 2000; Oren et al., 2001; Schlesinger & Lichter, 2001). The increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from 280 to 370 ppm since the 1850s, should improve WUE in most plant species by increasing the ratio of CO 2 fixed to water lost via evapotranspiration. This ratio can increase either by increasing C uptake or redu- cing water loss (Eamus & Jarvis, 1989; Field et al., 1995; Tissue et al., 1997; Gru È nzweig & Ko È rner, 2001). Reducing water loss in arid regions improves soil moisture condi- tions, decreases water stress and extends water availabil- ity. This can indirectly increase C sequestration by influencing plant distribution, survival and expansion into water-limited environments. It is expected, for example, that with rising CO 2 C3 type plants (most tree Correspondence: D. Yakir, Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, fax 972 8 9344124, e-mail: [email protected] 1 These authors, listed alphabetically, contributed equally to the paper. Global Change Biology (2003) 9, 791±799 ß 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 791

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