Carbon Capture, Sequestration & CDM Opportunities in Power

Sector

Carbon Capture, Sequestration & CDM Opportunities in Power

Sector

Presented By:

The Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by Developing world

Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge

Climate Change - rising GHG level Continued focus on coal based

generation

Government of India’s National Missions

National Solar Mission 2009 National Renewable Energy Mission

“A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012”

National Mission on Combating Climate Change through Green & Clean Power

National Bio-diesel Mission National Mission of Hydro Potential

Exploitation National Mission on ‘Clean Coal

Technologies’ for Mega Power Generation

Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission

Objectives:

To achieve solar energy production at a scale which leads to cost reduction and rapid diffusion and deployment of solar technologies across the country.

For the purpose; set up enabling policy environment and regulatory framework.

Application Segment Target for Phase I

(2010-13)

Cumulative Target for Phase 2

(2013-17)

Cumulative Target for Phase 3

(2017-22)

Grid Solar Power Including rooftop

1,100 MW 4,000 MW 20,000 MW

Off-grid Solar Applications (Including Rural Solar Lights)

200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

Solar Collectors 7 million sq. meters 15 million sq. meters 20 million sq. meters

Road Map:

The National Solar Mission

The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge.

It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the Global efforts to meet the challenges of Climate Change

Main targets for National mission

The objective of the National Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy through:

20,000MW of installed solar generation capacity by 2022.

Solar cost reduction to achieve grid parity by 2022.

Proposed Milestones for MP

Phase-I Year 2009-2013

Grid Connected : 75MW off grid : 2MW

Phase-II Year 2013-2017

Grid Connected : 150MW off grid : 5MW

Phase-III Year 2017-2022

Grid Connected : 750MW off grid : 25MW

Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9% requires that by the year 2012, we must have installed capacity at a level of over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or Terra Watt – This poses a Terra watt challenges for India.

Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these, 98% were in developing nations.Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO2 emissions at 50%.CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm. There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century.Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.

• China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92% of increase in coal use.• World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum

(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.)

• Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next

Three decades for India (99,861 MW Coal based generation out of 1,56,092 MW total power installed capacity)

Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes

of CO2)

Energy Sector

CO2CO2 equivalent

(CO2+CH4+NOX)

Total Emission 834(58% of total)

928(64% of total)

Source: IAE: 1999

• Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased significantly since industrial revolution

– Carbon dioxide +30%; Methane +100%;Nitrous oxide +15%

– Greenhouse gas concentrations projected to reach double pre-industrial levels by about 2060

• Many greenhouse gases remain in atmosphere for a longtime (decades to centuries)

Atmospheric Concentration of GHG increasing

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate

Change (IPCC) has confirmed: The temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by

0.76˚C over the past century.

It is very likely (more than 90˚ probability) that most of this global warming was due to increased GHGs(green house gases ), resulting from human activity.

Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the 12 warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface temperature.

Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has declined in both the hemispheres.

Best estimate regarding the future changes in climate by 2099 for low scenario is 1.8” and for high scenario is 4.0”sea level rise

INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB BY 2010

POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY 1,56,092 MW …600 Billion kWh per annum TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION IN 11TH PLAN

Central 46,500 MW State & IPP 41,800 MW NCES 10,700 MW Nuclear 6,400 MW Total 105,400 MW

BY 2012 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY …Over 1000 Billion kWh

THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWhTERA kWh (Unit)GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010

Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment

A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India

To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2010, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels

By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal Power:

Thermal 326,000MW Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW Nuclear 20,000 MW Total 450,000 MW

Energy Security – Indian Perspective

AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR: Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology. Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy Generating Systems. Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology. Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options

World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US - about 3TW, India - 0.156 TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day.

By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.

Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options…Contd.

Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the atmosphere during 21st century turn on the viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2 capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers, to stay for millennia.

In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal

Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables. Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this

challenge to some extent.

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

 Installed capacity in Utilities as on December 09

…1, 56,092 MW Thermal Installed Capacity…99,861 MW (Coal 81,605 MW, Gas 17,055 MW, Diesel 1201 MW + Others- cogen etc.)

Hydro Power …36, 885 MW Nuclear Power … 4120 MW Renewable Energy Sources …15,226 MW No. of Villages Electrified… 4,98,286 Length of Trans. Lines… 64,97,727 kM Total energy generation… 587 billion kWh Per Capita Energy Consumption 606 kWh

NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW)Renewable Energy Source All India MP

Wind - Potential

- Installed

45,000 5500

3595159.49

Bio Mass - Potential+ Co-gen.

- Installed

19,500 100

750 9.86

Small Hydro – Potential

- Installed

5000 410.13

170540

Energy - Potentialfrom Waste - Installed

1700-

42-

Solar PV - Potential

- Installed

20 MW/Sq. km-

264 100 k Wp

INDIANINDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT

Total Installed Capacity … 1,56,092 MW Thermal Generation … over 64 % Although no GHG reduction targets for India

but taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization

Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES

ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

There are three main techniques for Capture of CO2 in Power

Generation

Post-combustion capture Pre-combustion capture Oxy-fuel combustion

Carbon dioxide can be removed from flue gas and waste gas streams produced from carbon usage by various methods.

1. Absorption with a solvent, 2. Membrane separation, 3. Cryogenic fractionation, 4. Adsorption using molecular sieves.

Capture of CO2 from absorption method is most widely used technique.

Techniques for removal of COTechniques for removal of CO22 from Flue from Flue GasGas

Absorption Approach Using Chemical Solvents

CO2 can be removed from flue gases using solvents that

rely on chemical or physical absorption. The most common solvents used for neutralizing CO2

in chemical absorption systems are alkanol-amines such as mono-ethanol-amine (MEA), di-ethanol-amine (DEA), and

methyl-di-ethanol-amine (MDEA). Chemical absorption with MEA solvent is the most

common capture technology, is readily available and can be integrated into new plants.Prior to CO2 removal, the flue gas is typically cooled,

then treated to reduce particulars and other impurities. It is then passed in to absorption tower where it comes in contact with the absorption solution.

• India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear.

We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. • Some of the demo pilot projects include.

-Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS

will depend on this technology being cost effective.

-Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

Carbon Capture & Sequestration

MEA-03MEA-02MEA-01

BOILER

STEAM

F.G.

CO2

MEA

CO

H2

CH4

LEGEND

SATURATED CO2

MEA -07

CO2 STRIPPER05

CO CONVERTOR

P 2

LIGNITE

ASH

ST ST

STEAM

CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT AT RGPV

CATALYTIC CONVERTER

METHANE

HYDROGEN PRODUCER

GAS SCRUBBER04

PURE MEA06

P1

FLUE GAS FROM GASIFIER

H2 N2 N2

PURE H2 FOR FULE CELL

NaHCO3

CH4

FLUE GAS

Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day

Source of CO2 - Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam &

Biomass Gasifier of 10kW

Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine

(MEA)

SOx & NOx Removal : NaHCO3

Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit - For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst - For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam,

Catalyst - For Carbon Monoxide...Fe3C & Lignite

CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector

Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today Fuel switching (Coal NG) Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture &

Sequestration (CCS) (Post –Combustion CO2 Capture) Gasification/ Reforming + CCS (Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture) Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS

‘Kyoto’ Back-ground 1992: United Nations Framework convention

on Climate Change, adopted by most of the countries at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro

1997:Kyoto Protocol was adopted An important step towards stabilization of GHG

concentration to prevent dangerous impacts on climate system

Industrialized countries are required to reduce their combined GHG emissions by at least 5.2% compared to 1990 levels by the first commitment period(2008-2012)

2005:Kyoto protocol entered into force Met 55 / 55%condition, after ratification by the Russian

Federation Is now fully operational

Kyoto Protocol Mechanism

Joint Implementation (Article 6): Emission reduction arising from project investment

in other developed countries (with own emission targets)

Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12): Emission reduction arising from project investments

in developing countries (don't have emission targets)

Emission Trading (Article 17) Portions of developed country’s emission

allowances can be bought ? Sold in international C trading market. A Supplement to domestic action.

Strategic Response

Prevention - Energy Conservation - Green practices, change in lifestyle Abatement - GHG emission mitigation through :• Improved energy efficiency• Cleaner energy sources / technologies• Preventing deforestation• Reducing methane emission (by

improved Waste management practices)

Where is CDM Applicable ?

Renewable Energy: Wind, Solar, Biomass, Hydel power

Fuel switching: Fossil fuels to green fuel Energy efficiency measures related to:

Boilers,pumps,turbines,cooling system etc. Introduction of new, efficient power

generation technologies; Reduction in technical T&D losses

Improved waste management practieses:e.g.Capturing landfill methane for power generation

Transport: Modal shift , fuel switch Forestry:Afforestration

CDM: Disqualifiers

Emission reduction from Nuclear facilities

A diversion of official development assistance (ODA) from Annex – I countries

Any other type of sequestration activities apart from afforestation and reforerstation!

CDM- A WIN-WIN SITUATION

Industrialized countries (AI)

Developing countries (Non-AI)

CDM project activity

To assist in achieving sustainable development

To assist in meeting their emission limitation commitments

Project proponentsInvestors

(private business, governments, NGOs)

(private business, governments, NGOs)

What makes a project activity a CDM project activity?

GHG

time

“What would have happened” situation (fictitious situation) = baseline

CDM project activityCERs

GHG = Greenhouse gas emissionsCERs =certified emissions reduction

Start of CDM project activity

CDM Projects Status

Total projects registered by EB – 1000

Equivalent CERs – 340 Million Projects from India – 47 (~ 30%) Total Baseline Methodologies

approved > 50 Majority of the projects: Biomass –

energy Majority of CERs generated: HFC

oxidation

Typical CDM Projects Categories in India

Renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, biomass, hydro)

Fuel switching (e.g. oil to gas, coal to gas) Energy efficiency (e.g. lighting, insulation,

process optimization) Waste processing (e.g. land fill gas extraction,

waste incineration) Waste heat recovery projects including power

generation Energy saving by elimination of reheating

processes Thermal oxidation of HFC Afforestation

Towards 2012 and Beyond

Continue to mobilize private sector participation in the CDM, willing to respond positively to CDM criteria

Encourage CDM participation of large public sector emitters (e.g. power & transport sector) possibly in sector CDM arrangements

Information infrastructure to support a functioning market – e.g. baseline for major sectors like Power, Cement, Iron and Steel

Explore opportunities for sector trading schemes (Sectoral & Programmatic CDM )

Integration of GHG emission reduction activities and national development programmes

Mission Energy Security and Energy independence Climate Change – Nature’s Fury Solar for irrigation High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells Hydrogen as Fuel for future Accelerated Program on Thorium based

Nuclear Reactor Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport Energy Security by 2020, Energy

Independence by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005

Prime Clean Coal Technology Options Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11for India for 11thth & 12 & 12thth Plans Plans

Supercritical Power Plants Integrated Gasification

Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power

Plants

SUPER CRITICAL UNITS

Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC

Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum) Common Off site facility FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6

Heaters.

Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW *

Number of Units 22 Units

* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

Main advantages ofSuper-Critical Steam Cycle

Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal

efficiency

Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of

Power generated compared to sub-critical

Very good part load efficiencies

Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

Current State-of-Art

Super-critical Steam Power Generation PlantsPressure - 300 barTemperature - 600oCEfficiency - 45% (LHV Basis)

Nickel based alloys allows up 650oCBy the year 2005 - 620 oCBy the year 2020 - 650-700 oCCycle Efficiency - 50-55%

IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...

Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.

Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%.

The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are:

7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant.

- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to

improvements in IGCC are : hot gas de-sulfurisation hot gas particulate removal advanced turbine systems

IGCC

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc.

CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology:

Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.

Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion

Steam to Super Heater

Cyclone

FurnaceCoal FeedHopper

Ash Cooler

Back-Pass

ESP

ExternalHeat-Exchanger

HP Air

Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler

CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies

At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects.

0.8-0.981.491.0Relative O&M Cost/kW

1.15-1.42

1.03-1.191.0Relative Capital Cost/kW

41-4236.734.8Cycle Efficiency %

IGCCPF+FGD/

SCRCFBCITEM

Green Energy solutions

Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.

Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology

Energy Farming Energy Efficiency

Major shift towards Green Technologies

Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

Table: 01

S.No. Sector GHG emission

1. Power 51%

2. Transport 16%

3. Steel 10%

4. Cement 04%

5. Chemicals 03%

6. Others 15%

Coming back to CDM as applied to Energy Sector & CCTs

Sector –wise CDM Potential is given in the Table 01 below:

Average OM BM CM

North 0.72 0.99 0.60 0.80

East 1.05 1.13 0.97 1.05

South 0.74 1.01 0.71 0.86

West 0.88 0.99 0.63 0.81

North –East 0.33 0.70 0.15 0.42

India 0.81 1.02 0.68 0.85

Weighted average emission factor, simple Operating Margin (OM), Build Margin (BM) and

Combined Margin (CM) of all Indian Regional Grids in t CO2 / MWh

OM is the average emission from all the stations excluding the low cost/ must run sources.

BM is the average emission of the 20% (by net generation) most recent capacity addition in the grid.

CM is a weighted average of the OM and BM (here weighted 50:50)

Table: 03

S. No

Sector Expected Carbon reduction (MT/Yr)

CDM Flow Million US$/Yr

1. Renewable Energy 60 660

2. Coal Based IGCC Power Plant 05 55

3. Agriculture-Energy Efficiency 18 198

4. T&D loss reduction 32 352

5. Energy in Industries Efficiency

Caustic Soda 0.12 1.32

Cement 1.1 12.1

Aluminum -- --

6. Municipal Solid Waste Management

-- --

Technology-wise expected CDM funds

flow.

Table: 04

GHG mitigation option Abatement cost range

National mitigation potential (thousand

tons of CO2)

Mega Power Generation

Renovation & modernization High 8579

Fluidized bed combustion Low 8166

Integrated gasification combined cycle High 14610 (large potential)

Renewable Energy

Wind power (grid-connected) High 526

Wind based water pumps Medium <1

Solar thermal power (grid –connected) High 300

Industrial efficiency

Iron Steel-dry coke quenching Low 950

Pulp & Paper Medium 904

Replacement of Industrial Motors Medium 36

Potential CDM Projects for India targeted to meet National Mitigation targets

Table: 05Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India

Technology Greenhouse gas emission reduction

Investment cost Cost-effectiveness (dollars/tonne CO2)

Green Power generation

Cogeneration 1.50 kg/kWh 900 dollars/kW 10 (most cost effective)

Combined cycle 0.96 kg/kWh 818 dollars/kW 54 (cost effective)

Inter-cooled steam-injected gas turbine

0.76 kg/kWh 947 dollars/kW 77

Pressurized fluidized bed combustion

0.18 kg/kWh 1894 dollars/kW 503

Integrated gasification combined cycle

0.23 kg/kWh 1578 dollars/kW 340 (at par)

Pulverized coal super-critical boilers

0.18 kg/kWh 1202 dollars/kW 342 (at par)

Coal washing 0.125 kg/kWh 11 dollars/kW 179

CFBC 0.20 kg/kWh 1000 dollars/kW 250

Renewable energy for power

small hydro 1.3 kg/kWh 1950 dollars/kW 88 (cost effective)

wind farms 1.3 kg/kWh 1405 dollars/kW 257

Biomass 1.6 kg/kWh 710 dollars/kW 102 (cost effective)

Solar thermal 1.3 kg/kWh 3730 dollars/kW 592

Solar PV (photovoltaic) 1.6 kg/kWh 5952 dollars/kW 541

Issues before the house Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2

capture and Clean Coal Technologies Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy

Conservation on the top of the National Agenda Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of

Energy Efficiency and Green Environment initiatives.

Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and Green Technologies need to be redefined.

Hybrid power plant of Wind, Solar & Biomass has been setup which will pave way for sustainable power supply for variety of biomass fuels & environment limitations.Biomass Gasifier (10kW) & Bio-diesel Plant (100 LPD) has been commissionedGreen Energy Technology Center has been set up to focus on following areas:

- Clean Coal Technology & CDM - Bio-fuels and bio-diesel - Renewable Energy devices (hybrid) targeted to

produce 1 MW Power for the campus - Energy Conservation & Management - CO2 Sequestration & CO2 capture technologies

.

RGTU INITIATIVESRGTU INITIATIVES

Impact Green Projects at RGTU

CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and Biodiesel through Algae route

Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route

Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top

of RGTU High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-

diesel production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel reactors