Canadians Form

CHEMICAL INSTITUTE of CANADA By WALTER J. MURPHY, EDITOR

CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS

DRAMATICALLY featuring the theme "Tar-gets for Tomorrow", well over 1,000

chemists, chemical engineers, and execu­tives attended the 27th annual Canadian Chemical Conference and Exhibition, held at the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, June 5 to 7. The meeting, the most important ever held in Canada, was climaxed by the formation o f the Chemical Institute of Canada, which in the future will repre­sent more than 6,000 members of the chemical profession. This unity and strength were achieved when the Canadian Chemical Association, the Canadian In­stitute of Chemistry, and the Canadian Sections of t h e Society of Chemical In­dustry agreed to combine activities in one new and greatly enlarged body. The So­ciety of Chemical Industry will continue, but will drop a l l functions which would be considered competitive with the new or­ganization. SCI's relationship to the

Chemical Institute of Canada might be likened to the relationship of the Ameri­can Section of SCI to the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY.

The Canadian Chemical Association, the Canadian Institute of Canada, and the Society of Chemical Industry will continue to function actively for the bal­ance of this year with R. S. Jane of Shaw-inigan Water and Power, L. E. West-man, Associate Director, National Selec­tive Service, War Industries, Ottawa, and C. J. Watson, Dominion Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, as chairmen of these respective groups. The Chemical In­stitute of Canada will take over with the turn of the year and the following direc­tors were elected at the Toronto confer­ence: R. McLaughlin, Toronto; R. K. Stratford, Sernia; L. E. Westman, Ot­tawa; R. V. V. Nicholls, Montreal; Léon Lortie, Montreal; W. E. Pomroy,

Toronto; R. H. Clark, Vancouver; T. Thorvaldson, Saskatoon; C. C. Coffin, Halifax; and H . R. L. Streight, Montreal.

Even the most optimistic members of the committee in charge of the arrange­ments for the annual chemical conference did not expect an attendance topping the 1,000 figure. Indeed, plans were made for an attendance of not more than 500, yet the meeting moved smoothly and those at­tending were unstinting in their praise of the work o f the committee and the facilities and service of the Royal York. Based on the relative population figures of Canada and the United States, the turnout a t the Toronto meeting would mean over 10,000 at an AMERICAN CHEMI­CAL SOCIETY meeting. Canadian chem­ists, chemical engineers, and chemical executives viewed the move to form the Chemical Institute of Canada as the most important and significant happening in

1006 C H E M I C A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G N E W S

"TARGETS FOR T O M O R R O W "

From left to right. Stanley Robson, Honorary Overseas Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry; V . G . Bertram, Presi­dent, Shawinigan Industries, Ltd., and V i c e President of SCI; T. W . Smith, Canadian Industries, Ltd. , and Wallace P. Cohoe, New York Consultant and President of SCI.

the history of things chemical in the Do­minion and rightfully so. From a psycho­logical point of view the timing was perfect. Canadian chemical industry has been expanded at an astronomical rate in the war period, Canadian chemists have made a number of outstanding con­tributions to the common effort, and they justifiably are proud of their accomplish­ments.

Luncheon meetings were held on Mon­day, Tuesday, and Wednesday; dinner meetings on Monday and Tuesday. General meetings were well attended on Monday afternoon and Tuesday after­noon. Several technical sessions drew large attendances including Biochemistry and Food, Chemical Engineering, Plas­tics, Paint and Varnish, Pure Chemistry, and Rubber Chemistry.

The Monday luncheon group was wel­comed by His Worship the Mayor, Dr. F. J. Conboy, and with N. S. Grace, chief chemist of Dunlop Rubber, acting as toastmaster. Ε. Τ. Sterne, Canadian controller of chemicals, was the principal speaker.

"If technological advance continues at its present rate without compensating advances in the humanities, in social and economic life, we will build a Franken­stein which will destroy us", Mr. Sterne declared. He continued:

Modern life is molded by the technologi­cal advances in all scientific fields. Chemi­cal men must realize that the job of work in our particular field is only part of our job as citizens of Canada and of the world. We should lead in applying the scientific method of straight thinking to other sides of life, for it is the only way to

An historic picture—D. P. Morgan, Chief of the Chemicals Bureau of WPB, and E. T. Steme, Canadian Controller of Chemicals, seem to be enjoying themselves—the subject? We can't say—secrecy ordersl They can be pleased with the flow of chemicals to war industries.

solve social problems which will come in an avalanche after the war.

Urging importance of the contributions of men in all branches of chemical work— research, production, and distribution— he emphasized the need of good executive directors. He concluded:

Good executive directors will bring our costs down. Unless we do that, we can't meet our postwar employment situa­tion or go into world markets. Our tech­nical men are equal to any in the world, our labor is of high standard. With this combination, given a fair field, we can

meet competition in any markets of the world.

Mr. Sterne urged that scientists and technically trained men engaged in re­search and production stop "looking down their noses" at those who are engaged in the distribution and merchandising side of the chemical industry. We must remem­ber, the speaker reminded his audience, that there can be no research or produc­tion unless industry can market its goods and at a profit. Men engaged in distri­bution are vital to the success of the

Professor Léon Lortie of the University of Montreal, delivering his historic ad­dress "Labor Legislation as It Affects Chemists and Chemical Engineers"·

Left. L. E. Westman, Canadian publisher and Associate Director National Selective Service. Above. J. C. Honey, Chairman of 1944 Canadian Conference Committee and associated with Canadian Johns Manville; R. R. McLaugh­lin, Professor, Chemical Engineering, Toronto University.

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T. A.Faust, Yocum,Faust, Ltd., acted as chair­man of Tuesday afternoon general meeting.

chemical industry. The speaker pointed out that in the postwar period many men with technical training will be needed in sales, market development, technical service, and in managerial positions. He urged that the colleges and universities recognize these requirements of the chemi­cal industry by pointing up their courses to train men better to fill such positions.

Great Future for Plastics

The rapidly growing plastic industry is one with a mighty future, declared Willard H. Dow, president, Dow Chemi­cal Co., speaking before the general meet­ing on Monday afternoon. Urging con­tinued research for improvement, he said:

We must not be satisfied with our present advances. For instance, we may be headed for plastic furniture much lighter in weight. But we're still a bunch of imitators and if we produce a plastic table we would have it look as much like mahogany as possible, although we can produce slabs of plastics much more beautiful than mahogany. We should aim at creating a demand for tables that look like plastics instead of mahogany, and eventually we'll get something more beautiful than the products of Nature it­self.

Suggesting technical improvements re­quired in processing to give productions of uniform quality at lower cost, he stressed, the present unnecessary disparity between costs of providing raw materials and of fabrication of the finished articles.

Fabrication of finished articles from polymeric substances is of equal impor­tance with polymerization, but I'm afraid it's still in the country blacksmith stage. Attention must be paid to reduction of costs of fabrication.

The Tuesday afternoon general meet­ing featured three speakers—Gustav Eg-loff, director of research, Universal Oil Products of Chicago, who spoke on "Pe­troleum as a Chemical Industry"; Don­

ald Othmer, head of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic Insti­tute of Brooklyn, "Developments in Chemical Equipment"; and G. S. Whitby, University of Akron, "Polymerization".

Dr. Egloff, in discussing Canada's re­sources and their use in the next few years, declared:

Canada should be able to stand on her own legs in the postwar era. You have the hydrocarbons which Nature has pro-duced, the basic raw materials from which to make the derivatives. I place no stock in those stories that the United States is approaching exhaustion as far as petro­leum is concerned. And your country has a long, long time to go before its resources come anywhere near exhaustion.

Test 12,000 Synthetic Rubbers Synthetic rubber is here to stay, and the

postwar era will find the synthetic being employed in thousands of uses. From petroleum a million compounds may be derived, and this is a conservative figure.

One company in the United States has experimented with over 12,000 synthetic rubbers, of which about 200 will prove use­ful. Out of the welter of research will come synthetic rubber that will give us, for example, a tire life of over 100,000 miles. Ail that we need to do is tell the chemist what kind of characteristics you want in rubber, and he can produce it for you.

The price of raw rubber before the war was about 22 cents a pound. Plantation owners over a period of years had a price range of from 2 to 3 cents to $3.00. Be­cause of self-interest, we on this continent can never again depend on far distant sources for our rubber. We don't need to. This is not to say that natural rubber will disappear entirely. It will have certain specific purposes, but so great has been our advance in synthetics that we can pro­duce any kind of rubber for any kind of purpose.

"Tailor-Made" Rubber It is possible to make rubber so hard

that it can replace metal for piping. Transportation of all kinds is too noisy today. In the future synthetic rubber would create a semi-noiseless world. The rubber emerging from the war will be "tailor-made" to suit any and all needs.

The synthetic rubber we have for civil­ian use today is not the kind we will have tomorrow. Don't forget, we took proc­esses out of test tubes and threw them

Hugh Cameron (right) Cheney Chemicals, Ltd., thanking Willard H. Dow, President of Dow Chemical, for the stirring address he i gave on the subject of the future of plastics.

into commercial use. Take the matter of inner tubes. The synthetic product is far more efficient than natural rubber. The leakage of air through the walls of the inner tube is reduced to a minimum, and the day will come when it won't be necessary to put air in tires more than once in six months, or even longer.

Othmer on Equipment It is difficult, in these days of advance in

chemical engineering and industrial chem­istry, to differentiate sharply between equipment and process, according to Dr. Othmer, professor of chemical engineering at Brooklyn "Poly" and well known de­signer of chemical equipment.

While the title of the present discussion is seemingly limited to the former, it might be well to note that probably by far the major contributions of the design chemical engineer to the war effort and to developments of chemical and related in­dustries during the past five years has been in the matter of processing flow sheets and developments of methods and skills in using chemical equipment rather than in the im­provements in the mechanical design of the equipment itself.

Fortunately, our developments in de­sign of equipment have been made here­tofore; and in most of the unit opera­tions, equipment had already been stand­ardized of types to give satisfactory and efficient production. Indeed, the major novelties of equipment design per se in these war years have been in working down from what had been considered op­timum designs in order to minimize critical materials of construction, or indeed to eliminate them altogether.

All of us have experienced the consider­able pressure in design and construction of plants, these past several years, owing to the tremendous shortage of our nor­mal materials of construction, particu­larly metals such as copper and stainless steel. Such pressure has found relief in the redesign of equipment, using available materials, often new, and having entirely different properties. Wood is an ever abundant natural resource, always avail­able in immediate back stock because of the long time Nature requires to produce it. It has been more and more used until the supply has been diminished sharply

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Third from left is O t t o Maass of M c G i l l and now Director of Chemical Warfare, Department of National Defense, who received the Society of Chemial Industry M e d a l (Canadian Sections). Others in the group are R. S. Jane, Director of Industrial Research, Shawinigan Water and Power, Wal lace P. Cohoe, Society of Chemical Industry President, who made the presentation, and V . G . Bertram, SCI V i c e President.

because of the difficulty of obtaining woodcutters. I t has been used wherever i t s limitations as t o strength and other physical and chemical properties would allow; and many and novel are the uses t o which i t has been placed. Distilling columns, both packed and plate, have been built of wood. Bubble caps and the en­tire plate assemblies have been constructed with only small amounts of metallic fast­eners. Some of the packed columns have ceramic shapes and some even have been constructed using wooden slats for con­tact surface. Last week I was in Cuba, where the scarcity of metals is, if any­thing, worse than in North America, and saw such plate and packed columns in­geniously constructed. With scrap copper selling there a t from $1.75 t o $2.00 a pound, and no facilities for rolling, i t is ev ident that the tremendous expansion o f the alcohol industry in Cuba during the past year has been accomplished under some difficulties. The same may be said for the tremendous expansion of the alcohol industry in the United States, par­ticularly that of the distilled spirits indus-try, when it became necessary to convert, a lmost overnight, plants designed for making 160 proof alcohol to producing units for industrial alcohol for the buta­diene and rubber program. Many and ingenious were the devices used; and, in some plants, old steel smoke stacks were purchased and used for column shells.

The current issue of Chemical & Metal­lurgical Engineering, for example, carries an article on the use of lignum-vitae in the chemical industries. A similar but syn­thetic lignum product of the chemical industry for many uses i s Masonite die stock which, however, so far has had its main applications in the mechanical in­dustries, such as for making dies and forming parts for light metals in airplane factories. Other plastic and semiplastic materials have found their way into a diversity of applications, and their suc­cessful use has, in most cases, surprised even their advocates. Another remark­able development has been in plastic piping. Glass has also come to the fore and especially noteworthy have been vari­ous developments in metallurgy for special equipment.

A division might well be noted at the start, between unit operations, which in­clude the usual steps having a physical background, such as fluid flow, heat trans­fer, evaporation, gas absorption, etc., as opposed to the unit processes which con­stitute steps involving chemical change, such as hydrogénation, alkylation, esterifi-

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cation, etc. These subdivisions will call to mind the fact that chemical engineer­ing is, like all the other branches of engi­neering, based on applied physics and mechanics; and, uniquely, is also based on applied chemistry. The applied phys­ics and mechanics are also used in equip­ment design. It is the unit operations of which we think most in terms of equip­ment, although quite frequently in work­ing with a unit process, such as destruc­tive distillation, for example, very inter­esting applications of mechanical and chemical treatment must be worked out simultaneously. The principal difficulty in general in such work is in operating a pilot plant on a scale smaller than that of a major unit. Thus in a plant now being designed for chemical treatment of wood in blocks up t o 20 pounds and in batches of 100 tons the operation of the mech-ano-chemical progress cannot be studied except on a very major scale.

Another aspect in the study of the back­ground of chemical equipment is the rela­tion of what may be called the theoretical approach to the design of the individual parts of the process or the individual pieces of equipment. Just as i t is necessary to have the basic chemistry of any new proc­ess of chemical manufacture correct, it is also necessary t o have the underlying physics correct and properly accounted for in the design of equipment. For ex­ample, there is the theoretical approach to fluid flow with an evaluation of Reyn­olds numbers, friction factors, relations of viscosity and velocity; in heat transfer there must be considered fluid films, over­all coefficients of heat transfer, film coef­ficients of heat transfer, thermoconductivi-ties, etc.; while in the diffusional opera­tions, such as distillation, extraction, and gas adsorption, there must be evaluated rates of molecular diffusion, over-all coef­ficients of diffusion, theoretical units of equilibrium, (i.e., the unit of space where every molecule in two or more phases is assumed to contact or come to an equilib­rium with every other molecule), etc. Usually, such theoretical background for the design of equipment is laid b y the determinations of various types of coef­ficients which, after all, are merely meas­ures of the efficiency of operation. This may be done in equipment which may usually take quite a different form from the equipment to be designed therefrom. Thus, if it were desired to determine the heat-transfer coefficient which would determine the necessary size of an evapora­tor, there might have to be devised a piece of equipment entirely unrelated in physi-

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cal appearance to any unit used in a com­mercial operation. In algebra, one sepa­rates the variables t o solve an equation; and in order to separate the complex variables in any unit operation, the ut­most of designing skill is used in building small units for eliminating the variation of all which cannot be controlled, and then studying these which can be controlled carefully and thoroughly. Thus the back­ground data for design of equipment for unit operations is secured. The industrial chemist does an identical thing in his test­ing of the unit processes involved by first working with pure reagents rather than with the mixed materials involved in many chemical processes. After he determines his reaction characteristics on pure mate­rials he extrapolates his results to the crude chemicals of the plant which are so often contaminated with many other materials.

Failure of plants and equipment may be divided into two types—technical and economical; and the engineer may be re­sponsible for either. One bulwark against serious failure is the cautious increment of operations from the smallest possible scale to the finished units in a number of stages rather than in a single jump. No one has ever been heard to complain of the cost of the development steps after the final plant is in successful operation, yet often are heard the wails of he who has built his plant with only test tube data.

Willard H . Dow speaking on the subject of plastics at the Monday Meet ing.

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Speakers at the Tuesday General Meet ing: G . S. Whitby, University of Akron, who lectured on "Polymerization'*, Donald Othmer, Head of the Chemical Engineering Department of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, who discussed "Developments in Chemical Equipment", and Gustav Egloff, Director of Research, Universal O i l Products, who spoke on "Petroleum as a Chemical Industry".

Dean C. J. Mackenzie, Acting President,

the past, present, and future of the Council. W . G . Claus, of M i n e Safety Appliances; Howard Farkas, Sales Manager, of the United States Stoneware Co.; N . A . Walsh and Wil l iam S. Lang, both of Chamberlain Engineering, Canadian representatives of United States Stoneware Company and its affiliated organizations.

A distinguished visitor from the States, Percy Kingsbury, of General Ceramics.

S. Sunderland, valuable assistant to E. T. Sterne, Canadian Controller of Chemicals, and George D. Mal lory, Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottowa, interested observers at the meeting.

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Right. R. I. Kellam, Kirkwood Engi­neering; E. J . Tyrell, Eatons Research Bureau, R. Y. Ward, Johnson, Mattley.

D. P. Morgan, Chief, of the Chemicals Bureau of WPB, guest speaker at the Wednesday luncheon, discussing the chemical industry's role in the war effort.

W. D. McFarlane, Chairman of Sympo­sium on "The Organization and Develop­ment of Chemical Research in Canada".

Left to right. H. W. Lee, Wartime Bureau of Technical Personnel; George Hemmerick, General Manager of Dow in Canada; A . G. Rogers, Sinclair Processing, Norman Grace, Chairman of Exhibits Committee, and Chief Chemist, Dunlop Rubber; R. L. Rude, British American Oi l .

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R. K. Stratford, chief chemist, Imperial Oil , retiring president of the Canadian Institute of

Chemistry.

Marco Polo, some centuries ago, mar­veled at the efficiency of organization of the Great Khan's army and was told that it was due to the fact that increments of rank were on a 1 to 10 ratio. Ten soldiers were in charge of a minor officer, 10 of these commanded by a higher officer, and so on up to the Great Khan who directed 10 generals himself. This same decimal system is safe to follow in engi­neering design and development work, each successive step being on a scale of not over 10 times that of the preceding. The mistakes in design, and the possible failure of methods and equipment, are thus caught before they can become of danger­ous magnitude; and improvements may be made at each step as the work pro­gresses.

Seldom is an operation conducted in such large units that more than four such steps would be necessary (the fourth or plant operation thus being on a thousand­fold scale with the first serious test) ; and seldom, indeed, that new data and fea­tures of design are not incorporated at each new attempt. Usually, of course, the greatest skill and ingenuity will be displayed in the earlier stages.

The economic as well a s the technical sides are studied simultaneously in such development work. And these economic factors are of large importance—no one who has been in the chemical industry for any length of time but has known plants which though correctly designed technically missed some corollary in the one great economic law of supply and demand. One little factor such as the cost of chipping or hogging the wood may mean the difference between success and failure in an installation for waste wood utilization.

An old saying in some other fields of engineering runs that you could build a street, car so durable that it would last forever and never have t o be replaced, if you were willing to put enough money and weight into it. There are two objec­tions to such a monster. (1) In these t imes of changing transportation, one does not want a street car so expensive

1012

that it would last forever and have an indefinite period of amortization. (2) The operating cost of so ponderous a ve ­hicle would be so high that it would soon pay for the cost of one less perpetual. The result is, as always in design, a com­promise between the opposite factors.

The question of obsolescence is of par­ticular moment in the rapidly changing chemical industry where a new research may topple over the house of cards al­most overnight; and it is only in the most standardized industries where one may look ahead and gamble that the proc­ess and equipment will be in identical operation for longer than five years. In most cases, if the contemplated changes cannot pay for the equipment within that period, the equipment will not be pur­chased ; and in many more meteoric indus­tries the period of amortization will have to be considerably shorter.

I t was not intended that this presenta­tion of Developments in Equipment should sound like the report of a postwar plan­ning committee; and predictions and even discussion of trends are purposely minimized. The engineer can probably, like the meteorologist, make his best pré­dictions for the conditions pertaining in a distant future when there will be known and completely understood the mathe­matical methods for handling the infinite number of variables, the large number of rates and coefficients of all phases of

L. F. Livingston, of Du Pont, who discussed "New Materials for Tomorrow's Products" at the Annual Dinner Meeting of the

Canadian Chemical Association.

kinetics, the thermodynamic aspects and chemical behavior of all sorts of chemicals with each other on all sorts of materials of construction, and the properties and mechanical design methods for their evaluation in all shapes and types of ves­sels and tools accommodating these proc­esses. Until such a Utopia of the de­sign engineer is reached, he will have much pleasure in creating partly by art and partly by science and then trembling until his unit proves his numerous as­sumptions.

Bertram Discusses "Targets for Tomorrow"

The annual dinner of the Canadian Sec­tion of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on Tuesday evening with ad­dresses by V. G. Bartram, president of Shawinigan Industries, Ltd., and vice president of the society, and H. Greville

C H E M I C A L

Smith, vice president of Canadian Indus­tries, Ltd.

Mr. Bertram stated : It is interesting to note that postwar

planning is international in scope, and that in Canada not only our government agencies, but various associations and groups such as ours, as well as many in­dividual companies, are giving serious thought to the postwar world. Canada is in a position where much of her post­war planning must be based on what hap­pens to the international scene. We have no extensive home market to rely on in many lines. Our whole economy is tied up in export prospects and our stand­ard of living more or less depends upon our ability to compete in the postwar export field. Before the war Canada was recognized as the third or fourth export nation. Because the export situation has such a bearing on our postwar economy naturally Canada will be dependent to a great extent on what happens in the international situation.

It is encouraging to note from recent press reports that at least the United Nations as a group have agreed to a stabilization fund that will, if properly manipulated, most likely assure a stable currency on which export prices and conditions can be based. This i s a step in the right direction.

In addition to stabilization of currency, our export position will naturally be af­fected by tariff policy, and in spite of some wishful thinking on the part of cer­tain interests i t is evident that more than ever the question of our national economy will depend upon what happens to tariff policy throughout the world. The final international decision with regard to tariffs will have a considerable bearing on Canada's economic life, especially in the postwar era.

This, then, brings to my mind another problem that must be faced by Canada and the Empire. We have on this Conti­nent, particularly in the United States, two schools of thought. One school, as emphasized by the tactics of Wash­ington, as a government policy condemns all international cartels; the other school, as emphasized by past experience in Britain and on the European Continent, is in favor of cartels. In spite of much

C. A. Sankey, Ontario Paper, whose paper "The Production of Ethyl Alcohol from Sul­fite Liquors'* attracted a record audience.

A N D E N G I N E E R I N G N E W S

J. R. Donald of the Canadian Controller of Chemicals office speaking at luncheon.

publicity, and in spite of the attitude of certain outstanding individuals on the American scene, cartels in the past have done for industry and for the consumer, because of sane arrangements between competent businessmen, a work that has not to my mind been fully appreciated. I would like to quote here from an address delivered in the United States by J. Anton De Haas on "Economic Peace through Private Agreements'' :

The Atlantic· Charter expresses the desire of the British and American Governments to "bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field". This is a laudable desire. Even the most ardent iso­lationist should have learned from the events during the 25-year period following the last war that absence of effective collaboration does not lead to world stability- That period was characterized by attempts on the part of all countries t o cure their economic ills by uni­lateral action. Each country, in turn, put into effect measures of economic control without any regard for the effects which such action might have upon the economic life of other nations. Indeed, if it became known that other nations were injured by the measures adopted, this fact was often taken to be certain proof that they were desirable. This practice is not surprising; national economic action has frequently been based upon the principle that a nation gains to the extent to which it can injure the "for­eigner".

We can now see clearly how such unilateral activities inevitably brought on a condition of chaos. Collectively the nations committed economic suicide. The fruits of the failure to regard the economic welfare of others were al­most total collapse of international trade, monetary disorganization, unemployment, and war.

This statement indicates possibly futil­ity of tariff control of world trade. Mr. De Haas goes on farther to state :

The Atlantic Charter announces the inten­tion of the two principal trading nations to fol­low a different course in the future. The world may take hope from this welcome news, hope that the future will see no recurrence of this spreading cancer of economic insanity.

In spite of the chaos mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, very considerable constructive work was done, especially

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immediately after the last war and during economic depressions that followed, by businessmen getting together, placing the cards on the table, and arranging mat­ters in their own way, as businessmen, to help solve the economic chaos through which the world was then passing. In­stead of being complimented on their business acumen the men who had the foresight and brains to arrange these matters for the benefit of industry and consumer alike are being condemned right and left by so-called economists and politicians. Many of the men who then posed as economists, and many of their disciples in the years that followed, have been damning business and teaching a policy that is based more or less on theory with very little practical application to our everyday business world. If we as businessmen sit idly by, we will have our business world run by economists, whose whole basic knowledge of business is founded on theory. They have not been producers of goods; they haven't been peddlers or salesmen; they have gradu­ated with high degrees from their univer­sities and have gone into government positions with nothing back of them but theory. Put one of these men into an exec­utive position running an organization with perhaps hundreds or thousands of employees, faced every day with the multi­ple problems that come across the ordi­nary executive desk, and I am sure his viewpoint would change. Business is a hard road. We recognize theory: we recognize economics; we recognize abil­ity, but to base all of these attributes, in business, on theory without any prac­tical knowledge, and have men who lack practical experience dictate to business, and in this I include not only our own in­dustry but business at large, seems to me preposterous.

We in the Canadian chemical industry came up the hard way: in many in­stances, like Topsy, we just growed, but in growing we learned many fundamental facts of business. We have established an industry that is recognized in many ways throughout the world. Canadian chemists have not yet been given full credit for their achievements; maybe they are too modest. I think possibly it is due to the fact that we live next door to such a powerful neighbor with such resources that anything we have done here, although it may be outstand­

ing, has been dwarfed by the achievements of our cousins to the south. I would like here t o pay tribute to the cooperation and assistance we in Canada have re­ceived from our neighbors to the south, especially in so far as the chemical indus­try is concerned. I n connection with our war effort, even before Pearl Harbour, the United States' chemical concerns voluntarily contributed vital information and know how to Canada; in helping us establish production of products here necessary for the war effort which were never produced comrnercially in Canada before. I , therefore, feel it is right and proper to acknowledge publicly our in­debtedness to our American friends for their splendid cooperation.

Dealing with ''Targets for Tomorrow" and forgetting for the moment our im­mediate objective, which is winning the war, I would like to point out some pos­sibilities that affect Canada's postwar position. As we all know, we have greatly expanded our productive capacities in many lines. We have many plants mak­ing products here now which never pro­duced commercially in Canada. We have new technical knowledge and as a result of the war have developed not only new processes and techniques but new skills in our work people, and a new sense of our responsibility and importance as a producer, not only in a commercial field but as an arsenal of Empire. There is no reason why we should not capitalize on the knowledge and ability gained through our war effort, and unless we are wide awake to this situation and take ad­vantage of it, others will. We are a young country and for this reason envied. Luck­ily most of our industrial activities are now in the hands of men in executive position, who are still young, able, and vigorous enough to help carry us through the postwar era. On top of this we ex­pect return of the flower of our youth from the war. These boys are coming back with a basic training and a confidence that are going to be of inestimable value to the country, not only industrially but I hope politically. They know what they have been fighting for; they know the way of life they desire, and per­sonally, 1 am confident when they get their feet back on Canadian soil they are going to see that what they have been fighting for and what they desire are going to be accomplished.

W . H . Rapson, Canadian International Paper, and Wil l iam H . Bowman, Westvaco Chlorine.

» J U N E 2 5 , 1 9 4 4 1 0 1 3

Meeting attracted many visitors from the States, including L. P. M o o r e , of the American Cyanamid company, and Charles P. Neidig, of the Heyden Chemical Corporation.

What should be done under these condi­tions to get for Canada the best possible return for the future? There are many factors to be considered. Overshadowing the whole economic postwar picture is the question of disposal of our war plants. To me it is peculiar that certain economists and certain politicians believe that many of these plants can be sold on a basis that will give some reasonable return on the investment involved and result in the adaptation of these plants to postwar activi­ties. I have discussed this question with many men more technically trained and more able than I, and 1 think I can sum up the situation in just a few words—most of these plants with very few exceptions can be considered as a shell that is made to be fired at the enemy. They were built for specialized purposes; to adapt them to commercial use for the production of a variety of products would most likely re­sult in an uneconomic unit of a hybrid nature that eventually would soon become obsolete and worthless, so that the money spent on such a program would eventually be lost by private industry. There are, of course, exceptions to every rule, some of which I could mention here, but time pro­hibits a discussion of individual units. These plants might be maintained for a limited period as a safety factor in connec­tion with war production, but industrially many of them cannot be adapted eco­nomically to the demands of ordinary in­dustrial production.

With regard to the tendency toward lower tariffs, as evident from various news reports and articles more or less from official quarters, it i s essential that some sane tariff policy b e adopted for Canada and announced a s soon as pos­sible so as to stabilize the domestic situa­tion. This will enable Canadian produ­cers to lay their plans on a firm foundation with reference to Canadian requirement, and would also help Canadian industry with regard t o its own individual post­war planning, thereby aiding the postwar Canadian employment situation. Pos­sibly the currency stabilization program that has already been announced by the United Nations may not make this addi­tional point necessary, but it seems to me in a country like ours, which is so de­pendent on export for its economic well-being, that some sort of a reasonable

1014

scheme should be developed and adopted in connection with export credit insur­ance. Further, a government policy should be adopted in line with that already announced from the United Kingdom, so framed as t o assure a more aggressive research program for industry, and in the term "industry" I include our natural resources, such as lumbering, mining, fishing, agriculture, and all those various production efforts that constitute indus­trial Canada. No industry can long maintain a competitive position unless it devotes effort and money to scientific and industrial research. We must realize that the Canadian domestic market is ex­tremely limited in many lines. There are plants in Canada in some established industries that have sufficient capacity so that their output in a week, or a month, can take care of Canadian requirements of such commodities for a year. These plants must live in the export market and must have intelligent cooperation from the Canadian Government authorities to help maintain their position. To this end, I believe the Imperial Preference Policy must be maintained, at least until the world gets on an even keel, and that greater efforts than ever should be made for reciprocity between Canada and the United States, our greatest and closest prospective market.

Collective Bargaining in Canada

Wednesday morning was given over to an elaborate symposium on postwar plan­ning arranged by R. K. Stratford, P. E. Gagnon, and R. D . Whitmore. Labor legislation a s it affects chemists and chemi­cal engineers was discussed by Léon Lortie; the National Research Council and its part in the war effort were described by Dean C. J. Mackenzie, acting president of the council; and research in industry and research in the universities were re­viewed by R . S. Jane, director of research, Shawinigan Water and Power, and R. R. McLaughlin, professor of chemical engi­neering, University of Toronto.

In many respects the problem of collec­tive bargaining and the maintenance of

C H E M I C A L

professional status for Canadian chem­ists and chemical engineers parallels the situation in the United States.

Professor Lortie; in a masterful analysis of the question, stated:

The terms of P.C. 1003 do not permit professional people to sit idly and look at labor regulations with academic interest only. They have every reason to feel and to fear that they are included in the definition of an "employee" as set forth in the regulations.

"Employee" means a person employed b y an employer to do skilled or unskilled manual, cler­ical, or technical work; but does not include

(i) a person employed in a confidential ca­pacity or having authority to employ or dis­charge employees.

Many people are apt to think that pro­fessional people are not covered by this interpretation because professional people do not do technical work or, at least, that it is not their principal occupation; and because most, if not all, professional people are employed in a confidential capacity.

Answers to these objections are quite simple. First, there is, in the Department of Labour, a Wartime Bureau of Technical Personnel, the duties of which are to look after the logical allocation of chemists, engineers, and other professional people, to the Armed Forces and the essential industries. We may realize now that the term "technical" was a mistake and that our neighbors in the United States were better advised when they set up a Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel. But this will not correct the situation. There is further the fact that even if we may believe the majority of chemists, engineers, and architects are employed in a confidential capacity, there are a good many young graduates, chemists, and engineers in training, and routine analysts in the lower salary brackets who may not strictly be considered as being so employed.

Chemists, and chemical engineers, a s well as other professional people are about to make a most important decision which may change the whale picture of profes­sional organization in this country. At the crossroads, we may envisage three ways leading t o the future. We m a y choose:

1. To be included without restriction in the terms of P.C. 1003.

2. To form special "'professional employees bargaining agencies" operated and con­trolled by professionals.

3. To be specifically excluded from the order, whether by a permanent ruling of the board, or by an amendment t o the order, or by a new Order i n Council for the learned and scientific professions.

The first choice is definitely out of order because it would be unfair and detri­mental both to the public and the profes­sions. It would mean that the professional, whose training and duties are of a high order, and who is always in a minority group, would b e ruled and controlled b y a majority ignorant of professional re­quirements. Even labor leaders have recognized that it would be unfair.

The president of the A. F. of L., Wil­liam Green, has already stated in no am­biguous terms, in a dispute concerning employees of the Joseph E . Seagram Corp. that, "if engineers and chemists perform professional work they should be classified accordingly".

In the United States also, the National Labor Relations Board has ruled, in the case of the Shell Development Co., that professional employees cannot be forced

A N D E N G I N E E R I N G N E W S

into a heterogeneous bargaining group set up by a labor union i n its negotiation with an employer unless a. majority of profes­sional employees express, through a vote confined to their group, their desire to be included in the bargaining unit. When the vote was taken, the professional employees concerned voted against inclusion.

Many other instances may be cited in the United States and one example at least in Canada—that of the CIO organization dealing with Research Enter­prises, Ltd., where professional employees were excluded from the bargaining agency.

The second wav open to professional employees would be the inclusion in col­lective bargaining units restricted to pro­fessional employees o r in which they would be a majority. This eventuality has quite a strong appeal to a good many profes­sional employees. We must admit that many wrongs have t o be righted as far as wages and working conditions are con­cerned among professional peoples. Col­lective bargaining may be deemed to be the best way for employers and employees to discuss freely and in good faith the matters concerning employment, wages, and working conditions. The Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario even goes so far as stating that "collective bargaining is becoming in effect the law of the land".

Let us examine in the cold light of facts and reason, how professional people could set up their own bargaining agencies. I t is obvious that no present organization may possibly act as a collective bargaining agency. The reasons are principally that our present institutes and societies consist of both employers and employees, most of the latter being already excluded be­cause they are employed in a confidential capacity. They therefore cannot be an " 'employees' organization, which means an organization o f employees" [Sec­tion 2 (h) ].

Any bargaining agency must then be free from employer's influence, which is not the case with any of the institutes and professional associations. Consequently, this would mean the setting up of a great number of small groups, the ultimate de­struction of all professional ideals, the lowering of professional standards and ethics. Union has always meant strength, whereas division and dispersion of effort spell disaster. Each of these small groups would only comprise a relatively small number of professionals and their financ­ing should be wholly on an individual basis, which would mean either a heavy burden on each individual or chronic shortage of funds and subséquent failure to obtain what the group would be seeking. Let us remember here that collective bargaining is only successful when there is ample finance to back the revendications of employees. Labor leaders are well paid, and this is no discrimination against them. They do their job and they do it well. They work full t ime on that job and labor organizations have finally found that a well paid official i s most immune against bribery. Employees foot the bill and when the union i s large, each individual does not resent very much what amounts to another kind o f insurance premium. They are not afraid to strike whenever they think fit t o d o so because they know that they have the strength of number. Collective bargaining may be a very good weapon but the accent i s on collective much more than o n bargaining.

Some may still believe that i t would at least deserve a trial. A census of pro­fessional people would show readily that we would lack the power of number. Let us see who would sti l l remain after we cull those who are excluded from the act.

V O L U M E 2 2, N O . 12 » » »

Employers are evidently out, which repre­sent a fair number of architects, consult­ing engineers, and chemists. Government employees are also excluded since His Majesty as an employer is excluded. Chemists and engineers in executive and administrative positions are also excluded. Chiefs of staff, directors of laboratories, research chemists, and engineers are evi­dently employed in a confidential capac­ity. We would again believe that a con­trol chemist, on the decision of whom prod­ucts are declared good or not has a con­fidential job. University and college professors are not concerned with the Act. All this would leave a very small group of individuals doing routine jobs, and engi­neers or chemists in training. Would this small nucleus of people earning relatively low wages be sufficient to support a healthy bargaining agency? And we presume here that they would form a solid group of all the professions. Even at that, experi­ence would lead us to believe that they could not survive. They would be an easy prey to trade unions which would un­doubtedly offer better advantages.

In order to be absolutely free from in­fluence of the employers, this group would have to sever links with the present pro­fessional institutes and associations and this would mean that they would lack the prestige and backing of these groups as well as a lowering of professional ideals, standards, and ethics. Chemists and engi­neers have a duty toward society and their country that they are not allowed to for­get. Besides being a natural link be­tween labor and management, theirs is intellectual and technical power to trans­form raw material, natural resources, and human labor into profitable good. Their natural gifts of intelligence, creative imag­ination, and inductive reasoning, coupled with their factual and specialized training, enable them to play an important part in the future of our country.

Place of Professional Groups Present professional institutes and associ­

ations may not be without faults in so far as they have not always given all neces­sary attention to the economic welfare of their members. Many reasons may be given for that, one being that they adopted the general policy of laissez-faire that was the hall-mark of all prewar activities. In these trying times, the days of such liberal­ism are counted, if they are not already gone. Labor activities, state control under the War Measures Act have for the present rendered it impossible and we are ready to believe that in the days of reconstruc­tion conditions may even be more drastic. It is not surprising, then, that many pro­fessional employees look to collective bar­gaining as the only way to defend their right to work and to a decent salary.

Within the present associations one finds it possible to develop and maintain pro­fessional ideals, to exchange views and ideas, to pool the knowledge and experi­ence of all in finding solutions to problems of national and local interest, and, in a period of emergency, to offer collectively his services to the country. Disruption of the present societies would have ren­dered impossible the organization of the Wartime Bureau of Technical Personnel. This country may be proud of the splendid achievements of its scientifically trained professionals and it must not be allowed to forget that the foresight of the profes­sional institutes has rendered it possible t o register and Organize the whole of pro­fessional people. If our country found i t good to rely on the initiative of its profes­sionals, it should also find it good to let

J U N E 2 5, 1 9 4 4

them organize in such a way that they shall always be willing to cooperate. In­troduction of labor legislation of this na­ture in professional circles may mean a temporary betterment of conditions for a small group of people but in the long run it leads to the dislocation of the natural partnership between management and the scientific personnel without which tech­nical and industrial progress would be im­possible.

These people are apt to forget that their societies may, and will undoubtedly set up the necessary machinery to provide them with advantages equal and even bet­ter than what they could obtain through bargaining agencies. All this may be organized within the present framework of the present societies, by methods in ac­cordance with professional standards and code of ethics. This is the third way out of the present situation.

In order to achieve that end, the profes­sional bodies should arrive at some definite conclusions on the following:

1. A clear definition of a professional em­ployee. Such a definition has already been given by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the United States:

The term "employee employed in a bona fide professional capacity" in section 13 (a) (1) of the act shall mean any employee who is

(A) engaged in work (1) predominantly intellectual and varied in

character as opposed to routine mental, manual, mechanical, or physical work, and

(2) requiring the consistent exercise of discre­tion and judgment in i ts performance, and

(3) of such a character that the output pro­duced or the result accomplished cannot be standardized in relation to a given period of time, and

(4) whose hours of work of the same nature as that performed by nonexempt employees do not exceed 20% of the hours worked in the work week by the nonexempt em­ployees; provided that where such non­professional work is an essential part of and necessarily incident to work of a pro­fessional nature, such essential and inci-

R. D. Whitmore, now serving the Canadian Government, one of the speakers on the vital subject of "Postwar Employment Prob­lems of Chemists and Chemical Engineers".

1015

dental work shall not be counted as non-exempt work; and

(5) (α) requiring knowledge of an advanced type in a field of science or learning custo­marily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction and study, as distinguished from a general aca­demic education and from an apprentice­ship, and from training in the performance of routine mental, manual, or physical processes: or predominantly original and creative in character in a recognized field of artistic endeavor as opposed to work which can be produced by a person endowed with general manual or intellectual ability and training, and the result of which de­pends primarily on the invention, imagina­tion, or talent of the employee, and

(B) compensated for his services on a salary or fee basis at a rate of not less than $200 per month (exclusive of board, lodging, or other facilities); provided that this subsection shall not apply in the case of an employee who is the holder of a valid license or certificate permitting the practice of law or medicine or any of their branches and who is actually engaged in the practice thereof.

Λ shortcoming of this définition is that it does not mention specifically profes­sionals in training, such as s tudents work­ing during t h e summer holidays or waiting t o be recognized as members of the pro­fessional bodies. T h e memorandum pre­pared by E. P. Muntz takes care of these categories and also contains a useful and shorter classification, viz:

"persons employed in a professional capacity ( . . . ) such persons must be

1- Members of a professional body consti-• tuted under a Dominion or Provincial

Charter or Act. and 2. employed upon work requiring technical

knowledge, or such persons must be

1. in training for professional standing and 2. recognized by a professional body as a

student or junior member or as a profes­sional in training."

B y combining these two definitions it is possible t o arrive at a fairly good one which may well be taken as the basis of a new Order in Council concerning profes­sional employees .

2 . Once the professional employee i s clearly defined and identified, it is the d u t y of t h e professional bodies to materialize what they are supposed t o do for the economic welfare of their members. It is good to

remember there that professional people are individualists and that once they have arrived a t a certain status, they will a lways prefer individual bargaining on the basis of their worth, merit , and reputation to any kind of collective bargaining. Except in very few occas­ions, promot ion by seniority alone is a practice against which they are rightly prejudiced. W h a t is most important is to secure t h e y o u n g professional a decent startingsalary. T h e AMERICAN C H E M I C A L SOCIETY has already beaten a path in this direction. The very nature of its membership made it possible to arrive at some definite agreement, c losely ad­hered to b y both industry and the S O ­CIETY, through which an initial salary-is assured. Thereafter, promotion, ad­vancement , and increases will b e accord­ing to worth and merit. The services of an e m p l o y m e n t clearing house could only be available to those who comply with these agreements .

3. As suggested in the memorandum pre­pared by Mr. Muntz . it is imperat ive that a tariff be fixed and approved by federal or provincial authorit ies for the services of a chemist , chemical engineer, or any other professional employee .

4. We are in urgent need of publicizing, within the professions themselves , what are real professional standards and ideals. If engineers and chemists were really imbued wi th the true spirit of the pro­fession, they would not look to collective bargaining as such a panacea. T h e y would see a t first hand that to b e success­ful such bargaining must resort t o the methods t h e y frown on in labor circles and that are incompatible wi th profes­sional ethics." T h e y also would remember that a n y col lege graduate has more than a moral debt t o society and h i s country and that h e w h o has talents a n d has had a chance t o cult ivate them m u s t bring them t o fruit for the benefit of those who have rendered possible the schools, col­leges, universities, endowment and re­search funds from which he drew his knowledge. More specially in this t ime of national emergency, those engineers and chemists on the home front must not forget that , if their job is essential and filled wi th sweat and possibly uncer­tainty, others are doing another job filled with blood and a grim fatality that does n o t disturb them. Professional people m u s t then be reminded of their place in soc ie ty , a position of trust and service to mankind. T h e y should not be. on the o ther hand, too proud to fight.

The pioneer att i tude that brought chem­ists and engineers i n uncharted fields must take them along once more . Pro­fessional people were in high spirits not long ago when they were p lanning for the postwar world which they would engi­neer. A s soon a s col lective bargaining legislation w a s enacted, a good m a n y were frightened a n d have not ye t recovered from a severe case of jitters. Fai th in the professional ideals would have stif­fened their at t i tude.

M i d g l e y Sends Message

Pres ident of the A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L

S O C I E T Y , T h o m a s M i d g l e y , Jr. , c o n g r a t u ­la ted t h e three C a n a d i a n s o c i e t i e s o n t h e format ion o f t h e n e w C h e m i c a l I n s t i t u t e of C a n a d a in a m e s s a g e read a t t h e W e d n e s d a y luncheon.

Morgan Luncheon Speaker

Guest speaker at the Wednesday luncheon meeting was D. P. Morgan, director of the Chemicals Bureau, United States War Production Board. Dr. Mor­gan reported:

Never has there been such friendly and sympathetic cooperation in the interna­tional field a s has existed between Canada and the United States in the explosives and chemicals war effort.

Immediately after Pearl Harbor the United States drew heavily upon Canadian resources for ammonia, ammonium nitrate, fabricated explosives and many other items.

More recently Canada has been supply­ing substantial quantities of alcohol for the United States synthetic rubber program.

Discussing international cartels, Dr. Morgan said:

I t seems clear that international trade agreements, which are restrictive in char­acter, should not be privately negotiated. This audience hardly needs to be reminded of the important position of the German chemical cartel, the I.G., in the world dis­tribution of chemicals, or the manner by which this enormously powerful organiza­tion through i t s control of important chemical patents became a source of great power in domestic and world affairs, of

CONTINUED ON PAGE 1056

1016 C H E M I C A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G N E W S

MEETINGS

MANY EXACTING USES Adapted for any use that other granular desiccants will serve, FLORITE has a marked advantage in longer-sustained effectiveness which, combined with low initial cost, results in superior economy. Natural gas, propane, butane, gasoline, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, refriger­ants of various nature, and other fluids are successfully dried. FL.ORITE selec­tively adsorbs 4 to 20% of its weight of water— is regenerated by heating to 350°F. Correspondence invited.

medical profession, and the public regarding the quality, purpose, and uses of vitamins, adopt terminology and standards of publicity practices in connection with sales, and confer with medical societies, medical schools, health organizations, and government agen­cies with respect to the industry.

Plastics-Plywood Conference Progress and problems of the plastics and

plywood industries will be discussed at a regional conference of manufacturers and users in Seattle, Wash., July 13, sponsored by the Society of Plastics Industry. The con­ference will include exhibits and equipment demonstrations, and a tour through plywood factories and plants producing plastic arti­cles. Reservations should be made through W. H. Lampert, Ballard Plastics Cοrρ., 530Ο 14th Ave., N.W., Seattle.

F L O R I D I N C O M PA N Y , I N C .

Room 51, 220 liberty Street Warren, Pa.

At the May 26 meeting of the Cleveland Section, Society of Plastics Industry, Ray­mond R. Dickey, Monroe Auto Equipment Co., spoke on "Metal-Plated Plastics", and William J. Miskella, Infra-Red Engineers and Designers, spoke on "Preheating and Dehydrating Plastic Materials by Infrared".

Chemical Institute of Canada (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1016)

vital importance to the German govern­ment.

Dr . Morgan suggested that:

The industrial advisory committee sys­tem which is used in the United States "affords a practical mechanism for the cooperative solution of the joint problems of industry and government".

The speaker reported that in the United States basic chemical production in­creased 1 8 0 % from 1939 t o 1943; the United States grand total production of all chemicals and allied products in­creased from 3.7 to 7.5 billion dollars.

The chemical bureau of the WPB will allocate about one billion dollars' worth of chemicals during 1944, he said.

Canadian applications received, as a matter of policy, the same consideration as those of United States origin.

Exhibits Crowded The spacious Exhibition Hall o f the

Royal York contained a number of highly instructive commercial and technical ex­hibits which were viewed by more than 1,000 visitors. Of special interest were technical displays under the auspices of the Canadian Department of Munitions and Supply and particularly a model of the Sarnia synthetic rubber plant and samples o f Canadian-produced magnesium and ammonium nitrate.

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ACE fibre glass sintered filters speed filtering as much as three t imes over old methods. Filter papers are unnecessary when these long-lived filters are used.

Operation rates are quickly o b ­served in these transparent filters. They are made entirely of Pyrex-Brand Glass which resists all re­agents except hydrofluoric acid and strong alkalis.

Filters to Fit the Job A wide variety of styles and sizes

available in porosities from 10 to 195 micron pore-diameter makes it possible to select the filter mos t suited to give maximum rate while maintaining necessary retention.

Write for Catalog 4 0 which lists this ware among many other items of improved laboratory glassware.

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