A\prll 10, 1920 4UG CHEMISTltY AND INDUSTltS

Natural wat,crs comprised two classes, soft and hard. Corrosion by n natural soft water wns duc to ncicl prescnt in thc water, and i t must bc rcndcrcd alkaliiic bcforc bcing fed to tlic boiler. Corrosion by a hard water \vns duc to the dissolvcd chlorides and nitratcs of calcium and inngncsinm. Tlic csact reactions which took place n t thc tcinpcraturc and prcssurc in tlic boilcr wcro not dcfiiiitcly I;no~vn, but it ivns gcncrnlly acccptcd tha t mngncsiuni chloride wns p;irticuInrIy destructivc, split- ting up into mngncsiuni osidc, and liytlrocliloric acid, which uttaclrctl t ho steel, giving ferrous cliloridc ; this conilinctl with tlic mngncsiiim osidr, rcformillg mag- nesium chloride and ferrous osidc. This cyclic rcgcncr- ativc condition coiilil go on indcfinitcly and cause con- sitlcrablc corrosion. JIngncsium sulphiitc niid sodium cliloride wcrc frcqiiciitIy prcscnt in natural waters, and untlcr boilor coiiditions these niight react, to give 111ng- ucsiuni cliloridc.

Anotlicr soiircc of supply i vas contlcrisctl stcnni. .I 1ic acidity of condcnscd stcani iviis tlric to the prcscncc of tlissolvcd carbon dioxide. According to J. 1 1 . P i i d , iintlcr Loilcr conditions crirbon diosidc \vas cliangtxl into forniic acid, and possibly other 1iydrosy:icids whicli were most, destructivc to iron niiti steel.

Econoniiscr corrosion, usun IIy chic to g:iscs dissolwd in thc fccd wtitcr, sho\vctl itsclf by t h forni:ition of a rcd dcposit, niid by tlic forinntion of rust concs. Pitting occurrctl and actual pcrforntion niiglit result.

A cyclic reaction which niight go on indcfinitcly was cnusccl in t.hc supcrhcatcr by ciirbon diositlc. This was reduced to the nionoxidc by hydrogcn forincd froni the dcconipouition of steam by iron a t n high tciiipcrnturc, anti tlic carbon nionoxitlc rcduccd solnu of tlic iron osirlc on bhc t.ubcs, reforniiug carbon diosidc.

A furt,licr foriii of corrosion, known as “ caustic ciiibrit~t.lcmcnt,” consistctl of an inter-crystnllinc crack- ing of boilcr stccl, which inlist. 1)c distinguislicd froiii t.hc trans-crystallinc cr:icks caused I J ~ st.rcss. It was not yet definitely known whcthcr this inter-cryst:illinc crack- ing wns tluc to clicinical or to nicchnnicnl actioii.

Aiiother aspect of corrosion was tbe cstcrnal :iction o i i the lioilcr tubcs, doc to inipuritics i n tlic fiicl, tlic chid bcing soda and sulphur. In tlic furnwc gases these gavc sotliuiii sulplintc, and wlion tlic siilpliur was i n csccss sodium acid sulphatc. Wlierc tlic tlcposit of sotliuin sulphntc accumulatctl, it c;iuscd ovrrlwiiting of tlic tiilic, ant1 gaw up osygcii to thc iron, forming t i “ mil),” which, owing to tlic cspunsion iiiitl contraction of the t.\il)c, pcclcrl ofi, exposing a fresh sudncc. Con- tinustion of this proccss rcsultctl in bulging of tlic tlilJc. Tlic iicid sidphatc liritl little action wliilc hot, but i t nttrnctcd nioisturc whcn cold, and corrosion took placc.

In ordcr to prevciit corrosioii, the fectl wntcr should bc nindc as soft as ~~osssiblc, nntl, i n ntlilition, slioultl linvc n \.cry slight CSCCSR of a1l;aliiiity. With a niitural I i i L r d watcr n propcrly controllcd linic-soh ~L’ocL:.’ or the Ixisc-csclinngc method could Lo cniploycd. \\‘it11 tlic Inttcr proccss a w r y soft wntcr was produced, but with \wry hard waters tlic rapid conccntration of sodin~n snlts in thc boilcr ncccssitatcd tlic frcqiicnt use of tlic l)lo\\--oft c,ock. Tlic idcal way of producing 1111 iilmost pcrfect boilcr fccd was to conibinc thc two nictliods, i.e., ii prcliininnry t.rcnt.nicnt with lime or liiiie-soda,

r ,

follo\vcd by t.hc bnsc-cschangc. In this way only a siuall quantity of sodiuni carbonate woiilil be lcft in the water. ‘I’hc linic and lime-soda mcthods wcrc suitable wlrcn a lnrgc quantity of condcnsatc was iiiiscd with natiirnl hnrtl witcr, and wcrc \wliinblc also for condcnsntcs con- taining rlissolvcd gnscs, tlic lattcr hciiig selcloni reiiiovcd complctcly by n dc-aerating plant.

In orclcr that tho watcr may bc properly treated a coiiiplctc mincral nnnlysis was iicccssary ; cstini:itioii of Iiardncss alonc was insufficicnt. Regular and frcqucnt tcsts should bc iiindc of tho fccd wntcr and thc alkalinity ctc. of tho water i n thc boiler. A good iden of thc: con- cciit,ratioii of t,hc wnter in tlic boilcr may bc obtaincd by cstiniation of tlic chloridcs, this and thc chloride in t,hc fccd giving a concentration factor. By nicans of a continuous I)low-off system tlic conccntration iii thc boilrr’could bc kcpt lit a fairly constnnt figurc.

CALENDAR OF FORTHCOMING EVENTS Apr. .I9.-Imperial College of Science and Technology.

Department of Clicriiicnl Technology, l’riiicc Consort l?oud, LOIK~OII, S.\V.’i, tit 4 1 1 . 1 ~ . A specinl eoiirsc of eight locturcs upon “ lligli ~)rcssiirc gns reactions,” by Prof. \\‘. 8. Bonc, Y.lt.S., nnd Drs. D. JI. Xcwitt nntl D. T. A. Towiicnd.

Apr. 19.-Physical Society. Inipcrinl College of Science, South ICcnsingtoit, S.\\r.7, nt 5 p.m. Prcscntntioii of tho 1029 Chthric Jlctltil to Ur. C. E. Ciullnumc, ISonornry F e l l o ~ of tlic Socicty. Foiirtcciitli Giithric Lecture, “ Tho propertics of t,lic clcnicnts iintlrr high prcssurcs,” by Prof. 1’. I\‘. Uridgmnn.

Apr. 24.-British Science Guild. Mnnaioii House, London, E.C.2, nt 4.30 p.m. “Bcrtiliscrs from tlic air,” by Sir B. ICceblc, P.1t.S. Rayon (artilicicil silk),” by A. B. Shaircr. I‘ Syiithct.ic driigs,” by l?. 11. &rr. Tliu l’iesidciit, Rt. Hon. Lord Nclclictt, Y.lL.S., in tlic clinir.

Apr. 25.-Cheniical Society. InsLitut,ion of Xcchunical Engiiiccrs, Storey’s Gate, St. Jamcu’s h r k , s.\v.1, at 8.30 11.ni. T. \\r. liiclinrds JCcniorinl Lccturo by Sir H. Hartlcy, E’.R..S.

Apr. 25.-Institute of Brewing. d l i c h t d Corciifies h’eclioti. \VIiitc IIorsc liotel, Coiigrcvc Street, Uirtiiiiiglinin. “ Cc4lnr equipincnt,,” by C. It. C‘linuibcrs.

Apr. ZtX-Institute of Brewing. Xorlli 01 J h ~ l i i a d Seclioii. JIitlliiiitl I-rotel, JIanclicstcr. “ A t,ropiciil browcry,” IJJ’ l+’. I\l. J!riynitrtl. “ Soniu bottling notes,” by II‘. r\bbot,.

dIutrclresfer Sectioib. 36, George Street, Jlniiclic~tc~; at 7 I).III. Aiiriiinl I\Iccting. “ Coloiir tint1 constitution from tlic stniitlpoitit of rccciit electronic tlieory,” by 11. 1-I. H O ~ ~ S O I I .

Apr. 29, 30, May 1.-University of London. University &llagc, nt 5.15 p.m. ‘‘ ‘1)ruglikc ziclions of soiiio food constitiiciits,” by Prof. 15. B1ollnul)y. Chtiirniaii at the first lcoturc : Prof. J. A. Guun,

Apr. 30.-Illuminating Engineering Society. Alcssrs. Holopl~tinc JAtI,, Elvcrton St,rcc(, Vineout Scluorc, \\’cst- niinstcr, S.\\’.l, n t 6.30 p.111. “ Sonic furtlicr propcrtics of gluss tind thcir nppliciitiou to illiiiiiiiiatiiig c~ogiuccrilig,” by Dr. 6. Eiiglisli.

Apr. 30.--Royal Photographic Society. ScierifiJic und ~‘ecirniccll Grorcp. 38, liusscll Sqiiarc, \\’.C.l, a t 7 p.111. I. 11 talk nboiit tho Kodncolor Proccfl~, with dclnonstrutioll, by \V. Clarl;. 11. ‘‘A iiietliorl of increasing tho printing spccd of diclironintctl golntin,” by l?. J. Tritton.

0rdittro.g i 1 1 e e f h j . Brirlingtoii l-loiisc, Ficeiitlilly, \\r.l, at 6 I).Iil.

Apr. 29.--Society of Dyers and Colourists.

May l.--Society of Public Analysts.

April lil . ID20 CHEAIISTRP AND INDUSTRY 40f

OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION The clcventli nnnunl tliniicr ~ v n s held in the Conntuight

Rooins, Kingsway, Lotidoii, on Ayril 16: tlic I’rcsiclciit, 1)r. J. J. Fox, in tlic Chair.

‘Clic tlistinguislictl mcrnbcrs nncl p e s t s iiiclutlcd Dr. G. C. Chytoii, C.U.E., 31.1’. ; Prof. Jocclyii I!. Tliorpc, C.B.E., F.R.S. ; Ah. J. rbtltur llcarcll ; Blr. Ootlfrcy Gilcs ; Itlr. George StuLbs, C.B.13. ; 3lr. II. J . Jones ; Nr. It. .U. Pilchcr, 0.J3.13.; Ah. 13. T. Tiznrd, P.R.S. ; 3lr. J. Russell Thornbcrry ; Dr. J. X. C~oltlsinitli : Dr. 1i. S. AIorrcll (Pnst l’rcsiilcnt) ; Dr. 11. I-Ioulstoli Jlorgnii (l’nst President) ; A h . C. A. Klcin (Past Prcsi- deut) ; Dr. T,. A. JorJtin ; i i i i d Nr. Noel l-lcnton.

Dr. G . C. Clnytoii, C.B.E., It1.i’. (represcnting tlic l’rcsitlciit. of the lnst,itiitc of Clicmistry, who ~ v n s nlroiitl) proposed tLc tonst of “ Tlic Assocint,ion,” iind snid lie wus plcnscd to :idtlrcss the inciiiltcrs and guests bccousc t,hcy wcrc all intcrcstcd in rcscnrcli. As onc wlio hnd spctit clcvcii ycnrs in a rcsc:irch Inljorntory, Iic could spcnk with first-hand laio~vlctlgc of thc vnluc of rescarcli nntl cotisitlcrctl that rcscnrch cliciiiists were t,lic iiiost csscnti:il people i i i t.liis world. Referring to the Rcscnrdi Assooiiition of British l’tiiiit, Colonr and Yiiriiisli Mnii i i -

fnctitrcrs, Iic rccnllcd tlint its cstn1)lisliiiictit. iiiiilcr tht. Dcl)tirt,itictit of scientific niid Itidiist.rin1 Rcscnrcli hnt l followed n recoiiiiiicndntion inntlc by I)r. 11. I-JoiilstoIi Norgnn in ii ptilicr lic lind rend bcforc tlic Royril Society of A r k i n l!I% thnt such n body slioiiltl bc foriiictl. Uc (Dr. Clnyton) lint1 visitctl t.lie lnborntoiks of thc HcsciLrch tlssociiitioii n t Tcddington, where un escclleiit st,nff wns carrying out :i lnrgc nnionnt of rescarcli worlc on 11 nutiibcr of iiiiportniit ~~rol~leiiis- the trcntincnt of oils, pniiit csposurc tests, tlic per-

iittcrcstitig tlcvclopiiicnts liiitl tnkcii plitcc wit,li i i view to olhiiiiiig supplies of tiing oil frnni Einpirc: soiirccs.

Dr. Clayton lint1 bccii rcstorctl to Iic;ilt,li nftcrliis rcccnt, in- clisposi tioii. ‘l‘hc iiiciiibcrs of the Associntioii npprccifited highly his rcfcrcncc to tlicir ivork, bccnusc ljy t,rtiiiiiiig nntl outlook Iic was so \vcll qiinlilicd to jndgc w1i;it t h y w r c doing. Y!hc Assocint,ion \vns a progressiw 1)otly ; it, lint1 iiicrcnscil its iiicnilicrsliip nnd Iiiitl incrcnsctl its fiiiids, ntid, tlioiigh !It(! fiintls \VCW not liirgc, the iissociii- tioii wns not, i n dcl)t--ii iii:it.tcr upon \vhich ti hotly of its diiiicnsions coiiltl coiigrntiiliitc i tsclf. f:ict of whicli the Associntioii ivns rntlicr ~)r(iitiI \vns tliat liy its wry existcncc, ii nt l Iiy r c w m of tlic forccfiil ~icrsonfilit~y of its Pnst Pwsitlcnt, I lr . 1-1. 1-1. 3lorpni1, it, lint1 I)c:cii iililc

t.o iiitlicnto to the trnda, when it \vns fncctl with the tlircnts of ccllulosc lncqitars niid otlicr t,liings, that. it, IWS

titlie it licgiin to innkc provisions for its iiiiprovciiicnt . I lr . Rlnrgiin’s Icct,urc boforc tlic Royal Soci(!t,jr of ilrts i i i .ID%, : i i i t l t Itc ivorl; Iic lind tloiic 1)cliind !.lie scetics, l i i i t l rcsultcd i n tlic cstn1)lislinicnt. of n v c ~ y osccllrnt ritsciircli ;issocintion.

Tlic worlc of tlic Oil and Coloiir Ohcniist,~’ Associatiou wns done, not so much by iictivc rcscnrch, n s by n1Tording fiicilitics for the iliscnssioii in piiblic of mnttcrs of intcrcst to tlic trntlc. Tltrit wns ti fuiictioii of tlic iitinost; importiwicc, I~cc~i~ isc the Assuciiit ion coiild not get othcr associatkms to do j tist wltnt~ t h y inintctl done and i n

iii:inciicy of coloiirs, the ~)rovision of titng oil, ctc. ,.oI1Ic

, 1 llic Prcsidcnt, rcspiinding, csprcsscd plcnsnrc tliiit.

the wiy t h y wnuted i t done ; t l int WLS the reiison for the Associntion’s existence. Discussing sonic of the problcnls with wliich it wns Scaling, lw rcferrecl first t o tlic question of colour. Thc first thing to do \rns to tlccidc wlint we wnnted to specify whcii we talked of colour, and how we were to gct two people to ngrcc as to whit a colour ~ n s . That \ras R matter upon which there l ind bccii cnornious tlisciission, ;uiS the Associcrtion lind fostcrcd tlint discussion. Snot.Iicr iiinttcr wliicli the i\ssocint.ion had coiicerncd itself with ivns that of tlic pniuting of plnstcr-a ninttcr wliicli Iind IJcen trouble- some t,o dccordtors niid I)uildcrs. Thc tlccorators Iiod csplni~ied their difficultics at joint niccthgs with tlic oil nntl coloitr chcmisls.., and tlir lnttcr, so fnr as

\vcrc rcrnctlics for ccrt.niu of the troohles cspcricnced. Anotlicr prolJlcm wns to decide wlint \vns timiit by ’‘ consistency ” of pnint, and to evolve F O ~ C incniis of incasiiring consistency. An cxccllctit p n p r liy Ih. Jolly 11nd hccn piiblislird in tlic Association’s Journal

to rcfcr to oil and coloiir chemist6 ’’ and pliysiciststt bcc:iiisc ni i ciiorinoiu proportioil of tlic work piiblislicd i n the Associution’fi Journiil wns pliysiciil in its basis iiiid its outlook, iind w:is clicmic:tl oiily in 11 sccondnry tlcgrcc. lt’lic iiidiistq wiis to n large extent pliysicnl, iiiid though clicmintry was iinportntit also, it. was iiut quite so nll-importnut ns sonic of tlic cliciiiists liatl tlioitglit, twenty ycnrs ngo. Wiiinlty, t.he i’rcsitlcnt rcmindcd the mcinbcrs of tlic scvcrc loss suffered lip thc indust,ry and t,lic Associ:itioii during the yenr Ly the dcnth of Or. Jlollwo I’crltiii (a I’iist Prcsidcnt) nud Rlr. J. 13. Slinw (lotc Clinirinnri of tlic 1\Innclicster Section).

N r . A. A. I)riininiond, Bl.Sc;., proposing the hcnltli of tlic guests, snit1 that the nrr:iy of tlistiiigiiislietl people prcseiit was ii soitrcc of grc:it: cncourngctncnt to tlic Associutioli, ;is one of tlic yoiiiiger t wliiiicnl socict,ics. I-Ie pnid n spcciiil tribute to 1h. Clnytoii, Prof. Tliorpc, Jlr. J . Artliiir l ~ c ~ i v c l l , N r . C:ilcs? hlr. George Stiibbs, Nr. 1-1. J. Joucs, N r . Tiziird, :iud 31r. l’ilchcr, iiud regretted tl int 3lr. S. I<. ‘l!liornlcy (t.lic l’rcdcnt of t h Research Association of British h i n t , Colour and Ynrnish Nnnufactiircrs) and Blr. T. Wilson (I)cput,y Rccpcr of Wcstiniiistcr I I t i l l ) were prc\rcntcd liy illiicss froni attencling.

I’rof. ‘J’liurpc, rcspondiiig to tlic toast, congri~tiiltitcd, oii his own 11cl1nlf nnd on tlint of tlic Society lie rcprc- sciitecl, tJic Associntioii on tlic grciit progress i t Iind mnde in thc rcseiirch it Iind fostcrcd. TItcrc was 110 doiibt tltiit in tltcsc days, when vcry grciit, ndvanccs ivcrc Lcilig intide, nnil ivhcn new iiictJiods rind ncw procvws were coining forward, thosc iicw nicthods mid iicw processes must bc coiisitIcrcd in cvcry iislicct by t.Iic clienticiil iiidiist.ry. .It. h:id recently Iiccii his privilcgc to \+it the works tit, I-5llinglinin, wlicrc we linrl siiccccrlcd in out- st,rippiiis tIic Gerninns, t ind I ind iiistitiitctl clicinicnl ~ O O C S S C S which cnsurctl t Iic ~~rcdoiitiii~iiicc of the clicniicnl iiidristry of this country over thnt of thc WIIOIC world ; of t.Iint he wns finlily coiivinccd. Auyoiic who visited t liosc wontlertul worlts and snw \\.lint liad been donc? in t h lnst tcu yctirs t o cstnblisll the liibrogcii fixntioii industry in this coont,ry would IN! tittcrly i l l l l l l Z C d , 11s IlC \VIiS.

they COllld, Ilild suggcstcd what t h y l1nd tl1ought

011 coil&eIicy, n~id \vliiit i t incant i t i ptints. OW u~iglit