calcium channel blockers in hypertension
TRANSCRIPT
CCBs in Hypertension: it is time to look beyond BP reduction
Preamble
• Amlodipine is a very safe and effective drug for management of Hypertension• There are some minor shortcomings with
amlodipine, like pedal edema seen in some patients• So, newer CCBs which can overcome this
shortcomings are always a good option for management of Hypertension
Generations of CCBs and Cilnidipine
Generation DrugsPlasma NE
levelHeart rate
Charact-eristics
Ca 2+ channel blocked
1st generation Nifedipine Increased Increased
Rapid sympathetic
activation
L-type2nd generation
NicardipineBenitidine Increased Increased
Slow acting on L-type Ca2+ channels
3rd generation
AmlodipineAzelnidipine Increased Increased
Slow acting on L-type of Ca2+
channels
4th generation Cilnidipine No change or
decreasedNo change or
Decreased
L- type and N-type Ca2+ channel
L-type andN-type
Conventional CCB’s fails here…
• Reflex tachycardia• More incidence of Pedal Edema• Elevated Proteinuria level
Looking beyond the conventional CCB
Cilnidipine• Cilnidipine is a fourth Gen. dihydropyridine (DHP) type of CCB
originally developed in Japan.• Unlike other calcium channel antagonists, cilnidipine blocks
the influx of Ca2+ ions into both• vascular smooth muscle at the level of L-type Ca channels and • neuronal cells at the level of N-type Ca channels.
• The blockade of N-type Ca 2+ channels affects predominantly peripheral nerve endings of sympathetic neurons• So cilnidipine reduces sympathetic over activity in addition to
reducing vascular resistance (though L type Ca2+ Channel blockage)
Tachycardia ↑ Oxidative stress
↑ Cardiac O2 consumption
Platelet activation
Activation of RAS
Constriction of post-
glomerular vessels
Effort angina perctoris
Chronic heart failure
Myocardial infarction
Cerebral infarction
Chronic renal
failure
Glomerular HT
Sympathetic OveractivityActivation of N-type Ca++ Channels
Arterial thrombosis
Xs glutamate
release
Effort angina
perctoris
Chronic heart failure
Myocardial
infarctionCerebral infarction
Ca2+
NE
Pure L-type Ca2+
channel blockers like nifedipine, amlodipine
Ca2+
Vessels Vessels Heart Kidney
α1 adrenoceptors β1 adrenoceptorsα1 & β1
adrenoceptors
•VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction •↑ Cardiac contraction•↑ Heart rate
• ↓ Renal blood flow• Renin secretion
L-type Ca2+ channels
N-type Ca2+ channelsCilnidipine
Norepinephrine
Cilnidipine: Pharmacology
Superior N-Type blockade by CCBs
Uneyama H 1999 ; Kitahara 2004
Cilnidipine had the highest selectivity for N-type channels
Ratio of IC50 (L-type & N-type Ca++ channels)
• With Cilnidipine the IC50 ratio is 21
• This is about 50 times more than that of Amlodipine (ratio: 0.43)
21
0.43 0.082 0.34
AMLODIPINE
CILNIDIPINE
NIMODIPINE
NISOLDIPINE
NICARDIPINE
IC50 (L/N) ratio0
5
10
15
20
25
0.01
• In clinical trials, BP lowering efficacy of cilnidipine is equivalent to Amlodipine • Cilnidipine has shown following benefits beyond
BP reductions over amlodipine and other CCBs• Reduction in proteinuria• Less pedal edema
Shifting from other CCBs to Cilnidipine: Blood and urine catecholamines
33 DM + HT patients who were on other CCBs (26 on Amlodipine) were shifted to cilnidipine for 3 months
Cilnidipine reduced blood and urine levels of catecholamines, suggesting suppression of
sympathetic activity
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;106(3):504-10
Shifting from other CCBs to Cilnidipine: Renal markers
Cilnidipine reduced urinary FABP and ACR, suggesting nephroprotective effects
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;106(3):504-10
Cilnidipine in BP Reduction
• 339 subjects were randomly allocated to the cilnidipine group or amlodipine groupThe final dose was • 11.57±5.6 mg /day in
cilnidipine group • 5.37±2.4 mg /day in
amlodipine group
Fujita T et al. Kidney International. 2007; 72: 1543–1549
• Cilnidipine, administered once daily effectively Reduces BP and provides 24 hour BP control
• At once daily dosing, the BP lowering effect is same as that of amlodipine
Changes in systolic and diastolic BP during12 month treatment period
Effect on Pulse Rate Cilnidipine Vs Amlodipine)
Hoshide S, et al. Hypertens Res 2005;28: 1003–1008
In 110 hypertensive patients,
Patients on cilnidipine have lower pulse rate Vs amlodipine
Cilnidipine in the Control of Early Morning BP surge
Kitahara Y, et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43(1):68-73
Cilnidipine administered once daily is an efficient antihypertensive drug regardless of the time of dosing, without reflex tachycardia and increase in sympathetic nervous activity, and with partial inhibition of the morning activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Effect of Cilnidipine on BP and Heart Rate: ACHIEVE ONE trial
• An open label post-marketing study• Total 2319 patients treated with cilnidipine for 12 weeks.• The effects of cilnidipine on morning hypertension were
examined. • Patients were divided in groups as per their morning
systolic BP (MSBP) and morning pulse rate (MPR)• MSBP : analysed in 4 quartiles• MPR : analysed in 3 quartiles
• Changes in mean systolic blood pressure (MSBP) and mean pulse rate (MPR) in relation to baseline
• a) MSBP quartiles• (b) Changes in MSBP from baseline to after 12 weeks of treatment• (c) Changes in MPR from baseline to after 12 weeks of treatment
• (d) Comparison of MPR between baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment• (e) MPR: <70 beats per minute (bpm) Changes in MPR from baseline to after 12 weeks
of treatment• (f) Changes in MSBP from baseline to after 12 weeks of treatment
Conclusion: Cilnidipine significantly reduced BP and PR in hypertensive patients at the clinic and at home, especially with higher sympathetic hyperactive morning BP and PR .
Cilnidipine Vs Amlodipine : An Indian study ESC 2014
• A prospective randomized study in Amritsar, Punjab• 120 HT patients were divided in 2 groups of 60 each• Treated with – 10 mg Cilnidipine or 5 mg Amlodipine • Change in SBP were compared in both the groups • Follow up: 3 months
European Heart Journal ( 2014 ) 35 ( Abstract Supplement ), 66
Fall in SBP (mm Hg)
0 5 10 15 20 25
1422
CilnidipineAmlodipine
Conclusion: Cilnidipine offers greater reduction of BP and preventing of ankle edema in HT patients
• Ankle edema with amlodipine (6) Vs cilnidipine (0)
RAAS overactivationAng II increasesAT1 receptorNaCl retentionWater RetentionDecreases renal blood flowVasoconstriction
Kidney
PODOCYTE INJURY
Destruction of the podocytes can lead to massive proteinuria where large amounts of protein are lost from the blood.
GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS
Podocyte injury
Podocyte stress
Podocyte apoptosis
Podocin, Nephrin
Protein lossProteinuria
ESRD
Podocyte Damage
CILNIDIPINE
Reduces Ca++ overloadReduces excess NE release
Reduces overactivation of RAASReduces excess Renin release
Reduces AngII levelVasodilationReduces oxidative stress by reducing superoxide production (produced by AngII)
Reduces the Podocyte Loss
Reduces Podocin, nephrin
excretion Prevents
Proteinuria
N-type Ca++ channels on podocytes
Cilnidipine & Podocyte
Cilnidipine & Podocyte
Renoprotection by Cilnidipine: A hypothesis
• L-type calcium channels are present primarily on afferent arterioles• the inhibition of these channels causes dilation
of only afferent arterioles • resulting in an elevation of glomerular pressure.
Effer
ent a
rterio
les
Afferen
t arte
rioles
• On the other hand, N-type calcium channels, which are located in sympathetic nerve endings, control both afferent and efferent arterioles,– resulting in well-balanced dilation of both
arterioles. • Furthermore, secretion of renin from
periglomerular cells can be reduced as a result of sympathetic suppression
Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole dilated
Efferent arterioleconstricted
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole dilated
Efferent arterioledilated
Glomerulus
Conventional L-type CCBs on afferent and efferent arterioles
Cilnidipine on afferent and efferent arterioles
Increased Glomerular pressure
Balanced VasodilationNo increase in glomerular
pressure
Cilnidipine: In Reno-protection: A hypothesis
CLEARED– Cilnidipine Reno protective benefits in DM
• Multicenter, Cross over open label trial • T2DM Patients treated continuously with a CCB for > 6 months;• Patients with normo to micro albuminuria with a urinary albumin
excretion (urinary albumin/Cr ratio, UAE) of less than 300 mg/gCr
CLEARED– Cilnidipine Reno protective benefits in DM
baseline L type CCB cilnidipine (6 months)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
25.6
38.9
23.2
Urine Albumin excretion (UAE) (mg/gCr)
P value : 0.0002 P value : 0.0027
Cilnidipine therapy may lower proteinuria in DM patients compared to amlodipine
Cilnidipine Vs other CCBs in Hypertension and proteinuria
• 28 proteinuric hypertensive patients (13 men and 15 women, aged 62) who had been maintained on CCBs > 3 months were randomly assigned to a group receiving amlodipine besilate (14 patients) or a group receiving cilnidipine (14 patients).• Concentrations of urine protein, urine albumin, serum
and urine creatinine (Cr), and serum alpha 2-microglobulin were determined at 6 and 12 months
Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 379–385
Cilnidipine Vs other CCBs in Hypertension and proteinuria
Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 379–385
Cilnidipine group has lower proteinuria than amlodipine group
CARTER TRIAL: RAS-I + Cilnidipine in HT + CKD
In an open label study, 339 HT + CKD patients, (on RAAS blockers), were randomly assigned to cilnidipine or amlodipine. Primary endpoint: decrease in urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Follow up: 1-year
Kidney International (2007) 72, 1543–1549
CARTER TRIAL
Kidney International (2007) 72, 1543–1549
Both Amlodipine and Cilnidipine were equally effective for BP reduction
CARTER TRIAL
Cilnidipine (added to ARB), can reduce proteinuria in HT + CKD patients
Kidney International (2007) 72, 1543–1549
Cilnidipine Vs Amlodipine (with RAS – I) in DM + HT
A multicenter, randomized, active-controlled study in Korea
Total of 74 DM + HT patients Randomized to
Cilnidipine 10mg + RAS Blocker (n = 37) or Amlodipine 5mg + RAS Blocker (n = 37).
Patients were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment
UACR (Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio) was measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks
34
EASD Conferenc
e Sept 2014
Cilnidipine Vs Amlodipine (with RAS – I) in DM + HT
In cilnidipine group, UACR was significantly reduced after 12 weeks (-53.0 mg/g, p<0.01) and 24 weeks (-57.3 mg/g, p<0.01).
However, amlodipine did not show any decrease in UACR at 12 weeks or 24 weeks treatment.
35
EASD Conferenc
e Sept 2014
CCB induced pedal edema : Mechanism
Amlodipine dilates only arterioles (and not the venules)
Increased capillary pressure and capillary permeability
Expulsion of fluid into the surrounding tissue
Pedal edema
Dilates Arterioles Does not dilate venules
Cilnidipine in pedal edema
“Cilnidipine effectively controls BP without causing significant Leg edema”
The JASH and NAJMs states….
Indian Study on Safety and Tolerability to Cilnidipine
• A prospective open label study on 27 HT patients with amlodipine-induced edema• Amlodipine was substituted with cilnidipine. • Ankle edema, bilateral ankle circumference,
body weight, BP, and pulse rate measured at onset of study and after 4 weeks of cilnidipine therapy.
N Am J Med Sci. 2013 January; 5(1): 47–50.
Indian Study on Safety and Tolerability to Cilnidipine
• At completion of the study, edema had resolved in all the patients. • There was a significant decrease in bilateral ankle
circumference and body weight (P < 0.001). • There was no significant change in mean arterial
blood pressure and pulse rate.
N Am J Med Sci. 2013 January; 5(1): 47–50.
• An open label study on 56 HT patients with Amlodipine-induced oedema in BHU. • Amlodipine substituted with Cilnidipine• Ankle oedema and bilateral ankle circumference,
body weight, BP were taken at baseline & 4 weeks.• Mean duration of Amlodipine therapy : 12 months
Cilnidipine For Amlodipine-induced Oedema: APICON Feb 2015
DP Singh, Kundan Sinha, AK Srivastava, SS Singh Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi http://www.japi.org/february_2015/015_hypertension_oral.html
Results• At study completion, oedema had resolved in ALL patients. • There was a significant decreases in bilateral ankle circumference
and body weight (P<0.001).• No significant change in mean arterial BP and pulse rate.
Conclusion• Cilnidipine caused complete resolution of Amlodipine induced
oedema in all cases without worsening of HT or tachycardia. • It is an acceptable alternative for Amlodipine induced oedema.
Cilnidipine For Amlodipine-induced Oedema: APICON Feb 2015
DP Singh, Kundan Sinha, AK Srivastava, SS Singh Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi http://www.japi.org/february_2015/015_hypertension_oral.html
Effect of Cilnidipine Vs Amlodipine on cardiac function and uric acid: 2016 study
HEART AND VESSELS · JANUARY 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0796-zLAVI: left atrial volume index
62 HT patients randomised to cilnidipine or amlodipine for 48 weeks
Cilnidipine reduced serum uric acid and improved LV diastolic function better than
amlodipine
Cilnidipine vs Other CCBs^ With RAS-I: Effect on LVMI in HT+ CKD patients
LVMI:left ventricular mass index * p < 0.05 versus baseline; † p < 0.05 versus control group. Values are means ± SD.^: Other CCBs: amlodipine (n = 17), nifedipine (n = 3), azelnidipine (n = 2), benidipine (n = 1) and Manidipine (n=1)
45 CKD patients were treated with cilnidipine (n=21) or other CCBs for 24 weeks
Reversal of LVH is better with cilnidipine than other CCBs (including amlodipine) in HT + CKD patients
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 16866-16881
Take Home message
• The newer CCB, cilnidipine inhibits both L & N type channels rather than only L channel like traditional CCBs
• Cilnidipine is as effective as traditional CCBs for BP reduction in HT
• Cilnidipine had following advantages over traditional CCBs beyond BP reduction• Reduction in proteinuria• Lesser risk of pedal edema• Possibly better improvement in cardiac function and uric acid
levels