Name: __________________ Quiz: Horticulture Skills Standards

Instructions:  

This quiz is available to access online from 1/4/2006 to 2/3/2006.  After 2/3/2006, you will no longer be able to submit this quiz over the internet.

You are only allowed to submit this quiz times before it is disabled from online submission.  Upon being disabled, each quiz will remain available for you to print out, however, you will no longer be able to submit the quiz for scoring.

Upon completing the entire quiz, your score will be automatically calculated and displayed for your convenience.

Upon completing the entire quiz, you will be prompted to view all incorrect answers.  It is suggested you review any mistakes before exiting this quiz.

Multiple Choice:

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Plants release _________________ during photosynthesis, but they consume it during respiration.

a. carbon dioxideb. oxygenc. carbon monoxided. nitrogen

Answer #1 b

2) The male part of the flower is called the ________________.

a. stamen b. anther c. pistil d. style

Answer #2 a

3) Who is the person responsible for the care of the interior plantscapes after their installation?

a. architect b. construction engineer c. grower d. plant maintenance technician

Answer #3 d

4) What is a woody plant, usually single-stemmed, and at least 12 feet in height?

a. a tree b. a shrub c. a ground cover d. all the above

Answer #4 a

5) Bedding plants respond well to _________________________.

a. fertilizers every two weeks b. constant liquid feeding c. high fertilization just before sale d. no fertilizers for the first 6 weeks

Answer #5 b

6) What is the spray or aerosol product, which is applied to the leaves of a plant to reduce transpiration?

a. pesticide b. antitranspirant c. antiperspirant d. milky surfactant

Answer #6 b

7) Plant growth regulators __________________________________________.

a. are all man-made b. regulate plant growth c. promote only root and shoot growth d. are synthetic

Answer #7 b

8) What are naphthaleneacetic adic (NAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA)?

a. ethyleneb. cytokininsc. tropisms

d. synthetic growth regulatorsAnswer #8 d

9) What is a pest control technique that includes proper maintenance programs, sanitation, and resistant varieties?

a. biological pest control b. cultural pest control c. chemical pest control d. genetic pest control

Answer #9 b

10) What is an advantage provided by mulches?

a. promotes water loss b. inhibits weed growth c. helps soil temperature to go up and down d. repels pests

Answer #10 c

11) What are the records that keep track of where the money goes and comes from and are usually referred to as invoices?

a. inventory of stock b. sales, shipping, and delivery receipts c. local, federal and state business forms d. pesticide records

Answer #11 b

12) What are some factors that improve a plant's ability to tolerate drought?

a. waxy leaf surfaces and hairy leavesb. excessive water around the rootsc. reduced oxygen levels

d. undeveloped root systemAnswer #12 a

13) How are most fruit trees propagated?

a. cuttings b. seeding c. grafting d. tissue culture

Answer #13 c

14) A soilless growing media is ________________________.

a. used only for hydroponics b. a growing media that has no soil c. more likely to have worms, bacteria, and nematodes than a soil mix d. rarely used today

Answer #14 b

15) What is an advantage to using computer spreadsheets for a landscape maintenance business?

a. Savings in time required to calculate costs. b. Training may be required to operate software. c. Initial investment in new equipment and software may be substantial. d. Continued investment required to keep up to date.

Answer #15 a

16) Poinsettias are typically propagated by ___________________________.

a. cuttings 3 to 4 inches in length, usually in late July b. seed c. hardwood cuttings 6-8 inches in length, taken in October d. leaf cuttings

Answer #16 a

17) What is a document that must be filed with the county to register the business name and prevent another business from using that name in the county?

a. a demographic study b. a retail license c. a resale license d. a fictitious name statement

Answer #17 d

18) Which of the following is not a primary macronutrient?

a. nitrogenb. calciumc. phosphorusd. potassium

Answer #18 b

19) Elements that are needed in the largest amounts by plants are called ________________.

a. micronutrients b. macronutrients c. trace elements d. deficient nutrients

Answer #19 b

20) Most flowers reach market from the time they are harvested in ___________ days?

a. 0-1 b. 2-4 c. 4-8 d. 8-12

Answer #20 b

21) The _________ is a little plant that grows and develops into the mature plant.

a. fruitb. endospermc. embryo

d. seed coatAnswer #21 c

22) Greenhouse producers specializing in hanging baskets and patio pots may expect ___________ profits per item than the wholesaler selling flats of bedding plants.

a. equalb. lowerc. greater

d. none of the aboveAnswer #22 c

23) What are the aspects of air that can have a harmful effect on plants?

a. photosynthesis and respiration b. lack of air exchange due to saturated soil, high humidity, particulates in the air,

smog, acid rain

c. fungi and bacteria

d. carbon dioxideAnswer #23 b

24) There are twelve basic textural classes that can be determined after a soil test using a _______________________.

a. textural square b. ribbon test c. textural triangle d. texture test

Answer #24 c

25) ___________ turfgrass grows best in temperatures of 50–75°F.

a. shortb. cool-seasonc. short-seasond. warm-season

Answer #25 b

26) Which tree ordinance deals primarily with the planting and removal of trees within public rights-of-way?

a. street tree ordinancesb. tree protection ordinancesc. view ordinancesd. disease ordinances

Answer #26 a

27) The _________ is the largest user of the nation's fresh water.

a. environmentb. agriculture industryc. wildlife population

d. threatened speciesAnswer #27 b

28) Also known as geotropism, what is a plant response to gravity?

a. phototropismb. gravitropismc. thigmotropism

d. etiolationAnswer #28 b

29) What is an effect of water deficiency?

a. stunted mature plantsb. efficient use of irrigationc. reduced dust in the field

d. increased crop yieldsAnswer #29 a

30) There are 16 plant _________ that are necessary for normal growth and production.

a. fertilizersb. fillersc. roots

d. nutrientsAnswer #30 d

31) The use of one color and all its light and dark variations in an arrangement is an example of which of the following?

a. monochromatic color scheme b. analogous color scheme c. polychromatic color scheme d. monotonous color scheme

Answer #31 a

32) What is a plant's ability to tolerate cold temperatures?

a. thermoperiodb. hardinessc. stratification

d. vernalization

Answer #32 b

33) Which is usually the predominant nutrient in organic fertilizers?

a. phosphorusb. potassiumc. nitrogen

d. bone mealAnswer #33 c

34) When plants or soil are lacking one or more nutrients, ________ can be added to increase available nutrients.

a. fertilizers b. fillers c. oxygen

d. soilAnswer #34 a

35) Changes that affect the chemical makeup of rock and help to break it down is referred to as chemical _________.

a. climateb. outwashc. weathering

d. oxidationAnswer #35 c

36) What are some major pest problems with chrysanthemums?

a. ants, lacewings, praying mantis, and spider mitesb. aphids, whiteflies, leaf miners, and spider mites c. spiders, scorpions, aphids, and whiteflies d. ladybugs, bees, leaf miners, and aphids

Answer #36 b

37) What is the resulting offspring of parents that are genetically different?

a. chromosomesb. hybridc. haploid

d. zygoteAnswer #37 b

38) ________ is the common practice to keep equipment in good working condition.

a. General maintenanceb. Daily repairc. Hourly upkeep

d. Preventative maintenanceAnswer #38 d

39) Which are growth hormones used with tissue culture techniques?

a. callusb. sterile agar mediumc. cytokinins and auxins

d. explants and plantletsAnswer #39 c

40) What do growers depend on to determine the lime and fertilizer needs for crops?

a. luxury consumptionb. nutrientsc. tissue testing

d. soil testingAnswer #40 d

41) A plant’s ability to withstand cold temperature is called __________________.

a. heat tolerance b. toughness c. adaptive d. hardiness

Answer #41 d

42) Which statement describes a conservation practice that helps protect the environment?

a. Proper selection and use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers can reduce non-point water pollution.

b. More tillage to get rid of all weeds. c. Pesticide applications are increased with biotechnology.

d. Genetic pollution will develop resistance to toxins in plants.Answer #42 a

43) Which of the following pH ranges do most landscape plants perform best?

a. 3.0 – 4.5 b. 5.6 – 7.0 c. 6.8 – 9.2 d. above 10

Answer #43 b

44) What are floral materials that last for a significantly longer time than fresh materials called?

a. permanent materials b. greens c. everlasting plant materials d. plastic

Answer #44 c

45) What is considered to be a fair profit?

a. 2 percent b. 20 percent c. 100 percent d. 200 percent

Answer #45 b

46) The tissue in the stem that conducts water and minerals throughout the plant is called the ____________________.

a. xylem b. phloem c. capillary d. cambium

Answer #46 a

47) Reproductive cells of plants have a single set of chromosomes and are said to be _____________________.

a. diploid b. polyploid c. tetraploid d. haploid

Answer #47 d

48) How are those flowers that have distinctive shapes like lilies or tropicalflowers classified?

a. line flowers b. form flowers c. mass flowers d. filler flowers

Answer #48 b

49) What is the continued effort to preserve the existing landscape?

a. landscape design b. landscape construction c. landscape maintenance d. landscape contracting

Answer #49 c

50) Bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons and tubers are referred to as _____________________.

a. specialized stems b. roots c. food storage bins d. propagation material

Answer #50 a

51) _________ have all three of the primary elements but not necessarily all 13 mineral nutrients are included.

a. Single-grade fertilizersb. Mixed fertilizers

c. Complete fertilizers

d. Bulk blendingAnswer #51 c

52) Profitable production of mums depends on the control of production costs and maximization of sales opportunities. Direct costs usually approach _________ per plant.

a. $1b. $10c. $15

d. $30Answer #52 a

53) What is the amount of goods and services a business offers for sale at any given time?

a. budget b. sales forecast c. supply d. financial statement

Answer #53 c

54) What is the CEC?

a. The measure of acidity or alkalinity of the soil.b. The total number of exchangeable cations a soil can hold.c. A substance that releases hydrogen ions.

d. An element with an electrical charge.Answer #54 b

55) What is the term for the use of non-living materials in a landscape, such as, patios, fences, and pools?

a. patioscape b. featurescape c. hardscape d. stonescape

Answer #55 c

56) Who would be responsible for the total greenhouse operation?

a. greenhouse manager b. production manager c. propagator d. grower

Answer #56 a

57) Which type of turfgrass grows best in temperatures of 60–75°F and may become dormant if allowed to dry out during the summer?

a. warm-season turfgrass b. ornamental grass c. cool-season turfgrass d. transition zone turfgrass

Answer #57 c

58) Metal ___________ rakes have short rigid teeth and are used for heavy duty raking, leveling, and grading.

a. gardenb. gradingc. leafd. thatch

Answer #58 a

59) Strawberries must produce at least 5,000 quarts per acre to break even. Successful producers regularly produce 9,000 to 15,000 quarts per acre, thus making strawberries highly profitable.

a. 1000 quartsb. 5000 quartsc. 15,000 quartsd. 20,000 quarts

Answer #59 b

60) Most tree roots are found ________________________________________.

a. below the top two feet of soil b. extending deep into the ground

c. in the top two feet of soil and extend one and a half times the width of the tree d. in the top 4 inches of soil

Answer #60 c

61) Federal regulations require all commercial applicators to furnish a copy of either the state or federally required records to the customer within ________ of the application.

a. 14 daysb. 30 daysc. 2 years

d. 1 yearAnswer #61 b

62) What is sterile agar medium?

a. A gel that contains water, sugars, nutrients, and hormones to support and promote plant growth

b. The method of asexual propagation that involves the growing of small pieces of plant tissue

c. Small pieces of plant material used in tissue culture

d. Plant hormone responsible for cell division and differentiationAnswer #62 a

63) Nursery plants not grown in containers, may lose up to _________ percent of their feeder roots in the transplanting process.

a. 5 b. 25 c. 50 d. 95

Answer #63 c

64) What is an undesirable trait of a nursery worker?

a. Likes plants and working with plants. b. Willingness to work hard. c. Enjoys working outdoors. d. Enjoys working with computers.

Answer #64 d

65) What is a cutting tool with short, serrated edges designed for cutting thickor woody stems and flowers that have been wired?

a. scissors b. florist shears c. pruning shears d. knife

Answer #65 b

66) Creating goods and offering services to meet the needs or demands of consumers is known as __________________________________.

a. consumer b. entrepreneurship c. entrepreneur d. risk

Answer #66 b

67) An 18-46-0 fertilizer contains what percent nitrogen?a. 0b. 18c. 46d. 64

Answer #67 b

68) Which are factors influencing fertilizer selection?

a. materials must be the same particle size and be chemically compatibleb. crop to be fed, time of year, application method, costc. form of the fertilizer

d. nitrates and ammonium nitrogenAnswer #68 b

69) Writing on the landscape plan should be ________________________.

a. in lower case b. in red c. simple, neat, and easy to read d. minimal

Answer #69 c

70) How are strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries harvested?

a. by hand b. by mechanical picker c. by mechanical shakers d. high velocity spray

Answer #70 a

71) A turfgrass _________________ consists of more than two different species of seeds such as Tall Fescue and Kentucky Bluegrass.

a. seed mixtureb. seed sortc. seed blendd. none of the above

Answer #71 a

72) The organelle in a plant cell in which cellular respiration occurs is called a _________________.

a. chloroplast b. chlorophyll c. mitochondria d. nucleus

Answer #72 c

73) What is a business’ written statement of future financial plans, which includes the forecasted income, expenses, and estimated profits of a business?

a. budget b. sales forecast c. supply d. financial statement

Answer #73 a

74) How are perennials propagated?

a. sexually

b. asexually c. reproductively d. sexually and asexually

Answer #74 d

75) The covering of a greenhouse is referred to as ____________________.

a. poly b. polyethylene c. glass d. glazing

Answer #75 d

76) What is the most commonly used water culture system in commercial operations?

a. aeroponics b. nutrient film technique c. aeronautics d. aggregate culture

Answer #76 b

77) What is a strong upright, which supports a fence?

a. post b. bay c. infill d. gate

Answer #77 a

78) When a plant loses all its leaves in the fall it is said to be _______________.

a. evergreen b. coniferous c. deciduous d. dying

Answer #78 c

79) Which of the following is not a secondary macronutrient?

a. calciumb. magnesium

c. potassiumd. sulfur

Answer #79 c

80) What is a truck used for hauling material that can be hydraulically dumped?

a. dump truck b. front-end loader c. bulldozer d. grader

Answer #80 a

81) Which of the following is a commonly used component of a soilless growing media?

a. peat moss b. silt c. clay d. sand

Answer #81 a

82) What is an exhibit of merchandise?

a. prop b. sign c. display d. advertisement

Answer #82 c

83) Herbs and vegetables may be sold fresh, dried, or as live plants to what customers?

a. upscale restaurantsb. caterersc. large grocery chains

d. all of the aboveAnswer #83 d

84) Weeds can destroy the appearance of the landscape and ___________________.

a. kill trees and shrubs b. rob water and necessary nutrients from landscape plants

c. produce edible fruits d. reduce the amount of mowing

Answer #84 b

85) As a rule, turfgrass should receive _____________________________.

a. about an inch of water a week. b. about 3 inches of water a week c. light, daily waterings d. heavy waterings daily

Answer #85 a

86) What is a technique used in defoliation?

a. herbicide sprays b. mechanical beaters c. icing of leaves d. helium gas

Answer #86 b

87) What is an enclosure consisting of posts and rails and usually made of wood, plastic, or metal?

a. screen b. fence c. wall d. privacy

Answer #87 b

88) There are ____________ primary types of soil structures.

a. two b. four c. six d. eight

Answer #88 d

89) What is the term for vegetables that need to be planted on or after the frost-free date?

a. cool-season b. warm-season c. day neutral

d. long-dayAnswer #89 b

90) The area of horticulture associated with cut flowers, potted plants, and annualbedding plants is _______________________.

a. Landscaping b. Floriculture c. Viticulture d. Botany

Answer #90 b

91) As many as 85% of a pick-your-own strawberry operation’s customers will live within a _____ mile radius of the farm.

a. 1b. 1000c. 100d. 10

Answer #91 d

92) What is the amount of money received after deducting all project costs?

a. overhead cost b. profit c. contingency cost d. job cost

Answer #92 b

93) When do plants show optimum growth?

a. When night temperatures are warmer than day temperaturesb. During hot summer days and nightsc. When night temperatures are 10 to 15 degrees cooler than day temperatures

d. When high temperatures can speed the rate of respirationAnswer #93 c

94) What did the 1990 Farm Bill require?

a. Pesticide regulations for commercial applicators

b. Good business management for pesticide users.c. Pesticide dealers must record each RUP sale for two years.

d. All private applicators must maintain records of restricted-use pesticide applications.

Answer #94 d

95) What is tissue culture?

a. propagating plants sexuallyb. practice of growing plant cells on artificial mediac. foliage plants, pot plants and cut flowers

d. small pieces of plant tissueAnswer #95 b

96) If, when troubleshooting an engine that is not running, and determining the presence of a strong spark, which of the following situations may be occuring?

a. The engine is out of time due to a sheared or partially sheared flywheel key. b. The key is not turned on. c. The battery is dead.

d. The flywheel is rusty.Answer #96 a

97) Which describes soil organic matter?

a. Plant, animal, and microbial residues in various stages of decayb. Depth of soil material favorable for plant root penetrationc. Many groups of organisms that live in the soil

d. Nitrogen balance that is vital in soil fertility and crop productionAnswer #97 a

98) What physical features are used to differentiate between soils?

a. darkness and lightness of the soil colorb. bright, dull and mottle-colored subsoilc. parent material, age and slope

d. texture, structure, depth and colorAnswer d

#98

99) How are growing degree days (GDD) used in crop production?

a. To estimate growth and development of plants based on temperature requirements b. To increase photosynthesis and respiration c. To identify plant heat-zones

d. To predict temperatures and climateAnswer #99 a

100) The lubrication system __________________________________________.

a. keeps the engine clean b. should consist of 50 percent anti-freeze and 50 percent water c. helps carry away heat and reduces friction, which creates heat d. muffles noise but also helps carry heat away from the engine

Answer #100 c

101) In cross-pollination what occurs?

a. Pollen is used on the same plant. b. Pollen attracts birds, bats and insects. c. Germination occurs.

d. Pollen from a plant pollinates a flower on a different plant.Answer #101 d

102) The amount of agricultural limestone needed to establish the desired pH range for the cropping system being used is known as the __________ requirement.

a. acidb. alkalinec. pH

d. limeAnswer #102 d

103) Pesticides are classified according to __________, which refers to the degree of poison in a material.

a. general-use pesticidesb. restricted-use pesticidesc. pesticide licenses

d. toxicityAnswer #103 d

104) Which of the following is a type of water erosion?

a. wind erosion b. glacial erosion c. sheet erosion d. surface creep

Answer #104 c

105) What growth hormone plays a role in keeping seeds dormant, is involved leaf drop in the fall, and prepares buds for winter dormancy?

a. auxin b. cytokinin c. ethylene d. abscisic acid

Answer #105 d

106) _________________________________ are made up of living, biotic, and abiotic, or nonliving things.

a. Atmospheres b. Inorganic materials c. Environments d. Plants

Answer #106 c

107) Healthy roots typically appear ______________.

a. black or brown and smell sour b. white or creamy and smell fresh c. green and smell like compost d. purple and smell like grapes

Answer #107 b

108) Which is an approved method of controlling insects on fruits and vegetables?

a. reducing beneficial insect populations b. growing the same crops in the same space every year c. using resistant or tolerant varieties d. never using pesticides that have an LD50

Answer #108 c

109) What is a popular framework because it is long lasting and considered to be low maintenance?

a. wood b. aluminum and aluminum/steel combination c. galvanized steel d. angle iron

Answer #109 b

110) What are easel designs that are designed as special shapes, such as wreaths, crosses, hearts, pillows or organizational emblems?

a. flat sprays b. set pieces c. casket inset pieces d. sympathy tributes

Answer #110 b

111) The most common outdoor flooring materials include which of the following?

a. pavers, euonymus, and English ivy b. shrubs, perennials, and concrete c. annuals, bedding plants, and wood decks d. lawns, concrete, pavers, and wood decks

Answer #111 d

112) What is a problem associated with the storage of nursery stock?

a. roots that are kept moist b. sprouting of new leaves c. mold or fungal growth d. fruit development

Answer #112 c

113) What is the life cycle of a perennial?

a. one year b. two years c. more than two years d. they never die

Answer #113 c

114) What is the term used for the external presence of insects or mites?

a. infestation b. infection c. crawlers d. illness

Answer #114 a

115) What is the process by which a plant turns light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugar?

a. cellular respiration b. fertilization c. photosynthesis d. pollination

Answer #115 b

116) What is a practice used to monitor the progress of an Easter lily crop?

a. scale counting b. day counting c. night counting d. leaf counting

Answer #116 d

117) Which watering system is commonly used in the propagation phase of production because it reduces water stress on cuttings.

a. drip irrigation b. capillary mats c. overhead sprinklers d. intermittent mist systems

Answer #117 d

118) What are the two most popular Easter lily varieties grown today?

a. Nellie White and Ace b. Freedom and Annette Hegg c. Neon and Inermis d. Peace and Calla

Answer #118 a

119) What is the propagation method in which plant roots or the entire plant is cut to make two or more plants from the original plant.

a. layering b. separation c. division d. grafting

Answer #119 c

120) Bending a branch to the ground, wounding it, and covering it with 2-3 inches of soil is an example of which of the following?

a. simple layering b. trench layering c. mound layering d. air layering

Answer #120 a

121) Pollination takes place when _________________.

a. a pollen grain fertilizes the egg b. a pollen grain lands on the stigma c. a sperm cell fuses with the egg d. pollen is released from the anther

Answer #121 b

122) Grafting consists of which two pieces?

a. root and stem b. pollen and egg c. scion and stock or rootstock d. root and bud

Answer #122 c

123) Most photosynthesis takes place in the________________________.

a. cuticle b. epidermis c. palisade mesophyll d. spongy mesophyll

Answer #123 c

124) What is the part of a poinsettia that appears deep red, pink, white, speckled, or yellow?

a. petals b. sepals c. leaves d. bracts

Answer #124 d

125) What is the most common type of boutonniere in the marketplace?

a. two flower b. multi- flower c. single flower d. nestled flower

Answer #125 c

126) What is the term used for plants that provide food for a pest?

a. hosts b. pathogens c. weeds d. accommodating

Answer #126 a

127) What is continued contact with the customer to ensure they are happy with the service they are receiving called?

a. closing b. opening c. probing d. follow-up

Answer #127 d

128) What happens when a plant is thermoperiodic?

a. Changes in daily temperatures influence plant responses.b. Plants are tolerant of frost.c. Plants require warmer temperatures for best growth.

d. Plant seeds have undergone a cold period.Answer #128 a

129) What is lining out?

a. transferring or moving plants from one location to another b. chilling seeds before germination c. the process of transplanting seedlings or cuttings into the field to grow to a

saleable size d. seeing that all trees are planted in a straight row

Answer #129 c

130) A safer, less expensive, and widely adaptable lighting is made possible with __________________.

a. high voltage lighting systems b. medium voltage lighting systems c. low voltage lighting systems d. high voltage fixtures

Answer #130 c

131) What is the amount of money that goes in and out of a business?

a. net worth b. balance sheet c. profit and loss statement d. cash flow

Answer #131 d

132) Which is the best definition for grafting?

a. the process of connecting two plant parts together in such a way that they will unite

and grow as a single plant b. plant parts are simply removed and planted c. plant roots or the entire plant is cut to make two or more plants from the original

plant d. propagation method in which roots form on the stem of the plant while it is still

attached to the parent plantAnswer #132 a

133) What does a plant that has been grafted consist of?

a. the scion and understockb. simple layeringc. softwood cuttings

d. tissue cultureAnswer #133 a

134) What has made the international floral market possible?

a. worldwide peace b. air traffic linking the world c. automated production systems d. low prices

Answer #134 b

135) Which of the following is a guideline for growing foliage plants indoors?

a. Keep the air dry to reduce diseases. b. Drop the temperature at night to below 55 F. c. Always pot plants in a much larger container to avoid circling roots. d. Provide optimum lighting for the plant species.

Answer #135 d

136) What is the design element that refers to the surface quality of the plant material?

a. line b. color c. scale d. texture

Answer #136 d

137) What plants are planted in the spring, bloom throughout the summer, and die with the

coming of the frost?

a. bulbs b. annuals c. woody perennials d. biennials

Answer #137 b

138) A pick machine __________________________.

a. is used to harvest flowers b. is used to harvest fruit for drying c. attaches a metal pick to the stem d. is used for drying flowers

Answer #138 c

139) Upon harvesting, cut flowers are separated into groups based quality, uniformity, and size, a process known as ________________.

a. bunching b. grouping c. picking d. grading

Answer #139 d

140) What are the two common root systems?

a. fibrous and taproot b. aerial and subterranean c. deep and shallow d. primary and secondary

Answer #140 a

141) What is the term used to describe the preparation of flowers and greens for arranging by allowing adequate solution uptake?

a. toughening b. preparing c. conditioning d. packing

Answer #141 c

142) What are two examples of native vegetation?

a. prairie soils and timber soilsb. plants and insectsc. earthworms and squirrels

d. microbes and crawfishAnswer #142 a

143) What is the supplying of water to land through artificial means?

a. sprinkling b. evapotranspiration c. irrigation d. natural rainfall

Answer #143 c

144) Why is it important for landscapers to be able to read a landscape plan?

a. to see how big plants will get b. in order to properly place landscape plants and materials c. to understand where the good views exist d. to determine proper planting depths

Answer #144 b

145) What is a typical service florists provide with weddings?

a. transporting the ceremony flowers to the reception b. selecting appropriate music c. choosing the right champagne to go with the flowers d. all the above

Answer #145 a

146) The Easter lily forcer dips the bulbs prior to planting to control losses to which pest or disease?

a. Rhizochtonia b. Pythium c. bulb aphids d. bulb mites

Answer #146 d

147) Light green or yellowing leaves is a symptom of which deficiency in plants?

a. primary nutrientsb. nitrogenc. phosphorus

d. potassiumAnswer #147 b

148) What is extremely important in order to make decisions about the design of a centerpiece for a particular event?

a. gathering necessary information regarding the event b. determining what flowers are left in the cooler c. wearing nice clothes d. knowing how much floral wire is needed

Answer #148 a

149) Why are polyethylene tubes often attached to the heater units?

a. to help evenly distribute the airflow b. to cool the house c. to raise the temperatures d. to provide some added shade

Answer #149 a

150) ________________________ occurs when the wind lifts medium-sized soil particles into the air.

a. saltation b. sediment c. suspension d. rill erosion

Answer #150 a

151) What are three disease-causing organisms?

a. insects, weeds, bacteria b. bacteria, fungi, viruses c. fungi, viruses, weeds d. weeds, fungi, insects

Answer b

#151

152) Holiday cacti are _________________________.

a. short day plants b. long day plants c. day neutral plants d. medium day plants

Answer #152 a

153) The production and use of plants to beautify the environment is _________________________.

a. Landscape horticulture b. Floriculture c. Olericulture d. Ecology

Answer #153 a

154) Kalanchoes are _________________________.

a. short day plants b. long day plants c. day neutral plants d. medium day plants

Answer #154 a

155) What are the requirements for seed germination?

a. water, oxygen, optimum temperatures, and possibly light or dark conditions b. water, carbon dioxide, optimum temperatures, and possibly light or dark conditions c. soil, oxygen, optimum temperatures, and darkness d. water, fertilizer, carbon dioxide, and optimum temperatures

Answer #155 a

156) What is the term used to describe a plant’s response to daylength?

a. photoperiod b. day-neutral c. short-day d. long-day

Answer #156 a

157) What name is used for a flower garden placed in the center of a yard with the tall plants in the center of the garden and the shorter plants toward the outer edges?

a. island garden b. cut flower garden c. English garden d. border garden

Answer #157 a

158) Tropical plants are preferred for interior plantscapes largely because ___________________.

a. They have lower light requirements. b. They thrive in dry situations. c. They seldom die. d. They are easily moved.

Answer #158 a

159) What is a brief statement that describes the purpose of a business and the customers it serves?

a. business plan b. marketing plan c. management d. mission statement

Answer #159 d

160) A weed can be defined as _____________________.

a. a plant growing out of place b. an ugly plant c. dandelions d. a plant growing in the landscape

Answer #160 a

161) A response in which a plant’s stem bends toward a light source is known as ____________________.

a. thigmotropism b. phototropism c. geotropism

d. gravitropismAnswer #161 b

162) All of the small fruits, except blueberries, grow satisfactorily in a soil pH range of ____________________.

a. 4.2 to 5.2 b. 5.5 to 7.5 c. 7.1 to 8.1 d. 1 to 14

Answer #162 b

163) What is involved in preventative maintenance?

a. using equipment as little as possible b. performing periodic practices to keep equipment in good working order c. engine re-building d. all the above

Answer #163 b

164) What tool has a rotating chain with cutting teeth and is used to cut wood?

a. chain saw b. power hedge shears c. rototiller d. pruning saw

Answer #164 a

165) What is the term used for the arrangement of soil particles into clusters or aggregates of various shapes and sizes?

a. soil structure b. soil texture c. soil color d. soil loam

Answer #165 a

166) What is a form of up lighting that uses small lights to highlight a particular plant, small garden element, or work of art?

a. accent lighting b. spot lighting c. shadow lighting d. mirror lighting

Answer #166 a

167) A ___________________ is an area between two major climatic regions and can have cold winters and hot summers.

a. transition zone b. translucent zonec. transitory zoned. transient zone

Answer #167 a

168) What is a common technique use in naturalistic designs?

a. crossing b. wilding c. grouping d. dividing

Answer #168 c

169) Which of the following is a desired function of growing media?

a. poor drainage b. limited air exchange c. nutrient free d. a firmness that supports a plant’s growth

Answer #169 d

170) What is added to a growing media to improve the quality and growth of plants?

a. soil b. soil filler c. soil amendment d. soil pH

Answer #170 c

171) What is a cubic yard?

a. a linear measurement of 3 feet b. an area measurement 3 feet by 3 feet c. a volume measurement 3 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet d. all the above

Answer #171 c

172) Fifty percent of a typical soil consists of _____________ and _________.

a. dirt, organic matter b. sand, silt c. water, air d. dirt, inorganic matter

Answer #172 c

173) What is the process in which a growing media is heated to 180 degrees F for 30 minutes to kill bacteria, weed seeds, and insects?

a. stratification b. scarification c. sterilization d. pasteurization

Answer #173 d

174) What is tissue culture?

a. the process of connecting two plant parts together in such a way that they will unite and grow as a single plant

b. growing fertilized seeds into mature plants c. dividing plant roots or the entire plant into two or more plants by cutting the original

plant d. growing plant cells or small pieces of plant tissue on an artificial medium

Answer #174 d

175) What is the single most important factor in successful tissue culture?

a. sterile techniques b. high heat c. evenly moist conditions d. the use of cytokinins in the medium

Answer #175 a

176) Grafting is commonly used with __________________________.

a. vegetable plants b. bedding plants c. ornamental shrubs d. fruit trees

Answer #176 c

177) A place, which specializes in starting plants, shrubs, and ornamental trees, which can later be transplanted to landscape areas, is called a _____________.

a. Orchard b. Vineyard c. Nursery d. Farm

Answer #177 c

178) What identifies the amount, source, time of application, and placement of each nutrient needed to produce the crop grown in a given field each year?

a. Fertilizer gradeb. Bulk blendingc. Fertilizer analysis

d. Nutrient management planAnswer #178 d

179) What are the elements needed by plants in smaller amounts, but still essential for growth?

a. micronutrients b. macronutrients c. trace elements d. primary nutrients

Answer #179 a

180) In the first of four stages of tissue culture ________________________.

a. the egg is fertilized by the sperm b. a callus forms c. auxins promote root formation d. plantlets are ready for removal

Answer #180 b

181) The growth and use of plants for their beauty is known as _______________.

a. Olericulture b. Pomology c. Ornamental horticulture d. Viticulture

Answer #181 c

182) What are the functions of the root?

a. use light energy to make food b. anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, store food c. support the leaves and flowers; store food; move water, minerals and sugars

throughout the plant; and produce food d. sexual reproduction of the plant

Answer #182 b

183) Most growers purchase, pot, and grow small-branched azalea plants known as _____________________.

a. seedlings b. whips c. plugs d. liners

Answer #183 d

184) What is a management practice in horticulture help minimize soil erosion?

a. using terraces or a ridge or row of earth mounds placed across a slope b. planting small strips grass to slow the flow of water c. mulching to hold water and reduce the impact of water flow d. all of the above

Answer #184 d

185) The growing of flowering or foliage crops to maturity and sale is known as ___________________.

a. Floral production b. Nursery production c. Aquaculture production d. Mass production

Answer #185 a

186) What is the process of pricing products and services?

a. profit margin pricing b. direct markup pricing c. profit margin d. pricing strategy

Answer #186 d

187) What is a common task performed by a nursery worker?

a. watering and fertilizing b. surveying c. disbudding d. designing

Answer #187 a

188) What is the term used to describe a vertical cross-section of soil?

a. slope b. soil structure c. soil texture d. soil profile

Answer #188 d

189) A _____________ rake has short metal blades. It is used to remove thatch that has built up in a lawn.

a. gardenb. gradingc. leafd. thatch

Answer #189 d

190) What is the function of the flower?

a. use light energy to make food b. anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, store food c. support the leaves and flowers; store food; move water, minerals and sugars

throughout the plant; and produce food d. sexual reproduction of the plant

Answer #190 d

191) Flowers eventually deteriorate and die through a process called _______________________.

a. senescence b. wilting c. transpiration d. respiration

Answer #191 a

192) What is a job title for people responsible for the general upkeep of the landscape?

a. landscape designer b. landscape maintenance technician c. landscape construction crew leader d. landscape renovator

Answer #192 b

193) Which of the following types of stem cuttings is made from stems 3-4 inches long that will not become woody?

a. herbaceous cuttings b. hardwood cuttings c. semi-hardwood cuttings d. softwood cuttings

Answer #193 a

194) What is the name given to the seed dormancy mechanism that requires a seed to undergo cold temperatures before it will germinate?

a. scarification b. stratification c. fertilization d. pollination

Answer #194 b

195) Cuttings taken from new growth in spring or early summer are said to be ___________________.

a. herbaceous cuttings

b. hardwood cuttings c. semi-hardwood cuttings d. softwood cuttings

Answer #195 d

196) An overabundance of nutrients in lakes or streams caused by excessive fertilizer run off is known as ____________________.

a. eutrophication b. the nitrogen cycle c. unavoidable damage d. the nutrient cycle

Answer #196 a

197) Which of the following is part of a proper turfgrass maintenance program?

a. irrigatingb. managing pestsc. aeratingd. all of the above

Answer #197 d

198) What is a written description of what a project will include?

a. bid b. estimate c. contracted price d. specifications

Answer #198 d

199) What are the functions of a stem?

a. use light energy to make food b. anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, store food c. support the leaves and flowers; store food; move water, minerals and sugars

throughout the plant; and produce food d. sexual reproduction of the plant

Answer #199 c

200) What are gas powered or electric and have a chain that cuts continuously?

a. pruning sawb. carpenter sawc. lopperd. chainsaw

Answer #200 d

201) What is light quantity?

a. higher levels of blue wavelengthsb. etiolationc. light duration

d. intensity of lightAnswer #201 d

202) Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce erosion?

a. tillage of steep hillsides b. terracing c. grass waterways

d. conservation tillageAnswer #202 a

203) Plants that respond to the periods of light are _________.

a. photoperiodicb. fluorescentc. photoreceptors

d. phytochromeAnswer #203 a

204) What is a serious pollution that threatens plants in and away from urban areas?

a. fungi and bacteriab. mildewc. acid rain

d. pH levelsAnswer #204 c

205) ________ of a gasoline engine is the presence of an excessive amount of fuel in the carburetor.

a. Chokingb. Backfiringc. Flooding

d. MissingAnswer #205 c

206) Most bedding plants are grown from ___________________________.

a. seed b. tissue culture c. cuttings d. division

Answer #206 a

207) Actions that occur unintentionally are ______________________.

a. hazards b. accidents c. dangers d. warnings

Answer #207 b

208) What is the first root to emerge from a germinating seed?

a. secondary root b. apical meristem c. primary root d. root hair

Answer #208 c

209) What is action threshold?

a.        the predetermined level at which pest control is neededb.        an evaluation of all possible control measuresc.        the reason that pests can develop resistance to certain control measuresd.        pest control within the constraints of economic, social, and environmental

conditions

Answer #209 a

210) Which of the following gases is used in very high amounts during photosynthesis?

a. oxygen b. nitrogen c. carbon dioxide d. carbon monoxide

Answer #210 c

211)Which state accounts for the greatest production of foliage plants?

a. Texas b. California c. Florida d. Hawaii

Answer #211 c

212) Which of the following is a mechanical method of weed control?

a. use of pre-emergence herbicides b. hoeing or hand pulling c. use of herbicides d. use of post-emergence herbicides

Answer #212 b

213) When does shattering of collected floral materials most often occur?

a. when the materials are harvested in the fall b. when the materials are harvested too late c. when the materials are harvested too early d. when materials are harvested in the spring

Answer #213 b

214) What is the process in which a seed changes into a developing seedling?

a. pollination b. germination c. transpiration d. translocation

Answer #214 b

215) Rhythm in a floral design can be accomplished by _____________________.

a. crossing floral stems b. placing lighter flowers near the center and heavier flowers near the container edge c. repeating materials at regular intervals from the top to the bottom of an

arrangement d. avoiding the repetition on any materials

Answer #215 c

216) Crocuses and dwarf iris force _____________________________.

a. very slowly b. very quickly c. very reluctantly d. in two to three months

Answer #216 b

217) The practice of monitoring plants regularly to determine current levels of pest activity is known as ______________________.

a. IPMb. scouting c. BMP d. biological control

Answer #217 b

218) What would be considered a biotic disease?

a. a pathogen b. a noninfectious disorder c. an infectious and transmissible disorder d. an environmental disorder

Answer #218 c

219) Pruning a shrub back to 2-4 inch stubs and piling soil on top of the plant until new shoots have developed roots and can be divided is an example of which laying practice?

a. simple layering b. trench layering

c. mound layering d. air layering

Answer #219 c

220) Who is an agent that buys flowers and sells them to wholesalers and retailers?

a. wholesale florist b. grower c. broker d. buyer

Answer #220 c

221) Wiring and taping wedding bouquets ___________________________________.

a. results in very sturdy and durable bouquets b. is done without much labor c. typically leads to lost flowers when handled d. are much more attractive than those in a floral foam holder

Answer #221 a

222) What is one component of visual merchandising that attract attention, create interest, and motivate the customer to want to buy the items viewed?

a. advertising b. up-selling c. displays d. marketing

Answer #222 c

223) What are companies that ship products to companies in other countries?

a. importers b. exporters c. supporters d. conglomerates

Answer #223 b

224) Biological benefits of horticulture include ______________________.

a. the use of plant parts to help produce erosion b. speed water runoff c. create dust d. provide wildlife habitat

Answer #224 d

225) The wedding consultation is conducted ______________________________.

a. between the florist and wholesaler b. to determine wedding floral needs c. between the minister/priest and florist d. to build a wedding portfolio

Answer #225 b

226) At what temperature should most flowers be stored in a cooler?

a. 28-32 F b. 34-38 F c. 40-50F d. 60-70F

Answer #226 b

227) What is the cutting that includes a leaf, the petiole, and a short piece of stem with a bud?

a. leaf-bud cutting b. stem cutting c. leaf cutting d. semi-hardwood cutting

Answer #227 a

228) _______________ are riskier for marketing produce, yet they have potential for increased profits.

a. Predetermined marketsb. Farmer's marketsc. Roadside stands

d. both b and cAnswer #228 d

229) How are chrysanthemums propagated?

a. seed b. leaf cuttings c. stem cuttings d. air layering

Answer #229 c

230) Why are chrysanthemums disbudded?

a. to improve overall quality and produce larger flowers b. to force the development of lateral buds c. to prevent flowering d. to produce more compact, attractive plants

Answer #230 a

231) Growers adjust day and night temperatures to control stretching of the plants, a practice known as ________________________.

a.       thermo-controlb.       JIFFc.       temperature manipulationd.       DIF

Answer #231 d

232) Why does the florist need to determine the unit cost of goods?

a. The unit costs of goods will be used in determining the cost and price of an arrangement.

b. The unit costs of goods will be used in determining the how many flowers are required to complete a design.

c. The unit costs of goods will give the employees something to do. d. The unit costs of goods is the same as the retail cost, so it is an easy way to

determine the final price.Answer #232 a

233) A structure used as a storage area, a potting area, an office, and/or a shipping area is known as a _______________________.

a. headhouse b. greenhouse c. outhouse d. hoop house

Answer #233 a

234) What is the propagation method in which roots form on the stem of the plant while it is still attached to the parent plant.

a. layering b. separation c. division d. grafting

Answer #234 a

235) Why are poinsettias often pinched?

a. to encourage breaks b. to delay flowering c. to increase plant height d. to promote root growth

Answer #235 a

236) In what type of greenhouse conditions do Cyclamen grow best?

a. a hot greenhouse b. a retractable roof greenhouse c. a cool greenhouse d. a poly covered greenhouse

Answer #236 c

237) Which of the following factors determine the financial returns from a greenhouse crop?

a. heating/cooling costsb. chemical costsc. labor costs

d. all of the aboveAnswer #237 d

238) Chrysanthemums are ____________________________________________.

a. photoperiodic b. thermoperiodic c. parasitic d. both photoperiodic and thermoperiodic

Answer #238 d

239) What is a structure enclosed by glass or plastic that allows light transmission for the growth of plants?

a. headhouse b. greenhouse c. outhouse d. hoop house

Answer #239 b

240) What is the process of a plant becoming accustomed to less humid, darker, and cooler environments than those found in the greenhouse?

a. hardiness b. vernalization c. stratification d. acclimatization

Answer #240 d

241) Easter lilies require a cold period in order to flower that is known as __________________________.

a. stratificationb. vernalizationc. freezinga. scarification

Answer #241 b

242) What growth hormone is produced in the apical meristem of stems and flows downward, causes plant cells to elongate and divide, and inhibits growth of lateral buds?

a. auxin b. gibberellins c. ethylene d. abscisic acid

Answer #242 a

243) The leaf stem is called a __________________________.

a. midrib b. leaf blade c. vein

d. petioleAnswer #243 d

244) What greenhouse design allows the roof to be opened and closed?

a. lean –to b. even-span c. retractable roof d. hoop house

Answer #244 c

245) Which country is considered the leader in the floriculture industry?

a. United States b. Columbia c. Netherlands (Holland) d. South Africa

Answer #245 c

246) To achieve proportion, the height of an arrangement should be _________ times the height of its container’s greatest dimension.

a. 1 ½ b. 3 c. 6 d. 9

Answer #246 a

247) Runoff can result in __________________.

a. glacial erosion b. accelerated erosion c. water erosion d. wind erosion

Answer #247 c

248) The direction a person’s life takes as related to their choice of work is called a ____________________.

a. compass b. career c. job

d. taskAnswer #248 b

249) The typical planting station today is ____________________________.

a. movable and only the top 1/3 is filled with growing media b. permanent and filled with growing media c. movable and filled with growing media d. permanent and only the top 1/3 is filled with growing media

Answer #249 c

250) What are animals with three distinct body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of legs, and either two, one, or no pairs of wings?

a. insects b. mites c. spiders d. nematodes

Answer #250 a

251) What is a tool used to measure plants tree trunk diameter?

a. spade b. hand pruners c. dimensioner d. caliper

Answer #251 d

252) _________ are trace elements required in small amounts.

a. Deficienciesb. Macronutrientsc. Micronutrients

d. Primary nutrientsAnswer #252 c

253) At what night temperature should daffodils be forced?

a. 40 F

b. 50 F c. 60 F d. 70 F

Answer #253 c

254) A good alternative to hand drawn landscape designs is ________________.

a. placing plants on the site where they look good b. CAD (computer aided drafting) c. store bought generic plans d. doing what the neighbor has done

Answer #254 b

255) Describing a product in order to entice the customer to buy it is known as which of the following?

a. advertising b. marketing c. merchandising d. image

Answer #255 a

256) What is a method of floral preservation that involves bunching of the collected material and suspending them upside down?

a. covering b. glycerinizing c. pressing d. hanging

Answer #256 d

257) How much cold treatment does an amaryllis need to produce flowers?

a. none b. 3-4 weeks c. 15-16 weeks d. 30-31 weeks

Answer #257 a

258) Rounding a product’s price downward, for instance to $12.99 from $13.00, is an example of which of the following?

a. nest baskets b. tie-in pricing c. odd end pricing d. multiple unit pricing

Answer #258 c

259) Before digging or trenching _______________________.

a. soil should be tested b. utilities should be marked c. existing trees should be removed d. trees should be pruned to account for the root loss

Answer #259 b

260) Who would be given charge of the day-to-day tasks involved in producing one or more crops?

a. greenhouse manager b. production manager c. marketing manager d. grower

Answer #260 d

261) What is an advantage of containerized nursery stock?

a. Larger plants can be harvested. b. Plants can become pot bound. c. Soil dries out quickly. d. A greater number of plants can be grown in a smaller area.

Answer #261 d

262) In soil formation, what is the most desirable single soil parent material?

a. alluviumb. bedrockc. organic matter

d. loessAnswer #262 d

263) What term fits the definition of a short, flattened stem that bears fleshy, food-storage leaves?

a. bulb b. corm c. tuber d. rhizome

Answer #263 a

264) What is a container with a rounded base which fits the curving contour of acasket lid?

a. casket saddle b. horse saddle c. casket bridge d. flat vase

Answer #264 a

265) Flowers have been used in honoring the dead since ____________________.

a. ancient Egyptian times b. Victorian times c. World War II d. Civil War times

Answer #265 a

266) One rose for $2.00 or three for $5.00 would be an example of this concept

a. leader pricing b. tie-in pricing c. odd end pricing d. multiple unit pricing

Answer #266 d

267) Where is a corsage worn?

a. on the left shoulder b. on the right shoulder c. in the hair d. always on the wrist

Answer #267 a

268) What is a common term used for the center of interest in a design?

a. hot spot b. focal point c. zoom site d. middle range

Answer #268 b

269) What is ratio mark-up?

a. a method to determine the unit price of goods b. a method for pricing design work c. a method used in buying flowers d. a method used to determine fair wages

Answer #269 b

270) What are chemical elements essential for plant growth and development?

a. fertilizersb. nitratesc. nutrients

d. soluble saltsAnswer #270 c

271) Why are accessories sometimes added to centerpieces?

a. to draw attention from the flowers b. to create a “busy” looking design c. to create a certain atmosphere or interest d. to give the designer something to do

Answer #271 c

272) Irrigation of interior plantings is increasingly accomplished by ____________.

a. hand watering b. irrigation booms and capillary mats c. subirrigation and drip irrigation systems d. ebb and flood systems

Answer c

#272

273) Cotyledons do which of the following?

a. form the first roots of the plant b. develop into the true stems c. from the first true leaves d. provide food for the developing embryo

Answer #273 d

274) An observation for the site analysis plan that includes notes on people at the house from the street and people looking from the inside of the house would be classified as _________________.

a. privacy b. microclimate c. macroclimate d. views

Answer #274 d

275) An observation for the site analysis plan that includes notes on people at the house from the street and people looking from the inside of the house would be classified as _________________.

a. privacy b. microclimate c. macroclimate d. views

Answer #275 d

276) A dozen roses arranged in a vase with baby’s breath or red and white carnations and mums in an arrangement with a plush animal or chocolates asan accessory is often associated with which holiday?

a. Valentine’s Day b. St. Patrick’s Day c. Halloween d. Columbus Day

Answer #276 a

277) Which propagation method has grown tremendously in the foliage plant industry?

a. tissue culture b. sexual propagation c. layering d. genetic engineering

Answer #277 a

278) What is the number one cooling system used in greenhouses today?

a. central air conditioning b. fog systems c. swamp coolers d. fan and pad cooling systems

Answer #278 d

279) How do tropical plants differ from most plants native to North America?

a. They are prettier. b. They like dry interior conditions. c. They do not go dormant. d. They provide fruit.

Answer #279 c

280) Which of the following environmental control systems is considered to be low cost and easy to install?

a. thermostat b. analog controls c. computer controls d. computerized environmental management systems

Answer #280 a

281) What are the colors of light that have the greatest influence on the rate of photosynthesis?

a. green and yellow b. red and blue c. green and red d. yellow and violet

Answer #281 b

282) A design is said to have _________________ balance when it has the same physical balance on both sides of its central axis.

a. asymmetrical b. unequal c. counter d. symmetrical

Answer #282 d

283) What is the area that includes such activities as playing ball, barbecuing, entertaining on decks or patios, and sunbathing?

a. public area b. outdoor living area c. service area d. entertainment area

Answer #283 b

284) How are chrysanthemums classified?

a. by response group, plant height, and flower forms b. by leaf shape c. by life expectancy and origin d. by branching habit and ease of propagation

Answer #284 a

285) What do commercial floral preservatives contain?

a. a sugar as a supplemental food source, an acidifier to decrease the chance of stem clogging, and a bactericide to kill bacteria in a vase or stem

b. a complex carbohydrate for energy, a acidifier to decrease the chance of stem clogging, and a fungicide to kill fungi

c. proteins for cellular health, lime to raise water pH, and bactericide to kill bacteria in the water

d. essential elements for plant growth, lime to raise water pH, and fungicide to kill bacteria

Answer #285 a

286) What is the term used to describe when topsoil is removed at an excessive rate, usually resulting from human activity?

a. natural erosion b. accelerated erosion c. water erosion

d. wind erosionAnswer #286 b

287) What is the term used for walls that help to screen views and define space in a landscape?

a. outdoor floor b. outdoor ceiling c. enclosures d. brick or stone

Answer #287 c

288) What is needed to force perennials to flower for improved sales?

a. no special treatments b. heavy fertilization as the plants are sprouting c. limited watering d. day length, temperature, and juvenility may play a role in forcing depending on the

speciesAnswer #288 d

289) Pond water circulation rate should be once every one to two hours, less ifthere is a filter device in use (once every four to six hours) for which of the following reason?

a. It improves oxygen content of the water. b. It reduces water quality. c. It increases the collection of debris on the water surface. d. It keeps snail populations in check.

Answer #289 a

290) What is given if there is more than one company that is competing for the client’s business?

a. bid b. estimate c. contracted price d. specifications

Answer #290 a

291) Hydroponics is defined as _____________________.

a. growing plants with their roots in a medium other than soil b. growing plants with their roots in only water c. growing plants under high intensity lights d. growing plants in a soilless mix

Answer #291 a

292) What is an important factor when nursery stock is placed in cold/refrigerated storage?

a. Plants should be stored shortly after new growth has appeared. b. Plant tissue must be mature before storing, and leaves should be removed before

storage. c. Plants should be stored in temperatures no lower than 45 F. d. Only large trees can tolerate cold storage.

Answer #292 b

293) What is the most reliable method of watering greenhouse plants?

a. spaghetti tubing b. ebb and flood systems c. irrigation booms d. hand watering

Answer #293 d

294) What is the use of floral tape?

a. to secure floral foam to the container b. to hold flower bunches together during shipping c. to cover wires and stems in corsage making d. to label products for sale

Answer #294 c

295) Table centerpieces should be_______________________________.

a. attractive from one side b. attractive from all views c. high to block unwanted views d. in a vase

Answer #295 b

296) What is a pest control technique that includes the use of living organisms that are predators to control pests?

a. biological pest control b. cultural pest control c. chemical pest control d. genetic pest control

Answer #296 a

297) Most field grown shade trees are harvested in ____________ year(s).

a. 1 b. 2-3 c. 3-8 d. 8-12

Answer #297 c

298) What should be noted on a site analysis plan?

a. soil and drainage conditions b. types of trees that should be planted c. the temperature at the time of visit d. where the patio should be located

Answer #298 a

299) What are small plants grown in small amounts of medium in divided trays?

a. seedlings b. whips c. plugs d. liners

Answer #299 c

300) What is probably the largest and most important business purchase when establishing a nursery?

a. land b. labor c. transportation d. utilities

Answer #300 a

301) Rabbits, deer, and mice can cause damage by chewing the bark of the plant disrupting moisture and energy flow within the plant, a condition known as _________________.

a. girdling b. teething c. blockage d. energy interruption

Answer #301 a

302) When installing a pool liner be sure to _______________________________.

a. expose portions of it to UV light b. remove any rocks, debris, or roots; smooth out lumps and holes by tamping in

loose soil; and add a 2 inch layer of fine, damp sand over all surfaces c. put the liner in a chilled area to keep it from expanding d. place it a bit off-center

Answer #302 b

303) What is a use for the hardiness zone map?

a. It helps in plant selection. b. It helps to locate plants. c. It helps to locate the nursery. d. It helps to decorate the office

Answer #303 a

304) What would contain a list of information including the client’s name, the scale used in the drawing, the date, and the designer’s name?

a. a symbol b. the title block c. a plant list d. a list of notes

Answer #304 b

305) What is the spongy fibrous material spun from molten volcanic rock and used as a hydroponics substrate called?

a. perlite b. vermiculite c. rockwool d. peat moss

Answer #305 c

306) What is a small groove cut all the way across on the underside of the channel

which breaks the surface tension of water?

a. a gunite b. a EPDM liner c. a canyon d. a reglet

Answer #306 d

307) What term describes the pleasing relationship between size and shape among objects and parts of objects?

a. proportion b. balance c. rhythm d. dominance

Answer #307 a

308) How is balance important to a landscape design?

a. It provides a sense of stability or equilibrium to a design. b. It offers a change or break from the norm. c. It is the point in a design that grabs the viewer’s eye. d. It ensures a formal appearance.

Answer #308 a

309) What term is used that refers to sicknesses caused by disease organisms?

a. infestation b. infection c. invasion d. influx

Answer #309 b

310) When planting B&B trees and shrubs, always dig the planting hole ____________ wider than the soil ball to allow space for future root growth.

a. at least 12" b. at least 3” c. at least 6” d. at least 24”

Answer #310 a

311) What size ribbon is use for most corsage work?

a. #3 b. #9 c. #24 d. #40

Answer #311 a

312) Reception flowers should _____________________________________.

a. differ in style from those in the church b. be elaborate c. be much the same style as those in the church d. be in vases

Answer #312 c

313) What is the steepness, length, shape, and direction of a slope?

a. erosion of soil b. moisture in the soil c. topography of soil

d. rainwater runoffAnswer #313 c

314) Which of the following is an environmental cause of stress on plants?

a. design flaws b. light c. humans d. noise

Answer #314 b

315) Which wiring method involves placing a wire through the calyx and bending the wire parallel to the stem?

a. daisy hook b. hairpin c. wrap around d. pierce

Answer #315 c

316) Why is repetition important?

a. It provides a sense of stability or equilibrium to a design. b. It offers a change or break from the norm. c. It is the point in a design that grabs the viewer’s eye. d. When objects are repeated, they simplify and unify a composition.

Answer #316 d

317) What are contingency costs?

a. insurance against unforeseen problems like uncooperative weather, that would detain the completion of the landscape

b. the costs of operating the business c. a written statement of the costs of installing a landscape plan d. the money left after all the costs of the operation is complete

Answer #317 a

318) On what does a designer record careful on site observations?

a. base plan b. family inventory sheet c. site analysis sheet d. resume

Answer #318 c

319) What is the portion of the landscape property that is seen by the neighbors called?

a. public area b. outdoor living area c. service area d. entertainment area

Answer #319 a

320) How would business costs including plant materials, pots, chemicals, andgrowing media be classified?

a. direct materials cost b. labor cost c. overhead costs d. marketing costs

Answer #320 a

321) Why must flowers be bought and shipped very quickly?

a. They are perishable. b. To make money before the buyer changes his mind c. Some are poisonous. d. There is little room for storage.

Answer #321 a

322) What is profit?

a. insurance against unforeseen problems like uncooperative weather, that would detain the completion of the landscape

b. the costs of operating the business c. a written statement of the costs of installing a landscape plan d. the money left after all the costs of the operation is complete

Answer #322 d

323) What should be noted on a site analysis plan?

a. soil and drainage conditions b. types of trees that should be planted c. the temperature at the time of visit d. where the patio should be located

Answer #323 a

324) Shrubs should be drawn on a landscape plan at _____________________.

a. half their mature size b. their size at the time of planting c. their mature size d. about 2 times their mature size

Answer #324 c

325) What is the lighting of an object, area, or surface from above?

a. silhouette lighting b. accent lighting c. up lighting d. down lighting

Answer #325 d

326) When an object is in scale, it is said to ______________________.

a. grab the viewer’s eye b. have an asymmetrical appearance c. be in proportion to its surroundings d. unify a composition

Answer #326 c

327) What term is used for the hardening or setting of concrete?

a. screeding b. forming c. curing d. firming

Answer #327 c

328) What is the 3-dimensional outline of the arrangement?

a. shape b. design element c. form d. line

Answer #328 c

329) How should foliage plants be fertilized indoors?

a. never b. sparingly, perhaps every 4-6 weeks c. constant feed with every watering d. only with slow release fertilizers

Answer #329 b

330) What is a single electric switch in an irrigation controller that runs a solenoid valve on or off, controlling the flow of water to a single sprinkler circuit?

a. a irrigation controller b. a breaker c. a fuse d. a station

Answer #330 d

331) Technically, patios are made from which material?

a. concrete b. concrete, or brick c. concrete, brick, or flagstone d. a wide range of materials including concrete, brick, flagstone, and wood

Answer #331 d

332) Whether the wedding will be formal or informal determines ______________.

a. the style of wedding flowers b. the cost of the wedding flowers c. whether roses will be used d. whether centerpieces are necessary

Answer #332 a

333) What is the function of a backflow prevention device?

a. It prevents contamination of drinking water by not allowing the irrigation water to flow backward into the water supply

b. It ensures a steady flow rate. c. It keeps the irrigation system safe from dirty water. d. It regulates the re-cycling of water in ornamental pools

Answer #333 a

334) What is the term used for adding color to a landscape plan?

a. rendering b. sprucing up c. presenting d. enhancing

Answer #334 a

335) A grid or a framework of materials that provide support for the flowers is commonly used with what type of arrangement?

a. vase b. circular centerpiece c. corsage d. bud vase

Answer #335 a

336) Plants, which live for three or more years are referred to as ____________________.

a. annuals b. biennials c. perennialsd. herbaceous

Answer #336 c

337) When is the best time to prune deciduous trees?

a. late winter and early springb. late spring and early summerc. late summer and early falld. late fall and early winter

Answer #337 a

338) What is a mistake made in prairie landscaping?

a. placing plants too far apartb. eliminating all weedsc. planting too many of one speciesd. mixing tall and short plants that create a rough appearance

Answer #338 d

339) When should removal of thatch be done?

a. in mid-summerb. during the dormant season before the prairie plants initiates growthc. twice a year, once in spring and once in falld. never

Answer #339 b

340) The two names used to identify plants based on binomial nomenclature are __________________ and __________________.

a. Phylum and kingdom

b. Genus and species c. Order and family d. Class and variety

Answer #340 b

341) Some jobs and occupations related to golf course maintenance and designinclude:

a. farm manager and spray technician b. superintendent, assistant superintendent, and course architect c. grower, production superintendent, and marketing manager d. writer, researcher, propagator, and educational director

Answer #341 b

342) The system of soil classification used by the National Cooperative Soil Survey has ________________________________________. a. two categories including kingdom, and phylumb. six categories including order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and seriesc. four categories including order, family, genus, and speciesd. five categories including sols, intergrades, extragrades, phases, and typic subgroups

Answer #342 b

343) What is land on which soil is worked and crops are planted, cared for, and harvested?

a. acreageb. foragec. rangelandd. cropland

Answer #343 d

344) What are soil groups within one class, designated by adding a small letter e, w, s, or c to the class numeral, which indicates the kind of limitation?

a. capability classesb. capability subclassesc. farmland use classesd. land use subclasses

Answer #344 b

345) What four needs does soil supply to an individual plant?

a. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, and supportb. water, sand, silt, and clayc. anchorage, water, oxygen, and nutrientsd. organic matter, anchorage, carbon dioxide, and nutrients

Answer #345 c

346) What is the importance of soil as a life-supporting layer?

a. Oxygen, temperature, water, carbon and all other nutrients that living things need are exchanged in the soil.b. Plant roots need oxygen to grow.c. Carbon is the element most essential to all life.d. Some nutrients are released from rocks in the earth’s crust when rock is broken down by weather, plants, and other factors.

Answer #346 a

347) What term is defined as a cypress wood, bark or straw ground cover that helps to prevent frost heaving during winter, conserves moisture, and reduces weed competition.

a. mulchingb. stakingc. pruningd. de-thatching

Answer #347 a

348) Which of the following is a benefit of urban forest and urban trees?

a. Trees can raise the level of sound pollution near places of work and residence improving quality of life.b. Trees have a warming effect on hot summer days. c. An acre of trees produces enough carbon dioxide everyday for 18 people.d. Although difficult to measure, trees have a positive psychological affect on humans.

Answer #348 c

349) Once prairie plants are well established they require _________________.

a. daily wateringb. weekly watering

c. watering during times of droughtd. no additional water

Answer #349 c

350) Which of the following is an objective for an urban forestry management program?

a. inventorying trees as to species, size, age, and valueb. care and maintenance of existing treesc. removal of trees due to death, decline, or safety considerations and installation of trees to maintain the urban forestd. all the above

Answer #350 d

351) What concept involves cuts made that slow the growth of a branch, and is accomplished by removing lateral branches and/or reducing the length of the parent branch causing the branch to become less dominant?

a. compartmentalizationb. subordinationc. thinning backd. heading

Answer #351 b

352) What is the difference between farm land-use and political land-use planning

a. Farmland-use planning deals with questions of political priorities, while political land-use pertains to zoning. b. Political land-use planning refers to the development of a cropping and livestock production system and farmland-use pertains to zoning. c. Farmland-use planning refers to the development of a cropping and livestock production system, while political land-use planning deals with questions ofpolitical priorities.d. There is no difference.

Answer #352 c

353) Why should care be taken not to cut into the branch bark ridge or collar?

a. It would weaken the structural strength of the tree.b. A callus would fail to form.c. These structures contain chemicals that inhibit the spread of disease.d. The limb could fall awkwardly placing the worker in danger

Answer c

#353

354) Which of the following is an advantage to hydroponic culture?

a. The initial investment in a commercial hydroponic system is high. b. Some diseases can spread rapidly throughout the system. c. Flower pollination can be difficult in greenhouses. d. Hydroponic systems allow for every plant’s optimal nutrient needs to be addressed

Answer #354 d

355) Seed plants whose seeds develop within a fruiting body are known as ______________________.

a. gymnosperms b. monocots c. dicots d. angiosperms

Answer #355 d

356) What must hydroponic systems supply to plants?

a. soil, water, light, and air b. support, water, nutrients, and air c. aggregates, water, and nutrients d. pollinators, water, heat, and air

Answer #356 b

357) ______________________________________ is the first step in describing what a person wants to do with their life.

a. education b. training c. goal setting d. instruction

Answer #357 c

358) What is the process by which a plant releases stored chemical energy?

a. cellular respiration b. fertilization c. photosynthesis d. pollination

Answer #358 a

359) Asexual propagation involves ____________________________.

a. pollination b. reproduction of plants using only vegetative parts c. new genetic combinations in the offspring d. fertilization of an egg by sperm

Answer #359 b

360) What factor determines the color of surface soils?

a. humusb. the amount of organic matterc. prairie grass

d. hardwood forestsAnswer #360 b

361) What is the most efficient method to remove thatch?

a. prescribed burningb. mowingc. hand cuttingd. herbicides

Answer #361 a

362) What is the propagation method in which plant parts are simply removed and planted.

a. layering b. separation c. division d. grafting

Answer #362 b

363) What is a form of asexual propagation when a portion of the stem is cut and placed in growing media to produce roots?

a. buddingb. graftingc. leaf cutting

d. stem cutting

Answer #363 d

364) The way water flows through the environment is known as the ___________________.

a. Evaporate b. Precipitate c. Transpirate d. Hydrologic cycle

Answer #364 d

365) Those practices that combine scientific research with practical knowledge to optimize yields and increase crop quality while maintaining environmental integrity are known as_____________________.

a. best management practices b. action threshold c. integrated pest management d. economic or aesthetic injury

Answer #365 a

366) Which components of air are critical for photosynthesis and respiration?

a. carbon dioxide and oxygenb. healthy rootsc. water vapor

d. pollutantsAnswer #366 a

367) What are some factors that can make the management of trees difficult in urban forestry?

a. air pollutionb. expansive growing spacec. loose, well-drained soilsd. all the above

Answer #367 a

368) The two important segments of the ornamental horticulture industry are_______________ and _________________.

a. Olericulture and floriculture

b. Pomology and landscape horticulture c. Floriculture and landscape horticulture d. Olericulture and pomology

Answer #368 c

369) Irrigation should be used before the __________.

a. ribbon testb. soil moisture contentc. water damage

d. wilting pointAnswer #369 d

370) Danger where risk is present is a _________________.

a. caution b. warning c. hazard d. accident

Answer #370 c

371) Soil water that tightly clings to the soil particles and is usually not available to plants is referred to as ___________________________.

a. gravitational moisture b. hydroscopic moisture c. capillary moisture d. soil moisture tension

Answer #371 b

372) Landscape maintenance work involves ______________________________.

a. mowing, pruning, weed control, and fertilization b. mass production of seeds and plants c. growing floral plants and materials d. preparing sites for landscaping

Answer #372 a

373) The amount of moisture the soil can hold for plants is referred to as

__________________________.

a. aeration b. porosity c. moisture holding capacity d. available water holding capacity

Answer #373 d

374) When pollen from a plant pollinates a flower of the same plant it is __________________.

a. self-pollination b. cross-pollination c. fertilization

Answer #374 a

375) The culture of plants for food, comfort, and beautification purposes is known as_______________.

a. Horticulture b. Botany c. Technology d. Biology

Answer #375 a

376) What is the term used for the selective removal or reduction of certain plant parts?

a. limbingb. buckingc. pruningd. lopping

Answer #376 c

377) In what ways are soils classified?

a. sand, silt, and clay b. organic matter –rich and organic matter-poorc. texture, depth, color, structure, consistency, and permeabilityd. well drained or soggy and heavy or light

Answer #377 c

378) The goal of a pest management program is to keep pest populations below the point at which plant losses due to the pests are equal to the cost of control, also known as __________________________.

a. best management practices b. action threshold c. integrated pest management d. economic or aesthetic injury

Answer #378 d

379) How would pasteurizing growing media, disinfecting containers, toolsand benches, and removing dead leaves, flowers, and stems be classified as an integrated pest management practice?

a. pest entry prevention b. crop inspection c. weed control d. sanitation practices

Answer #379 d

380) The primary auxin is ___________.

a. apical dominanceb. naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)c. indoleacetic acid (IAA)

d. indolebutyric acid (IBA)Answer #380 c

381) The release of water from plants as a result of photosynthesis is known as _______________________.

a. respiration b. evaporation c. transpiration d. condensation

Answer #381 c

382) The culture or care of trees is known as ______________________.

a. entomologyb. ecologyc. arboriculture

d. horticultureAnswer #382 c

383) Personal protective equipment, or PPE, ___________________.

a. are hot and uncomfortableb. consist of devices worn to help protect people from injury c. are hazardous d. prevent accidents

Answer #383 b

384) What are the nonagricultural uses of soil?

a. recreational usesb. engineering projectsc. disposal of wastesd. all the above

Answer #384 d

385) What are the broadest groups on a soils map, designated by Roman numerals I through VIII, with the numbers indicating progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for practical use of the land?

a. capability classesb. capability subclassesc. farmland use classesd. land use subclasses

Answer #385 a

386) The popularity of horticulture has resulted in ______________________, _______________________, and _________________________________.

a. a decrease of jobs, a decrease in food for humans and animals, and an decrease in aesthetic pleasure

b. an increase in jobs, increase in food for humans and animals, and an decrease in aesthetic pleasure

c. an increase in jobs, increase in food for humans and animals, and an increase in aesthetic pleasure

d. an decrease in jobs, increase in food for humans and animals, and a decrease in aesthetic pleasure

Answer #386 c

387) What is an advantage of automated greenhouse systems?

a. They greatly reduce labor costs. b. They are useful in small greenhouse operations. c. They lack sophistication. d. There is no evidence of any advantages.

Answer #387 a

388) What are the two insect groups that cause the most damage to trees?

a. crawling insects and scooting insects b. chewing insects and sucking insects c. ants and termites d. mites and nematodes

Answer #388 b

389) Which of the following greenhouse heating systems delivers even heat through a network of pipes?

a. hot water b. steam c. infrared d. unit heaters

Answer #389 a

390) How would a greenhouse business that produces a variety of crops sold directly to the public through their own retail outlet be classified?

a. specialty grower b. wholesale grower c. retail grower d. nursery

Answer #390 c

391) What is the number one pest problem on poinsettias?

a. aphids b. white fly c. thrips d. ladybugs

Answer #391 b

392) Most asexually propagated material responds best to which of the following?

a. a dense moist, wet medium b. a loose, moist, sterile medium and humid conditions c. a loose, moist, highly fertile medium and humid conditions d. a dense, moist, sterile medium and dry air

Answer #392 b

393) Before opening or handling any chemical, __________________________.

a. it is important to hold your nose b. it is important to think about killing all of the pests c. it is important to wash your hands d. it is important to first read the label

Answer #393 d

394) What is a rule of thumb for dividing perennials?

a. Divide spring flowering perennials in late summer or autumn and summer flowering perennials in early spring.

b. Divide spring flowering perennials in early spring and summer flowering perennials in late summer or autumn.

c. Divide both spring flowering perennials and summer flower perennials in July. d. Divide both spring flowering perennials and summer flower perennials in

November.

Answer #394 a

395) What is the term used for an organism that causes disease?

a. weed b. insect c. arachnid d. pathogen

Answer #395 d

396) What are two purposes behind packaging plant materials?

a. protecting the design from floral cooler temperatures, and providing shop image promotion

b. protecting the design from outside weather, and providing shop image promotion

and advertising c. protecting the design from outside weather, and protecting the design from

airborne bacteria and fungal spores d. protecting the design from rough handling, and protecting the shop image

Answer #396 a

397) What is water vapor in the air that affects plant growth?

a. acid rainb. frequent rainc. particulates

d. humidityAnswer #397 d

398) What is shelf life?

a. the period a plant maintains health while on display for sale b. the period a greenhouse bench lasts before it rots or rusts c. the period of seasonal sales d. the period a pesticide lasts before it is put on the shelf

Answer #398 a

399) What is the rule of thumb for the depth at which seeds should be planted?

a. on the surface of the medium b. one inch deep c. one times the greatest diameter of the seed d. three times the greatest diameter of the seed

Answer #399 d

400) What is the soil pH of most productive soils?

a. 4.0 to 9.0b. 1.0c. 0

d. 14Answer #400 a

401) Pruning is sometimes done as a means of controlling diseases by _______________________________.

a. allowing light penetration and air circulation b. decreasing water stress c. encouraging disease resistance d. promoting grass growth

Answer #401 a

402) The machine that removes small plants from plug trays and transplants themdirectly to pots is called which of the following?

a. automated seeder b. automated pot filler c. automated transplanter d. automated plugger

Answer #402 c

403) How are Easter lilies propagated?

a. asexually by stem and leaf-bud cuttings b. sexually by seed c. asexually by bulblets and scalettes d. sexually by bulblets

Answer #403 c

404) What skills should a grower possess?

a. an ability to be quiet b. an ability to work alone c. an understanding of the crops being grown and how to care for them d. an understanding of grading plants, storing the plants, packaging and shipping the

plants, and ordering materials to perform these tasksAnswer #404 c

405) Poinsettias are ____________________________________________.

a. photoperiodic b. thermoperiodic c. parasitic d. both photoperiodic and thermoperiodic

Answer #405 d

406) Why is it important to avoid wetting the leaves of African violets when watering?

a. It is avoided to reduce foliar diseases that are a real problem b. Cold water on the leaves causes enzymes to coagulate creating unsightly white

spots on the leaves. c. African violets perform poorly in high humidity. d. It is a waste of water.

Answer #406 b

407) The area of horticulture that involves the production of vegetable food crops is ___________________.

a. Botany b. Vegology c. Olericulture d. Floriculture

Answer #407 c

408) A piece of equipment used to transplant medium size trees is referred to as a ___________________.

a. ball maker b. tree digger c. trencher d. mechanical tree spade

Answer #408 d

409) __________ is the best time to establish the cool-season turfgrasses.

a. Springb. Summerc. Falld. Winter

Answer #409 c

410) What is the selective removal or reduction of certain plant parts?

a. rejuvenation b. renewal c. pruning d. shearing

Answer #410 c

411) Which way of doing business involves a business owned by one person?

a. sole-proprietorship b. proprietor c. partnership d. corporation

Answer #411 a

412) What is the hydrologic cycle?

a. a universal solventb. a good coolant for organismsc. a bipolar molecule with positive and negative charges

d. exchange of water between earth and its atmosphere as a result of evaporation and condensation

Answer #412 d

413) Grape growers must identify markets for their grapes, especially if they are selling table grapes, which are _______________.

a. uncommonb. used in wine makingc. perishable

d. none of the aboveAnswer #413 c

414) What word is used to describe the presence of oxygen?

a. aeration b. hydroponics c. pore spaces d. percolation

Answer #414 a

415) Why is phytochrome important for plants to respond to light?

a. It gives off red and orange wavelengths.

b. It gives off red and blue wavelengths.c. It is a blue-green pigment that absorbs the light wavelengths.

d. It places plants in groups based on responses to light duration.Answer #415 c

416) ______________ are the most reliable sources of marketing produce, but may offer the lowest prices.

a. Predetermined marketsb. Farmer's marketsc. Roadside stands

d. none of the aboveAnswer #416 a

417) A leaf consisting of a single blade and petiole is considered a ___________________.

a. compound leaf b. whorled leaf c. simple leaf d. alternate leaf

Answer #417 c

418) A flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils is said to be a _____________________________.

a. perfect flower b. imperfect flower c. complete flower d. incomplete flower

Answer #418 c

419) Excessive water in the root zone can limit available oxygen resulting in ________________________________.

a. root death b. rapid growth c. healthy plants d. fresh smelling, white roots

Answer #419 a

420) A pest management strategy that uses a combination of management practices to reduce pest damage with the least disruption to the environment is a good definition for which of the following?

a. best management practices b. action threshold c. integrated pest management d. economic or aesthetic injury

Answer #420 c

421) What is an automated system of moving greenhouse plants that is growing in popularity?

a. bucket brigade type of work conducted by many workers b. tray mechanization c. wheel barrow types of carts d. computerized robots

Answer #421 b

422) In tissue culture, the pieces of plants grown on an artificial medium in sterile conditions are called ________.

a. micropropogationb. parent plantsc. explants

d. plantletAnswer #422 c

423) Sexual reproduction involves which of the following?

a. genetically identical offspring b. offspring called clones c. new genetic combinations in the offspring d. reproduction without the need of egg or sperm cells

Answer #423 c

424) What is the value of energy curtains?

a. They maintain temperatures and reduce heating and cooling costs. b. They provide light that will simulate a short-day effect. c. They maintain cool temperatures year-round. d. There really is no particular value.

Answer #424 a

425) One measure to prevent disease problems in the landscape is to ____________________.

a. plant disease resistant trees and shrubs b. water the foliage of trees and shrubs c. use insecticides when necessary d. plant containerized nursery stock

Answer #425 a

426) Which of the following inputs would be considered a minimal cost in producing a greenhouse crop?

a. labor costsb. heating/cooling costsc. seed costs

d. none of the aboveAnswer #426 c

427) What root structure greatly increases the surface area of the root?

a. epidermis b. tap root c. root cap d. root hair

Answer #427 d

428) The color of subsoil is determined by the status of _________ found in the soil.

a. moistureb. drainagec. iron compounds

d. oxygenAnswer #428 c

429) As plants continue to reproduce, what do they pass onto their offspring, which enables

them to survive?

a. genesb. eggsc. pollen

d. spermAnswer #429 a

430) Plants, which produced and stored food during the first growing season, flower only during their second season, then die are classified as ____________________

a. annuals b. biennials c. perennials d. herbaceous

Answer #430 b

431) Why would grass clippings be left on the grass surface rather than being bagged?

a. They can be attractive when in abundance. b. They reduce the likelihood of disease. c. They can return about 25% of nitrogen to the lawn. d. They add to the thatch layer.

Answer #431 c

432) What can be used to test engine horsepower?

a. dynamometer b. compression gauge c. spark tester d. multi meter

Answer #432 a

433) A fertilizer that dissolves over a period of time and slowly releasesnutrients is considered a _______________________.

a. granular fertilizer b. liquid fertilizer c. foliar fertilizer d. slow release fertilizer

Answer #433 d

434) Unlike estimates, a ___________________________ cannot be changed.

a. bid b. estimate sheet c. contingency cost d. specification

Answer #434 a

435) ____________ costs are incurred from growing the crop and the total costs increases as production increases. They may include the plants, pots, fertilizer, chemicals, labor, and growing media.

a. fixedb. indirectc. demand

d. directAnswer #435 d

436) __________ is the amount required to replace the amount that will be removed by the crop to be grown.

a. Maintenanceb. Buildupc. Pre-emergence

d. Top dressingAnswer #436 a

437) What is the process of water soaking into the soil?

a. percolation b. permeation c. infiltration d. leaching

Answer #437 c

438) ______________________ rakes are lightweight magnesium rakes up to 42 inches wide. They have short, rigid teeth and are used for smoothing

and final grading prior to seeding a lawn and for lightly raking in the seed after it is sown.

a. gardenb. gradingc. leafd. thatch

Answer #438 b

439) What is a tractor drive that powers pull behind equipment such as a fertilizer spreader?

a. hydraulic cylinders b. power take off (PTO) shaft c. backhoe d. diesel motor

Answer #439 b

440) What is generally the most expensive advertising medium?

a. television b. radio c. newspapers d. word of mouth

Answer #440 a

441) What is the name of a hydraulically driven rotating chain with blades that is used to dig a narrow channel for the placement of concrete footings or electric wiring?

a. post hole digger b. trencher c. forklift d. shredder

Answer #441 b

442) In planting fruit trees, what is the purpose of leaving a saucer shaped surface with a collar built around the edge of the saucer?

a. It looks good. b. It serves as a catch basin when watering the tree. c. It keeps mulch from blowing away. d. It promotes rapid root growth.

Answer #442 b

443) A turfgrass _______________ consists of more than two varieties or cultivars of seeds within the same species.

a. seed mixtureb. seed sortc. seed blendd. none of the above

Answer #443 c

444) The pathogens or disease causing organisms that cause the greatest number of diseases of turfgrasses are ____________.

a. bacteriab. fungic. protozoad. virus

Answer #444 b

445) Which elements are called primary macronutrients?

a. carbohydrates and proteinsb. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiumc. fats and nucleic acids

d. Calcium, magnesium and sulfurAnswer #445 b

446) The soil for Christmas tree production should be __________________.

a. wet and slightly acidicb. wet and slightly basicc. well-drained and slightly acidic

d. well-drained and slightly basicAnswer #446 c

447) _________________ herbicides are used to control annual weeds and are applied before the weed seeds germinate.

a. pre-emergence

b. post-emergencec. selectived. non-selective

Answer #447 a

448) What is irrigation scheduling?

a. Collecting information on soil moisture without going into the field.b. Providing the right amount of water at the right time.c. Applying chemicals like fertilizers or herbicides.

d. Watering from below, using capillary rise from a zone of saturating soil lower in soil profile.

Answer #448 b

449) When removing a wagon tire and working on the wheel bearings, make sure that the wagon axle is supported by a _________.

a. cherry picker b. handy man jack c. hydraulic jack

d. jackstandAnswer #449 d

450) What environmental conditions are necessary for seed germination?

a. cold and dry temperaturesb. moisture, air, warm temperatures, light or darknessc. proper humidity and temperature during storage

d. hard and thick seed coatAnswer #450 b

451) ____________ costs are the costs incurred whether or not the crop is produced. These include depreciation, insurance, interest, repairs, and taxes.

a. fixedb. demandc. direct

d. supplyAnswer #451 a

452) What are some factors of climate that act to break down the rock and minerals during the development of soils?

a. mineral matterb. glaciersc. humid and arid regions

d. rainfall, freezing, thawing, wind and sunlightAnswer #452 d

453) Grapes like bright sunshine, warmth, __________________, freedom from frost, and _______________.

a. poor air circulation / well-drained soilb. good air circulation / well-drained soilc. poor air circulation / poorly-drained soil

d. good air circulation / poorly-drained soilAnswer #453 b

454) Which soil horizon fits the following description? “An organic layer made up of partially decayed plant and animal debris that generally occurs in undisturbed soil such as in a forest.”

a. “O” horizon b. “A” horizon c. “B” horizon d. “R” horizon

Answer #454 a

455) What is overhead cost?

a. costs directly related to the production of a product or service b. how much money the business actually spent on producing the product or

service sold c. the fixed costs of running a business d. the amount of money a customer pays for a product or service

Answer #455 c

456) Moisture holding capacity is determined primarily by __________________.

a. slope b. soil structure c. soil texture d. soil profile

Answer #456 c

457) The fertilizer analysis states the ___________________________.

a. percentage of primary nutrients b. percentage of macronutrients c. pounds of micronutrients d. pounds of macronutrients

Answer #457 a

458) The greater the light intensity, up to a saturation point, the greater the production of food through _________.

a. etiolationb. fluorescent lightsc. photoreceptors

d. photosynthesisAnswer #458 d

459) Budding differs from grafting in that _________________________.

a. a leaf is used as the stock b. a bud is used as the scion c. a bud is used as the stock d. a leaf is used as the scion

Answer #459 b

460) Which is a benefit of irrigation?

a. Protects plants from extreme cold temperatures, such as preventing frost damage in fruit and vegetable crops.

b. Lower crop yields and loss of potential profit.

c. Increased dust from fields and other surfaces.

d. Limits plant growth by applying fertilizer, growth regulators, and other materials with water.

Answer #460 a

461) Which macronutrients are not considered in a fertility program because they are part of the air around the plant?

a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygenb. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassiumc. calcium, magnesium, sulfur

d. boron, manganese, zincAnswer #461 a

462) Why is tissue culture more advantageous than other methods of propagation?

a. Large numbers of plants are produced from a single plant in a small space and short periods of time.

b. Viruses and other systemic diseases are cultivated in the plant tissues.c. Plants with a variety of flowers are produced.

d. Sterile conditions are not required on an artificial medium.Answer #462 a

463) For a graft to be successful, what must occur?

a. The cambiums at the graft union must line up. b. The graft union must be kept dry. c. The plants used must be unrelated. d. The process must be done under aseptic conditions.

Answer #463 a

464) Monocot plants have _______________________________.

a. netted vein patterns b. parallel vein patterns c. dichotomous venation d. palmately netted veins

Answer #464 b

465) Which pesticide license is required by individuals who purchase, use, or supervise the use of pesticides classified for general or restricted use for hire?

a. Commercial Applicator and Operatorb. Private Applicatorc. Pesticide Dealer

d. Public Applicator and OperatorAnswer #465 a

466) What are those nutrients that are needed in smaller amounts by plants, but are still essential to plant growth?

a. nutrient excessb. macronutrientsc. micronutrients

d. nutrient deficiencyAnswer #466 c

467) What are the three primary macronutrients that are the main components of fertilizers?

a. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiumb. calcium, magnesium and sulfurc. carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

d. iron, copper and zincAnswer #467 a

468) What are the computer, disk drive, monitor, keyboard, CD-ROM, printer, and microprocessor?

a. software b. application programs c. hardware d. operating systems

Answer #468 c

469) Also known as Variable Rate Technology (VRT), which method uses computer technology

to alter the rate of fertilizer applications as the application passes across the field?

a. sidedressingb. site-specific applicationc. fertigation

d. foliar feedingAnswer #469 b

470) What is a neutral pH reading?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 7 d. 14

Answer #470 c

471) What is a function of advertising?

a. greeting customers with a smile b. to create awareness of the business itself c. analyzing data related to products and consumers d. pricing products and services

Answer #471 b

472) Soil health and fertility can be improved by _______________________ .

a. watering b. rototilling c. installing drain tile d. adding organic matter such as peat moss or compost

Answer #472 d

473) When is root pruning commonly conducted in the nursery?

a. twice a year b. never as it places stress on the plants c. the year before plants are harvested d. after transplanting

Answer #473 c

474) What is an approximate cost for the work to be done that is presented to the client?

a. bid b. estimate c. contracted price d. specifications

Answer #474 b

475) What is a safety device, which disconnects an electrical circuit when it detects moisture or a short?

a. a power pack b. a fixture switch c. a photocell d. a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

Answer #475 d

476) An observation for the site analysis plan that includes notes on people at the house from the street and people looking from the inside of the house would be classified as _________________.

a. privacy b. microclimate c. macroclimate d. views

Answer #476 d

477) What is a nursery that sells to a retail or broker nursery?

a. retail nursery b. wholesale nursery c. mail order nursery d. re-wholesaler

Answer #477 b

478) What is the term used for ornamental lighting designed to enhance the landscape after dark?

a. electrical lighting b. night landscaping c. down lighting d. silhouette lighting

Answer #478 b

479) Before sale florists typically decorate potted plants with _________________________ .

a. lightweight foil or poly foil b. reflective foil c. aluminum foil d. fencing foil

Answer #479 a

480) Colors such as red, yellow, and orange are said to _____________________________.

a. be cool colors b. be warm colors c. appear more distant or recede from the viewer d. be restful and relaxing

Answer #480 b

481) What are those plants added to a plant station that are temporarily installed to add color?

a. tropical plants b. color plants c. house plants d. potted flowering plants

Answer #481 b

482) What should be done with containerized plants that have root circling?

a. They should be discarded? b. They should be planted as is. c. The roots should be cut and spread out before planting. d. They should be planted a little deeper than normal.

Answer #482 c

483) What is the process in which a plant becomes accustomed to a new environment?

a. stratification b. hardiness c. acclimatization

d. accustomizing

Answer #483 c

484) What is a fibrous material made from palm trees used for a natural ribbon appearance?

a. Easter basket bedding b. floral foam c. wicker for baskets d. raffia

Answer #484 d

485) Most residential landscape plans are drawn at ____________________.

a. 1/8” equals a foot b. 1/2 “ equals a foot c. 3/4 “ equals a foot d. 1” equals a foot

Answer #485 a

486) When planting annual flowers, which of the following should be kept in mind?

a. They are plants that live for two or more growing seasons. b. Since the plants are small, the planting bed does not need to be prepared. c. Flower bed design is more effective as it becomes more complex. d. Installing plants in groups of the same species and color is visually more appealing

than one or two plants haphazardly placed within the design.Answer #486 d

487) What is the term used for circular or square pieces of sod (between 2 to 4 inches in size) inserted into an established turf or on a prepared seedbed?

a. sprigging b. seeding c. sodding d. plugging

Answer #487 d

488) What is important when installing mortarless block walls.

a. placing the blocks on a good solid clay base

b. installing deadmen at regular intervals c. check frequently to see that each block is level d. Install 3 foot lengths of steel reinforcing bars

Answer #488 c

489) What are areas in an arrangement devoid of flowers called?

a. space b. empty c. open d. a no-no

Answer #489 a

490) When establishing a lawn _____________________________.

a. kill or remove all perennial weeds b. create a slope of 10-20% for drainage c. adjust the soil pH to 8.0 d. use landscape fabric

Answer #490 a

491) Who has charge of a group of workers and/or a specific crop and may be responsible for the training of the crew?

a. supervisor b. crew member c. crew leader d. vice president

Answer #491 c

492) A person employed in the landscape industry who is very knowledgeablein plant identification, plant growth, and the principles of design and who usually works on residential projects or small scale public projects.

a. landscape designer b. landscape architect c. architect d. horticulturist

Answer #492 a

493) What is a sketch of rough ovals and circles on a drawing that shows the placement of activities in a yard?

a. family inventory survey b. goose-egg plan c. site analysis sheet d. bed patterns

Answer #493 b

494) Engines should be cleaned and run until the fuel is burned, all filters serviced, oil changed, spark plug serviced or replaced, and cylinder coated with oil for which of the following?

a. short-term storage b. long-term storage c. after each use d. before each use

Answer #494 b

495) How is marketing defined?

a. incentives passed from the retailer to the consumer in the form of savings b. communicating with customers about your products or services using mass media c. providing customers with the horticulture products and services they want d. presenting both the product and company favorably

Answer #495 c

496) What is the term used for the amount of water delivered to the landscape?

a. water pattern b. precipitation rate c. flooding d. irrigation

Answer #496 b

497) What is a list of all the details needed to install the landscape plan accurately?

a. bid b. estimate

c. contracted price d. specifications

Answer #497 d

498) How many weeks of cold treatment do most tulips need in order to flower?

a. 1-2 b. 5-6 c. 15-16 d. 30-31

Answer #498 c

499) What is one of the most common drying agents, also called desiccants, used to draw the moisture out of flowers and leaves?

a. silica sand b. fixatives c. talcum powder d. sap

Answer #499 a

500) What does an ideal seedbed provide?

a. a desirable medium for seed germination b. firm soil for walking upon c. tight pore spaces that limit water and air movement d. dense soil for root development

Answer #500 a

501) What is covering soil with a hard surfacing material to prevent soil erosion, soil compaction from traffic, and to improve walking ease called?

a. paving b. surfacing c. sodding d. flooring

Answer #501 a

502) What is the art and science of selecting plants and placing them in an attractive and functional setting outdoors?

a. horticulture b. ornamental horticulture c. landscaping d. floriculture

Answer #502 c

503) When do tree fruits, with the exception of pears, develop maximum flavor and quality?

a. before the fruit has fuller matured b. when allowed to mature on the tree c. the longer the storage the better the flavor and quality d. when picked before the squirrels and “worms” can get to them

Answer #503 b

504) Why is soil compaction a problem in the landscape?

a. It can make it tough for roots to grow due to the lack of oxygen exchange and hardness of the soil.

b. It really is never a major problem. c. It provides an unstable based for paving materials. d. It allows water to leach right through to the bedrock.

Answer #504 a

505) What is the term for edible fruit that is produced on a small perennial plant?

a. brambles b. large fruit c. berries d. small fruit

Answer #505 d

506) Which of the following helps to form the framework for a design and outlines the location of all shrubs, flowers, and groundcovers within the design?

a. family inventory survey b. goose-egg plan c. site analysis sheet d. bed patterns

Answer #506 d

507) What factors in the physical environment inhibit or stimulate plant growth?

a. temperature b. soil c. water d. all the above

Answer #507 d

508) What term describes the removal of spent flowers to improve the appearance of the flowers?

a. deadheading b. disbudding c. center bud removal d. rejuvenation pruning

Answer #508 a

509) What is the term for a traditional floral shop that offers a wide variety of services and products to meet the consumer’s needs?

a. full-service b. large-volume florist c. party/wedding florist d. carriage trade shop

Answer #509 a

510) What is the function of a backflow prevention device?

a. It prevents contamination of drinking water by not allowing the irrigation water to flow backward into the water supply

b. It ensures a steady flow rate. c. It keeps the irrigation system safe from dirty water. d. It regulates the re-cycling of water in ornamental pools

Answer #510 a

511) What is a group of plants within a species with a very distinguishing characteristic, and the only way to keep this characteristic in the offspring is to asexually propagate the plant from cuttings or grafting?

a. genus b. species c. variety d. cultivar

Answer #511 d

512) What is an evergreen plant with wide, thick leaves?

a. deciduous b. coniferous c. succulent d. broadleaf evergreen

Answer #512 d

513) What is the complete removal of all shrub stems to 4 to 6 inch stubs?

a. rejuvenation b. renewal c. heading back d. shearing

Answer #513 a

514) What are aquatic plants, which live completely in the water or are just barely emergent?

a. marginal plants b. floating plants c. oxygenators d. sedges

Answer #514 c

515) What is crop rotation?

a. the practice of growing rapidly maturing crops in the same row or between rows of late maturing crops

b. getting two crops from one garden row in the same growing season c. the practice of planting garden areas separated by a strip of sod d. not planting the same vegetables in a given spot two years in a row

Answer #515 d

516) Small holes which allow ground- or rainwater to drain through a retaining wall _____________________________________.

a. should be avoided b. are pointless

c. are called weep holes d. are evidence of inferior construction

Answer #516 c

517) Weed control in the home garden is typically done by hoeing, pulling weedsby hand, rototilling, and mulching, measures known as ____________________.

a. biological control b. mechanical control c. chemical control d. cultural control

Answer #517 b

518) What is the term for the average date of the last 32° freeze in the spring?

a. hardiness date b. tender time c. frost-free date d. growing degree day

Answer #518 c

519) What is a large arrangement placed in the center of a closed full couch casket?

a. half-couch casket spray b. full-couch casket spray c. quarter-couch casket spray d. flat spray

Answer #519 b

520) Which style of bed patterns reflect the architect of the home and often lend a symmetrical appearance to the site?

a. 90 degrees to the house b. 45 degrees to the house c. curved lines d. arc and tangent lines

Answer #520 a

521) Static water pressure refers to ____________________________.

a. the psi in a closed system with no water moving b. the psi at any given point in a system as a given amount of water moves past

c. the odor from stagnant water d. the working pressure at the point-of-connection

Answer #521 a

522) Why is staking not necessary for smaller trees?

a. Recent research has found that if they die, it’s no big loss. b. Recent research shows that unstaked plants grow roots for stability in response to

wind, so staking actually weakens the support system of the tree. c. Recent research indicates they don’t have sufficient leaf growth that would cause

them to topple. d. Recent research has shown staking causes damage to the bark.

Answer #522 b

523) What is a turfgrass blend?

a. a combination of different turfgrass species b. a combination of different cultivars of the same species chosen for their uniform

appearance and growing habit c. a combination of different turfgrass genus chosen for outstanding performance d. a combination annual turfgrasses

Answer #523 a

524) The quality of vegetables ________________________________.

a. improves after picking b. does not improve after picking c. gets better as they ripen on the kitchen counter d. in terms of nutrition and flavor seem to improve with proper storage

Answer #524 b

525) What is a scaled drawing of a home with doors, windows, existing hardscapes, property lines and easements?

a. base plan b. family inventory sheet c. site analysis sheet d. resume

Answer #525 a

526) What name is used for a flower garden placed along a fence or a wallin the yard?

a. island garden b. cut flower garden c. English garden d. border garden

Answer #526 d

527) What is the proper spacing of small fruits?

a. 24 inches apart in rows 3' 6" to 4' apart b. 24 inches apart in rows 3½ to 4 feet apart c. six to eight feet apart in rows 8 to 10 feet apart d. it varies with the type of small fruit

Answer #527 b

528) Sod should be ________________________________________________.

a. used as soon as possible after harvesting, ideally within 24 hours, otherwise rolled sod will heat up, damaging or destroying the live grass.

b. used within a week even though its storage capacity is remarkable. c. used on sites that are lumpy, so the clods will be hidden. d. used because it is less expensive than seed

Answer #528 a

529) In cold climates post holes should ________________________.

a. be hand dug b. be just above the frost line c. extend below the frost line d. be 6 feet apart

Answer #529 c

530) _________________ herbicides control specific weeds, such as broadleaf weeds.

a. pre-emergence b. post-emergencec. selectived. non-selective

Answer #530 c

531) Flower shops purchased from a parent company and run according to theirinstructions are known as ______________________________.

a. bucket shop b. franchises c. satellite shop d. carriage trade shop

Answer #531 b

532) Kentucky _______________ and Perennial Ryegrass are the two most commonly used cool-season grasses on football fields.

a. fescueb. bluegrassc. bentgrassd. bermudagrass

Answer #532 b

533) What is the harvesting of trees without taking soil from the field?

a. balled and burlapped b. bare root c. containerized d. hydraulic tree spade removal

Answer #533 b

534) What is the point-of-purchase sales technique?

a. the method consists of placing an exhibit at or near the cash register, the point where a product is purchased

b. giving a customer a good reason to buy an item c. shopping with the item(s) to be purchase already known d. an exhibit of merchandise within pointing distance

Answer #534 a

535) What is the cost summation?

a. the sum of the labor, materials, overhead, and contingency costs of a project b. unforeseen expenses related to a landscaping job c. a written statement of the costs of installing a landscape plan

d. the money left after all the costs of the operation is complete

Answer #535 a

536) When is the best time to prune most deciduous trees?

a. late winter and early spring b. late summer and early fall c. early spring and early fall d. late winter and late summer

Answer #536 a

537) The site selected for a water feature should be _______________________.

a. under shade trees b. on a slope c. be located where it can be enjoyed from the house, patio or other vista d. near deciduous trees and shrubs

Answer #537 c

538) What is the parent company or entity that sells the right to use its name and sells its products?

a. franchiseeb. franchisorc. partner

d. corporationAnswer #538 b

539) What are four components full-service flower shops should contain?

a. sales area, design area, wedding consultation area, and an office b. sales area, greenhouse, wedding consultation, and an office c. design area, greenhouse, lounge, and office d. design area, greenhouse, wedding consultation area, and a lounge

Answer #539 a

540) Using the equation that follows, calculate how much 20-5-5 fertilizer would be needed on a 16,000 square foot lawn in order to apply one pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet.

lbs. nitrogen to use per 1,000 sq. ft. × 100 = lbs. of fertilizer to apply per % of nitrogen in the fertilizer 1,000 sq. ft.

a. 1 b. 5 c. 20 d. 80

Answer #540 d

541) What is the primary function of the leaf?

a. use light energy to make food b. anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, store food c. support the leaves and flowers; store food; move water, minerals and sugars

throughout the plant; and produce food d. sexual reproduction of the plant

Answer #541 a

542) What does a landscape designer use to learn about a client’s family and their landscape interests?

a. base plan b. family inventory sheet c. site analysis sheet d. resume

Answer #542 b

543) What is a wooden surface, raised above ground level called?

a. exposed aggregate b. a deck c. hard paving d. soft paving

Answer #543 b

544) When is the best time to water a vegetable garden?

a. early enough in the day so that moisture on the plants dries before sunset b. in the evening when it is cool c. everyday d. during the hottest portion of the day

Answer a

#544

545) What is the purpose of labeling horticulture products?

a. Labels help identify and give information about the product. b. Labels are permanent. c. Labels make the customer think twice about purchasing a product. d. Labels are always optional.

Answer #545 a

546) Vegetable plants require ________________________________.

a. a maximum of 8-10 hours direct sunlight b. a minimum of 8-10 hours direct sunlight c. filtered sunlight d. partial shade

Answer #546 b

547) Which of the following should a landscaper do to create positive influence and build a strong relationship with the customer?

a. The landscaper should complete the work whenever possible. b. All bills and invoices should be left to a later time. c. The landscaper should provide directions to the customer on how to care for the

plants in the landscape. d. Don’t worry about disturbing or damaging non-landscaped areas and features.

Answer #547 c

548) What is the practice of investigating what a customer wants or needs?

a. probing b. sale c. portfolio d. closing

Answer #548 a

549) What does “everbearing” mean?

a. The fruit is difficult to remove. b. The plants produce fruit throughout the growing season. c. The plants produce fruit in a one month period. d. The plants are a burden to grow.

Answer #549 b

550) The combination of the four factors including product, place, price, and promotion used in trying to reach target customers is known as a ________________________.

a. marketing mix b. advertising c. merchandising d. selling

Answer #550 a

551) Why would someone compare past and present performance of the same company or compare business performance against the performance of other businesses in the same industry?

a.       to measure the performance of a businessb.       to determine whether a new product should be madec.       to calculate net incomed.       to prepare a balance sheet

Answer #551 a

552) What is the name given to a service, such as Teleflora of Florafax, that provides the local florist the opportunity to do business outside their local market?

a. a fax service b. an order service c. a wire service d. a design service

                                                                    Answer #552 c

553) What is the hand picking during late May and in June of misshaped, damaged, diseased, and excess fruit?

a. fruit thinning b. modified-leader pruning system c. open-center pruning system d. thinning-out pruning

Answer #553 a

554) Using upright plants to provide accent within a design is an example of which of the

following physical features?

a. color b. texture c. form d. variety

Answer #554 d

555) What is the name given to full size fruit trees reaching a height of 20feet and taller?

a. dwarf b. double-dwarf c. semi-dwarf d. standard

Answer #555 d

556) Which are the best plants for the landscape?

a. those that have good fruit effects b. those that have four season appeal c. those that have attractive flowers d. those that have attractive fall color

Answer #556 b

557) To ensure clean air, the air cleaner should always be in place and properly serviced by _____________________________________________________.

a. tapping the element against a solid surface b. cleaning the foam in solvent or detergent followed by drying and re-adding

an oil film c. using solvent to rinse the bowl and element and re-adding oil to the

recommended level d. the method approved for the particular air filter

Answer #557 d

558) What is the building of the landscape called?

a. landscape design b. landscape maintenance c. landscape construction d. landscape renovation

Answer #558 c

559) What is a piece of drafting equipment that allows you to draw your plan accurately or at smaller dimensions that represent the landscape?

a. a circle template b. a compass c. a t-square d. a scale

Answer #559 d

560) In cases of too much soil moisture, most plants will show symptoms ________________________________________.

a. similar to those under drought conditions b. including turgid leaves c. of extremely rapid growth d. that require the application of fertilizer

Answer #560 a

561) Physical records of a horticulture business include _____________________.

a. the balance sheet b. inventory records c. income and expense summary d. cash flow statement

Answer #561 b

562) Which of the following defines organizing as one of five main duties or functions of business management?

a. the process of deciding how a business will operate and what it will produce

b. the process of setting up a system of efficiency c. leading and guiding employees to achieve the objectives of a small

business d. recruitment, selection, and training of employees

Answer #562 b

563) Which of the following is a wooden or concrete block frame with a glass or polyethylene cover that is heated by the sun?

a. cold frame b. hotbed c. shade house d. head house

Answer #563 a

564) It is helpful to consider the outside landscape area ____________________________________________.

a. for active use only b. as something only to view c. as outdoor rooms and an area to be divided based on the intended uses d. as wild

Answer #564 c

565) _________________ turfgrass grows best in temperatures of 70–95°F.a. tallb. cool-seasonc. long seasond. warm-season

 Answer #565 d

566) What is the study of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth?

a. demographics b. census c. survey d. economics

Answer #566 d

567) What is a scale drawing of the garden plot with vegetables, row lengths, and row widths included?

a. a garden plan b. a sketch c. a harvest calculator d. a planting table

Answer #567 a

568) What key factor must be addressed when managing athletic fields?

a. proper drainageb. proper irrigationc. proper turfgrass maintenance programd. all of the above

Answer #568 d

569) Mowing at golf courses is done two or more times a week at varying angles to reduce ______________________ caused by equipment.

a. pollutionb. soil compactionc. soil erosiond. none of the above

 Answer #569 b

570) ___________________ herbicides kill all plants to which it is applied.

a. pre-emergence b. post-emergencec. selectived. non-selective

Answer #570 d

571) What is a piece of equipment that uses round blades to loosen and pulverize the soil and is especially useful in seedbed preparation?

a. field cultivator b. harrow c. disk d. chisel plow

Answer #571 c

572) What are the three basic types of geometric floral designs?

a. circular, rectilinear, square b. horizontal, triangular, oval c. rectilinear, horizontal, vertical d. vertical, triangular, circular

Answer #572 d

573) Which type of turfgrass grows best in temperatures of 60–75°F and may become dormant if allowed to dry out during the summer?

a. warm-season turfgrass b. ornamental grass c. cool-season turfgrass d. transition zone turfgrass

Answer #573 c

574) What is a hand tool with large teeth and spacing for ease in cutting of larger limbs?

a. hand pruner b. lopper c. chain saw d. pruning saw

Answer #574 d

575) Which irrigation system involves flooding the soil surface with water released from canals or piping systems?

a. border strip irrigationb. sprinkler irrigationc. surface irrigation

d. trickle or drip irrigationAnswer #575 c

576) What is included in an estimate?

a. cost of materials and labor b. a fixed price set for a job to be done c. written descriptions of what a project will include d. a worksheet to be used to help the landscaper come up with a bid for the customer

Answer #576 a

577) Tulips and daffodils are examples of _______________________.

a. bulbs b. annuals c. woody perennials

d. biennialsAnswer #577 a

578) Which of the following is a good safety practice associated with power tools?

a. Plug electric tools in while checking and repairing. b. Use tools that create a potential safety hazard such as electric tools with

damaged cords or tools with missing or defective guards/shields. c. Operate electric tools in wet or damp areas. d. Operate gasoline-powered tools only in well-ventilated areas.

Answer #578 d

579) __________________________ use a curved turning cylinder cutting against a bed knife to cut the grass.

a. riding mowers b. rotary mowers c. self-propelled mowers d. reel mowers

Answer #579 d

580) What are quality transplants

a. viable seeds b. All-American selections c. healthy, stocky, medium-sized, disease-free, and insect-free plants d. grown from cuttings

Answer #580 c

581) What are the three essential elements of a marketing program?

a. budget, quantity, and supply b. price, quality, and service c. quantity, quality, and supply d. budget, quantity, and service

Answer #581 b

582) Which soil horizon is often referred to as topsoil and is the surface layer where organic matter accumulates?

a. “O” horizon b. “A” horizon c. “B” horizon d. “R” horizon

Answer #582 b

583) Mowing frequency should be such that no more than ____________ of the grass blade should be removed at any one cutting.

a. 1/3 b. ½ c. ¾ d. 7/8

Answer #583 a

584) What is an exchange of goods or services at a mutually agreed upon price?

a. probing b. sale c. portfolio d. closing

Answer #584 b

585) What is a yellowing of leaves caused by the absence of chlorophyll?

a. the yellows b. chlorosis c. mosaic d. xanthophylls

Answer #585 b

586) Which of the following would describe most perennials grown as floriculture crops?

a. annuals b. herbaceous perennials c. woody perennials d. soft-wood perennials

Answer #586 b

587) _______________ may need to be applied to raise the pH of acidic soils.

a. sulfurb. waterc. limed. clay

 Answer #587 c

588) What is the equity of the business owners?

a. expenses b. liabilities c. capital d. assets

Answer #588 d

589) What is the main purpose of packaging?

a. advertisement b. promotion c. protect the product d. save costs

Answer #589 c

590) Gathering, recording, and analyzing data related to products and consumers is known as ___________________________.

a. target market b. market segment c. market research d. marketing plan

Answer #590 c

591) What is the process of selling a product and providing a service the consumer wants or needs?

a. promotions b. up-selling c. marketing d. advertising

Answer #591 c

592) The _____________ hoe is rectangular with only the bottom edge of the blade sharpeneIt is used to break up the soil and to remove weeds in planted areas.

a. weedingb. gradingc. gardend. grubbing

 Answer #592 c

593) Which of the following is a micronutrient?

a. sulfurb. zincc. potassiumd. magnesium

 Answer #593 b

594) What is a tool used to grind up branches and other plant material?

a. rototiller b. shredder c. chain saw d. concrete mixer

Answer #594 a

595) This is a sample multiple choice question formatted as suggested.  The font name is "Arial" and the font size is "10".  Use the ordered list icon above to create your multiple choice selections accordingly.  You may also wish to experiment with tables and images to further format and customize a question.  In summary, you control the format of questions by manipulating:

a. font sizeb. font typec. imagesd. bulleted lists

e. all of the aboveAnswer #595 e

596) What should be the number one skill or job priority of a landscape maintenance technician?

a. reading a plan b. plant identification and care c. mowing techniques d. safety

Answer #596 d

597) Which is considered the most efficient form of advertisement?

a. television b. radio c. newspapers d. word of mouth

Answer #597 d

598) What is a tool used to remove cores of soil in compacted areas?

a. leaf blower b. aerator c. weedeater d. grass edger

Answer #598 b

599) Which of the following refers to a form of advertising?

a. product b. place c. price d. promotion

Answer #599 d

600) Which of the following branch structures is strong?

a. those with a V-shape crotch b. those with a U-shape crotch c. a scaffold branch d. co-leaders

Answer #600 b

601) Christmas tree growers must determine if they will market their trees for retail or wholesale.  What is the advantage of selling trees at retail?

a. greater volume of salesb. greater profit per unitc. both a and b

d. none of the aboveAnswer #601 b

602) On the electromagnetic spectrum, which wavelengths have the greatest influence on plant growth because they are readily absorbed by chlorophyll?

a. green wavelengthsb. red and blue wavelengthsc. incandescent lights

d. red and orange wavelengthsAnswer #602 b

603) Secondary macronutrients used to a lesser degree are _______.

a. carbon, hydrogen and oxygenb. chlorine and copperc. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

d. calcium, magnesium and sulfurAnswer #603 d

604) What four basic things do plants depend on soil to provide?

a. anchorage, water, oxygen, nutrients b. bacteria, fungi, oxygen, nutrients c. anchorage, water, bacteria, fungi d. carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, fungi

Answer #604 a

605) U-pick strawberries are usually priced lower than picked berries due to less _________ on the part of the producer.

a. marketing costsb. storage costsc. fertilizer costsd. labor costs

Answer #605 d

606) On a nursery stock farm initial costs of a small container plant may be only $0.50, but the major investment is in ___________ and ____________ to produce the tree over the three to five years.

a. time, fertilizerb. time, chemicalsc. time, labor

d. time, containerAnswer #606 c

607) Why is soil fertility important for plant growth?

a. Because Fertilizer is not expensive. b. Available nutrients are influenced by soil and water balance. c. Soil fertility involves the ability to provide nutrients for plant growth.

d. Soil-plant relationships affect soil productivity.Answer #607 c

608) Financial returns to nursery stock farms are generally referred to as ____________ due to the fact that sales will not begin until the third to fifth year of production, and the break-even point often occurs between the sixth and eigth years of production.

a. short-termb. long-termc. fast returns

d. none of the aboveAnswer #608 b

609) What are the sources of chemical air pollution?

a. vehicle exhaust, gases from factories, and burning of plant materialsb. smuts, rusts and mildew

c. anthracnose and fobar disease

d. particulatesAnswer #609 a

610) There are nine color designations recognized by the national safety organization.  Which of the following examples is not the correct color designation?

a. Red=Dangerb. Orange=Safetyc. Yellow=Caution

d. Blue=InformationAnswer #610 b

611) Water that moves downward through the soil is called _________________.

a. gravitational moisture b. hydroscopic moisture c. capillary moisture d. soil moisture tension

Answer #611 a

612) Temperature and ___________________ are the two key factors affecting the growth of a turfgrass on a site.

a. fertility b. soil structurec. slope of the landd. precipitation

Answer #612 d

613) How do plants respond to a shortage of water?

a. Water is pulled up through the plant by transpiration. b. Plants become solvent. c. Plants will wilt.

d. Plants maintain turgor.Answer #613 c

614) Supervision and direction of operators by an applicator is interpreted to mean that the applicator must be in ____________ contact with operators.

a. supervisoryb. randomc. daily

d. weeklyAnswer #614 c

615) On a nursery stock farm, containers for small plants may cost $3.00–$5.00, while fertilizer and chemicals will add an additional ___________ to the overall input costs for each plant.

a. $1b. $10c. $25

d. $50Answer #615 a

616) What is the maintenance of an environment that is free of bacteria, fungi and viruses?

a. tissue cultureb. genetically engineered plant cellsc. sterile agar medium

d. sterile techniqueAnswer #616 d

617) Which of the following Nutrients are NOT found in the Fertilizer Grade?

a. Mangenese b. Nitrogen c. Potassium

d. PhosphorusAnswer #617 a

618) Even growth of floriculture crops is more easily accomplished with ___________________.

a.       heavy, frequent wateringb.       uniform growing mediumc.       soil-based mediumd.       leaching

Answer #618 b

619) Grasses have been broadly categorized as __________________ or _______________ grasses.

a. short, tallb. cool-season, warm-seasonc. fine texture, rough textured. short-season, long season

Answer #619 b

620) What is the nitrogen cycle?

a. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that are available in the soilb. The process that converts nitrogen gas to forms that are usable to plantsc. The nutrients that are needed by plants in small quantities

d. The nitrogen gas found in the atmosphereAnswer #620 b

621) What is a method of reproduction in which parts of a plant are cut into sections that will grow into new plants naturally?

a. air layeringb. simple layeringc. separation

d. divisionAnswer #621 d

622) Which secondary macronutrients are needed in moderate amounts?

a. calcium, magnesium, sulfurb. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassiumc. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

d. copper, chlorine, iron

Answer #622 a

623) Which nonfertilizer nutrients are obtained from air and water?

a. carbon, hydrogen and oxygenb. phosphorus and potassiumc. nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine

d. calcium, magnesium and ironAnswer #623 a

624) What term describes the ease at which water and air move through a soil?

a. percolation b. permeability c. infiltration d. leaching

Answer #624 b

625) Why do Christmas tree producers generally grow three to five different species of Christmas trees?

a. to spread their workload more evenly throughout the yearb. to provide consumers with a variety of choicesc. growing only one species may cause pest problems

d. all of the aboveAnswer #625 d

626) Why are plant growth regulators used in agricultural practices?

a. To improve the quality and quantity of plant yields.b. To inhibit and retard plant growth.c. To stretch and elongate stems of plants.

d. To promote cell division in the root and stem of plants.Answer #626 a

627) What term fits the definition of the ability of the soil within the soil profile to retain water?

a. aeration

b. porosity c. moisture holding capacity d. available soil moisture

Answer #627 c

628) Why is temperature important to a plant's metabolism?

a. Temperature is not important to metabolism. b. Some plants require a cold treatment for physiological processes to occur. c. Some plants are more sensitive to heat than others.

d. The speed at which metabolism occurs is affected by temperature.Answer #628 d

629) How is the pH value of soil important for plant nutrition?

a. The higher the pH value, the better the yield. b. The nitrite ions convert to nitrate with nitrobacter bacteria. c. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium available are dependent upon

the soil pH.

d. The pH measures the alkalinity and acidity of a substance.Answer #629 c

630) An 18-46-0 fertilizer contains what percent potassium?

a. 0b. 18c. 46d. 64

Answer #630 a

631) A good soil typically has about ___________ percent organic matter.

a. 0 b. 1 c. 5 d. 50

Answer #631 c

632) What are the three types of mineral matter found in soil?

a. water, air, inorganic matter b. sand, silt, clay c. water, air, organic matter d. dirt, silt, clay

Answer #632 b

633) Which of the following is how much money a person pays to purchase a product or service?

a. product b. price c. place d. promotion

Answer #633 b

634) Portions of plant material removed from a parent plant for use in tissue culture are called ________________.

a. callus b. plantlets c. explants d. embryos

Answer #634 c

635) What is a resource provided by soil that helps support life?

a. dirt b. rocks c. water d. carbon monoxide

Answer #635 c

636) A delivery person should be ____________________________________.

a. big b. well-mannered and professional c. casual in appearance d. a grower or designer

Answer #636 b

637) A change over time to soils due to deep leaching or erosion fromthe surface would be classified as which of the following?

a. additions b. losses c. translocations d. transformations

Answer #637 d

638) __________ rakes have long flexible tines and are used for raking grass clippings and leaves.

a. garden b. gradingc. leafd. thatch

Answer #638 c

639) What does the proportion of the three sizes of soil particles determine?

a. soil structure b. soil texture c. soil color d. soil loam

Answer #639 b

640) Most turfgrasses grow best with a pH of ____________________.

a. 4.0 to 5.0b. 5.0 to 6.0c. 6.0 to 7.0d. 7.0 to 8.0

Answer #640 c

641) Which of the following is one of the five steps of effective marketing?

a. Ignore weaknesses of the business. b. Determine what the customer must buy. c. Define the targeted customers or target market based on demographics, income,

age, and lifestyles. d. Identify competing businesses.

Answer #641 c

642) Land that is _____________ should be selected for grape production to provide the maximum frost-free time.

a. low in valleysb. high on hillsidesc. thin and rocky

d. none of the aboveAnswer #642 b

643) Many organisms living in the soil, such as earthworms, ants, and moles, improve ____________________.

a. soil tilth b. soil water holding capacity c. soil by delaying the break own of organic matter d. plant anchorage

Answer #643 a

644) Air and water move through a growing media’s _________________.

a. root channels b. aggregates c. pore spaces d. densely packed clay particles

Answer #644 c

645) Which of the following is true about tissue culture?

a. Tissue culture techniques are used to grow genetically engineered plant cells. b. Only a small number of plants can be propagated through tissue culture. c. Virus diseases can never be eliminated from plant tissue using the tissue culture

method of propagation. d. Tissue culture is a highly technical form of sexual reproduction.

Answer #645 a

646) What are the natural chemicals that plants produce to regulate growth?

a. hormonesb. tropisms

c. synthetic growth regulators

d. gibberellinsAnswer #646 a

647) What is the wearing away of soil by wind or water?

a. water pollutionb. irrigationc. erosion

d. soil sedimentsAnswer #647 c

648) Safety means.

a. preventing injury and loss b. staying out of harms way c. working slowly d. reading all the instructions

Answer #648 a

649) A crucial skill for success in a horticulture career is _____________________.

a. an understanding of plant needs and plant growth b. broad experience with marketing skills c. an understanding of animals d. mastery of legal aspects of a business

Answer #649 a

650) The growing point of the stem is called the ________________________.

a. node b. terminal bud c. apical meristem d. internode

Answer #650 c

651) Which color of surface soil has the greatest amount of organic matter?

a. very lightb. lightc. very dark

d. darkAnswer #651 c

652) Which growing media used for cuttings is a good mix of moisture retention and aeration?

a. sandb. sand and peat moss mixturec. potting soil

d. vermiculiteAnswer #652 b

653) The best example given of a horticulture practice that can damage the environment is __________________.

a. the improper use of chemicals b. following approved watering practices c. properly installing plant materials d. putting erosion control measures in place

Answer #653 a

654) What does the fertilized egg or zygote become?

a. cotyledon b. epicotyl c. embryo d. hypocotyl

Answer #654 c

655) The tissue in the stem that conducts sugars throughout the plant is called the ____________________.

a. xylem b. phloem c. capillary d. cambium

Answer #655 b

656) Plants, which grow from a seed, then flower, then produce seeds in one season are called ___________________________.

a. annuals b. biennials c. perennials d. herbaceous

Answer #656 a

657) What is a form used for calculating prices?

a. estimate sheet b. contract c. bid d. proposal sheet

Answer #657 a

658) What refers to the goods or services that meet the needs of customers?

a. product b. price c. place d. promotion

Answer #658 a

659) _________________ weeds complete their life cycle in one year.a. annualb. biennialc. perenniald. none of the above

Answer #659 a

660) What type of floral shop offers services to a limited group of elite customers?

a. bucket shop b. franchises c. satellite shop d. carriage trade shop

Answer #660 d

661) Which of the following can be effective in controlling lawn weeds?

a. keeping the lawn cut short b. cutting the lawn higher c. keeping lawns dry d. keeping lawns wet

Answer #661 b

662) What step in a landscape sale gives the designer the opportunity to introduce products or services that meet the customer needs?

a. preparation b. opening c. probing d. presentation

Answer #662 d

663) What occurs when an egg in the flower is fused with a sperm cell from pollen?

a. pollination b. fertilization c. procrastination d. recombination

Answer #663 b

664) Which is the simplest way to fertilize before planting?

a. bondingb. pre-plantc. broadcasting

d. soil injectionAnswer #664 c

665) Which soil horizon consists of underlying bedrock, such as limestone, sandstone, or granite?

a. “O” horizon b. “A” horizon c. “B” horizon d. “R” horizon

Answer #665 d

666) Synthetic growth regulators are applied to floriculture crops to _______________________.

a. make plants shorter, bushier, and more attractive or to speed rooting of cuttings b. increase photosynthetic activity c. improve uptake of water and minerals d. lengthen the growing period until market

Answer #666 a

667) _________________________ is the area of horticulture that involves the production of fruit and nut crops.

a. Pomology b. Olericulture c. Nuttles d. Landscape horticulture

Answer #667 a

668) __________ includes the water that transpires from plants and evaporates from soil.

a. Evapotranspirationb. Irrigationc. Translocation

d. TranspirationAnswer #668 a

669) The organelle in a plant cell in which photosynthesis occurs is called a _________________.

a. chloroplast b. chlorophyll c. mitochondria d. nucleus

Answer #669 a

670) Leaf like structures that are often colorful and attract pollinators are _________________________.

a. sepals b. the calyx

c. petals d. filament

Answer #670 c

671) The most popular turfgrass for athletic fields in the southern and transition zones is _________________.

a. creeping bentgrassb. barleyc. ryegrassd. bermudagrass

Answer #671 d

672) Knowledge about flowers, foliage, and their proper care is important for a _______________________________.

a. floral salesperson b. mechanic c. greenhouse accountant d. garden center attorney

Answer #672 a

673) Water provides ________ that helps roots push through soil.

a. cell divisionb. internal pressurec. energy

d. respirationAnswer #673 b