Byzantine Empire VocabularyDowry- money and goods the wife brings to the husband at marriageIcon- holy picture or statue of Jesus, Mary or Saints

Iconoclasts-believed worshipping icons was the same as worshipping idolsIconoclastic Controversy -debate between the defenders and opponents of icons

Heresy – an opinion that conflicts with official church beliefs (goes against church teachings)

• Excommunication – making someone no longer a member of the church (kicked out-cannot go to heaven)

• Mosaic – picture or design made from small pieces of enamel, glass or stone

• Justinian – Emperor of Byzantine Empire (527-565 A.D.) expands empire, suppresses revolt, gives women some rights; builds Hagia Sophia

• Justinian Code– very important to European LawCode-Roman LawsDigest-Opinions on LawsInstitutes-Guide for law studentsNovaella-New Laws

Theodora – Justinian’s wife who advises him on laws and Nika revolt; expands women’s rights

Hippodrome – where citizens could see wild chariot races and performance acts; location for Nika revolt

• Belisarius – made general of army by Justinian after he leads the men who put down the Nika Revolt

• Nika Revolt – riots were occurring over Justinian’s government and repression of the Nika rebellions; rioters were drawn to the Hippodrome and demanded to overthrow Justinian. Belisarius and his troops slaughtered the 30,000 rebels inside.

• Greek Fire – liquid thrown at ships that explodes and lights the ships on fire

• Ottoman Turks – conquer the Byzantine Empire and rename capital Istanbul

Fall of Constantinople

Russian Vocabulary

Steppe – grassy plain w/out trees; black fertile soil. Natural highway for nomads

Taiga – above the steppe; has great forests and rainfall

• Boyars – nobles that made up a council to advise the princes who ruled Kievan Russia

• Cyril & Methodius – Christian missionaries who gave the Slavs a written alphabet – Cyrillic alphabet

Rus – people who took control of Novgorod – ruled over Kiev and

Slavs “Rus”-Russia

Rurik – leader of the Rus people

in Russia

Yaroslav the Wise – 1019 A.D.-1054 A.D.

Ruled during a great period during

Russian History; built many churches

1st Russian Law code

Pravda Russkia – 1st Russian law code –contained tribal law and other customs

Vladimir I – 980’s A.D. impressed with Christianity and Hagia Sophia; wanted to marry Ana (Byzantine Emperor’s sister); converts to Christianity; orders all Kievans to become Christian (Russian Orthodox Church); Father of Yaroslav the Wise

Czar=Tzar – (comes from word Caesar) true leader of Byzantine + Roman Empire (Russian Ruler); absolute power

“Third Rome” – Moscow; brings Christian orthodoxy to the whole world

1. Rome 2. Constantinople 3. Moscow/Russia

• Ivan III – “Ivan the Great”; assert independence from the Mongols; 1st ruler of independent Russia; increased land; great military conquest

• Ivan IV – “Ivan the Terrible”; arrested the boyars and gave land to his supporters; killed his own son and others; laid foundation for New Russian State; becomes first official Russian Czar

• Mongols – Genghis Khan is the leader of the Golden Horde; they invade Kievan Russia and rule; they allow Russians to follow their own customs as they pay taxes and not revolt; Ivan III rids Russian of Mongols