Byk Cloud Runner Mottling Trends:

Process and Material Influences

Linda Gerhardt, PhD

Paint Quality & Competitive Benchmarking

Global Center - Strategy and Planning

GM ME Vehicle Systems

June 2013

AgendaInitial & Long-Term Quality are Statistically Clustered

� JD Power IQS3 (NA Metric): First 90 Days of Ownership

�Paint Defects� Blemishes, Dirt, Runs

� Peeling, Chips, Scratches

� JD Power VDS (NA Metric): Measured at 3 Years

�Paint Durability� Fading, Chipping

� Peeling, Cracking

Initial

Quality:

OEMs are

Statistically

Clustered

Long-Term

Quality:

OEMs are

Statistically

Clustered

~2 IPHV~4 IPHV

AgendaPerceived Quality: Not Easily Defined

�An Emotional Reaction

�Not Easily Characterized

� Perceptions Can Hold Even if Actual Quality Changes

“… Perceived Quality is the Single Most Important Contributor to a

Company’s ROI, having more Impact than Market Share, R&D, or

Marketing Expenditures…”

Aaker, Dr. David, Building Strong Brands,

New York: Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 2002

�Quality Perception: First 10 minutes

� First Impressions Extend Beyond Exterior Appearance and are Not Captured in Standard Quality Metrics

AgendaPaint Perceived Quality: A Science

�Methods that Capture the Customer’s Emotional Reaction

�PQ Dimensions Derived from Product Reviews and Customer Clinics / Verbatims

�Objective Metrics Correlated with what the Customer Sees and Values

�Benchmarking and Data Collection that Allow for Real BIS Target Setting

“You Can’t Manage What You Don’t Measure.”“You Can’t Manage What You Don’t Measure.”

-- Peter Drucker

AgendaField Survey - Validated Instruments

Exterior Surface Appearance

• Nominal Orange Peel “R” Value & Surface Uniformity

• Shortwave (SW), Longwave (LW), DOI

• Structure Spectrum (du-We) & Structure Balance (B)

Color Harmony

• Fascia and Body to Standard (GM Models)

• Fascia to Body Harmony (All Models)

Metallic Mottle

• Nominal Mottle “M” Value

• Mottle Spectrum

AgendaField Survey - Validated Instruments

Exterior Surface Appearance

• Nominal Orange Peel “R” Value & Surface Uniformity

• Shortwave (SW), Longwave (LW), DOI

• Structure Spectrum (du-We) & Structure Balance (B)

Color Harmony

• Fascia and Body to Standard (GM Models)

• Fascia to Body Harmony (All Models)

Metallic Mottle

• Nominal Mottle “M” Value

• Mottle Spectrum

Mottling: An Undesirable Defect Which Can Occur with Effect Coatings – It is Most Obvious on Light Metallic Finishes

� Total color impression

shows irregular areas

of lightness variation

� Most noticeable on

large body panels

� Can be caused by

coating formulation

or application process

Mottling: Visual Evaluation

� The visual perception of

mottling is dependent on

viewing distance

� Large mottles can be seen at

far distances

� Small mottles are more noticeable

at short distances

� Visual evaluation is subjective,

since it depends on lighting

conditions, observation

distance, and viewing angle

Byk Cloud Runner:Simulation of Visual Perception

� Objective evaluation requires

measurement of lightness

variation over a large sample

area under different detection

angles

� Byk Cloud Runner optical

measurement includes

� White light LED at 15° angle

� 3 Observation Conditions:

15°, 45°, and 60° from the

specular reflection

Byk Cloud Runner:Optical Principle & Measurement Scale

� The meter is rolled 10 cm (3.94 in) to 100 cm (39.4 in) and

lightness variation is measured point by point

� Mathematical filters divide the signal into 6 mottling ranges and

a rating value is calculated for each angle and mottle size

� The higher the value, the more visible the mottle for that range

Small Mottles =

Impact of Material

Large Mottles =

Impact of Process

Byk Cloud Runner:Interpretation of Measurement Data

Mottling is Dominated by the Maximum Value of the Large Mottles

Small Mottles =

Impact of Material

Large Mottles =

Impact of Process

1-3 in. 2-5 in.<0.5 in.

Byk Cloud Runner: Preliminary Testing

Measurement of Mottle at Dealerships (2009)Right Front Door

Light Tri-Coat

Impact of Material Technology / Process

15 Degree Mottle

2011 NA Field Survey:Mottle Measurement Pilot

Metallic Mottle(Byk Cloud Runner)

� Background• 2011: 1st Year in NA

• Horizontal

(Left Front Hood)

• Vertical

(Left Front Door Upper)

• 2 Colors (Light Tri-Coat & Light Metallic)

• 2 Templated Locations / 5 Measurements per Location

� Targeted Vehicles• All GM Models Marketed in NA

� Status• JN11-AU11 Data Collection

• AU11-NV11 Data Analysis

Acadia

CTS

CTS Coupe

CTS Wagon

Enclave

Escalade

Escalade EXT

LaCrosse

Lucerne

Malibu

Sierra LD Silao

SRX

STS

Suburban

Tahoe

Traverse

Volt

Yukon

Yukon XL

Acadia

CTS

CTS Coupe

CTS Wagon

Enclave

Escalade

Escalade EXT

LaCrosse

Lucerne

Malibu

Sierra LD Silao

SRX

STS

Suburban

Tahoe

Traverse

Volt

Yukon

Yukon XL

Lig

ht

Tri-

Co

at

Lig

ht

Me

tall

ic

Acadia

Avalanche

Aveo BUP

Camaro

Camaro Conv.

Canyon

Colorado

Corvette

Cruze

CTS

CTS Coupe

CTS V Coupe

DTS

Enclave

Equinox CAMI

Equinox OSH

Escalade EXT

Express

Impala

LaCrosse

Malibu

Regal

Sierra LD FW

Sierra LD SIL

Silverado HD FLT

Silverado LD FLT

Silverado LD FW

Silverado LD SIL

SRX

STS

Suburban

Tahoe

Terrain

Traverse

Volt

Yukon

Yukon XL

Acadia

Avalanche

Aveo BUP

Camaro

Camaro Conv.

Canyon

Colorado

Corvette

Cruze

CTS

CTS Coupe

CTS V Coupe

DTS

Enclave

Equinox CAMI

Equinox OSH

Escalade EXT

Express

Impala

LaCrosse

Malibu

Regal

Sierra LD FW

Sierra LD SIL

Silverado HD FLT

Silverado LD FLT

Silverado LD FW

Silverado LD SIL

SRX

STS

Suburban

Tahoe

Terrain

Traverse

Volt

Yukon

Yukon XL

2011 NA Field

Survey:Light

Tri-Coat

Ve

rtic

al:

Left

Fro

nt

Do

or

Up

pe

r

Ho

rizo

nta

l:

Left

Fro

nt

Ho

od

15 Degree Mottle

15 Degree Mottle

2011 NA Field

Survey:

Light Tri-Coat

Basecoat Technology

Ve

rtic

al:

Left

Fro

nt

Do

or

Up

pe

r

Ho

rizo

nta

l:

Left

Fro

nt

Ho

od

15 Degree Mottle

15 Degree Mottle

2011 NA Field

Survey:

Light Tri-Coat

Basecoat/Clearcoat

Technology

Ve

rtic

al:

Left

Fro

nt

Do

or

Up

pe

r

Ho

rizo

nta

l:

Left

Fro

nt

Ho

od

15 Degree Mottle

15 Degree Mottle

2011 NA Field

Survey:

Light Tri-Coat

Application Process

Ve

rtic

al:

Left

Fro

nt

Do

or

Up

pe

r

Ho

rizo

nta

l:

Left

Fro

nt

Ho

od

15 Degree Mottle

15 Degree Mottle

Byk’s SmartChart Software is Used to Set Up

and Analyze Data for All 3 Instruments:

BykMac, WaveScan, CloudRunner

2012 NA Field Survey:Mottle Measurement Pilot

Metallic Mottle(Byk Cloud Runner)

� Background• 2012: 2nd Year in NA

• Horizontal

(Left Front Hood)

• Vertical

(Left Front Door Upper)

• 2 Colors (Light Tri-Coat and Light Metallic )

• 2 Templated Locations / 5 Measurements per Location

� Targeted Vehicles• All GM Models Marketed in NA

� Status• JN12-JL12 Data Collection

• JL12-AU12 Data Analysis

Lig

ht

Tri-

Co

at

Lig

ht

Me

tall

ic

Silverado LD Silao

CTS Wagon

Escalade EXT

CTS Coupe

CTS

Volt

LaCrosse

Malibu 2013

SRX

Enclave

Acadia

Regal

Yukon XL

XTS

Suburban

Escalade

Yukon

Escalade ESV

Traverse

Verano

Silverado LD Silao

CTS Wagon

Escalade EXT

CTS Coupe

CTS

Volt

LaCrosse

Malibu 2013

SRX

Enclave

Acadia

Regal

Yukon XL

XTS

Suburban

Escalade

Yukon

Escalade ESV

Traverse

Verano

Acadia

Camaro

Camaro Convertible

Canyon

Colorado

Corvette

Cruze

CTS

CTS Coupe

CTS Wagon

Enclave

Equinox CAMI

Equinox OSH

Escalade

Escalade ESV

Escalade EXT

Impala

LaCrosse

Malibu 2013

Regal

Savana

Sierra HD Flint

Sierra LD FW

Sierra LD Silao

Silverado HD Flint

Silverado LD Flint

Silverado LD FW

Silverado LD Silao

Sonic Sdn

Sonic SUV

SRX

Suburban

Tahoe

Terrain

Traverse

Verano

Volt

XTS

Yukon

Yukon XL

Acadia

Camaro

Camaro Convertible

Canyon

Colorado

Corvette

Cruze

CTS

CTS Coupe

CTS Wagon

Enclave

Equinox CAMI

Equinox OSH

Escalade

Escalade ESV

Escalade EXT

Impala

LaCrosse

Malibu 2013

Regal

Savana

Sierra HD Flint

Sierra LD FW

Sierra LD Silao

Silverado HD Flint

Silverado LD Flint

Silverado LD FW

Silverado LD Silao

Sonic Sdn

Sonic SUV

SRX

Suburban

Tahoe

Terrain

Traverse

Verano

Volt

XTS

Yukon

Yukon XL

2012 NA Field Survey:

Light Metallic

Application Process

15 Degree Mottle

Vertical Surface

2012 NA Field Survey:

Light MetallicBasecoat

Technology

15 Degree Mottle

Vertical Surface

15 Degree Mottle

Vertical Surface

2012 NA Field Survey:

Light Metallic

Application Process

Byk Cloud Runner: Preliminary Testing

Measurement of Mottle at Dealerships (2009)Right Front Door

Light Tri-Coat

Impact of Material Technology / Process

Estat Robotic Bell

Estat Robotic Bell

Conversion Since

2011 Survey

Data Collection

15 Degree Mottle

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant A

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Bell / Bell

Negative Texture = Large

Mottles More Apparent

Positive Texture = Large Mottles

Better Hidden by Small Mottle

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant P

Light MetallicSBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Gun

Negative Texture = Large

Mottles More Apparent

Positive Texture = Large Mottles

Better Hidden by Small Mottle

2012 NA Field Survey:Light Metallic - Vertical Mottling Charts

BOB – Plant A: WBBC/2KCC & Bell/Bell

WOW – Plant P: SBBC/1KCC & Bell/Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant A

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant B

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant C

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant D

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant E

Light MetallicWBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant F

Light MetallicSBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant G

Light MetallicSBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant H

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Gun / Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant I

Light MetallicWBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant J

Light MetallicSBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant K

Light MetallicSBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant L

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Bell / Bell

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant K

Light Metallic WBBC / 2KCC, Gun / Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant N

Light MetallicSBBC / 2KCC, Gun / Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant O

Light MetallicWBBC / 2KCC, Gun / Gun

2012 NA Field Survey: Mottling ChartsPlant P

Light MetallicSBBC / 1KCC, Bell / Gun

Byk Cloud Runner:Summary & Path Forward

� Meter Allows for Objective Evaluation of Mottle

� Gage R&R Validated – In Paint Tool Box

� 2 Years of Field Survey Data for GM NA Models Show Potential Actionable Trends

� Cloud Runner Appears to be a Valuable Tool for Process Development for Launches & New Equipment (Pathwork Verification)