BY JOANNE HOWARDBY JOANNE HOWARDBY JOANNE HOWARDBY JOANNE HOWARD

France

Great BritainAmerican merchant

You boys can keep on

killing each other. If either of y’all need anything, just

give us Yankees a

holler!

I hate you, French dude!

Je vous hais plus!

France

Great BritainCauses of the War of 1812

• In 1803, Britain and France went to war again.• Both countries seized U.S. ships sailing towards the ports of their enemy.

• Britain continued its’ impressment of U.S. sailors.

Between 1808 and 1811 over 6,000 Americans were impressed by the British.

2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”Q June 21, 1807.June 21, 1807.

Q Br. Captain fired on Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake.the USS Chesapeake.

Q 3 dead, 18 wounded.3 dead, 18 wounded.

Q Br. Foreign Office Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.said it was a mistake.

Q Jefferson’s Response:Jefferson’s Response:

§ Forbade Br. ships to dock in Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.American ports.

§ Ordered state governors to call up Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.as much as 100,000 militiamen.

One cause of the War of 1812 was the British disregard of American shipping rights. British ships frequently stopped American ships, confiscated their cargo, and impressed (captured) crew members, claiming they were deserters from Britain’s Royal Navy.

American merchant

Mr. President, the British and French keep seizing

American merchant

ships. Something

must be done!

I know what to do! If we don’t allow American ships to trade with anyone, then they

won’t get attacked!

True, but that’s not what I had in mind!

• Trade with all nations was allowed except Britain or France.

Embargo Act (1807)

• The Embargo Act banned U.S. ships from trading with any country.

• This hurt the U.S. economy!

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

• All imports and exports were banned!

The Embargo Act of 1813 is personified by a huge terrapin, who seizes a smuggler by the pants. The cartoon was aimed at the people of New England, who, allegedly, were supplying the British with provisions.

Presidential Election of 1808Presidential Election of 1808Presidential Election of 1808Presidential Election of 1808

James Madison Becomes James Madison Becomes PresidentPresident

James Madison Becomes James Madison Becomes PresidentPresident

Dolly Madison: The President’s Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest AssetGreatest Asset

Dolly Madison: The President’s Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest AssetGreatest Asset

4. The Non-Intercourse Act 4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)(1809)4. The Non-Intercourse Act 4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)(1809)

Q Replaced the Embargo Act.Replaced the Embargo Act.

Q Remained U. S. policy until 1812.Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

Q Unexpected ConsequencesUnexpected Consequences::

§ N. Eng. was forced to become self-N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories sufficient again [old factories reopened].reopened].

§ Laid the groundwork for US Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.industrial power.

§ Jefferson, a critic of an industrial Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

5. Br. Instigation of Indians5. Br. Instigation of Indians5. Br. Instigation of Indians5. Br. Instigation of Indians

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

British General Brock Meets with British General Brock Meets with TecumsehTecumseh

Chief Tecumseh of the Shawnee tribe

The Prophet and Tecumseh

• Tecumseh unified many tribes behind the message of the Prophet, who was his older brother.

The Prophet and Tecumseh

Tenskwatawa, also known as “The Prophet”

• Tenskwatawa, also known as “The Prophet”, believed that in order to survive, Native Americans had to give up white ways of life.

TecumsehTecumsehTecumsehTecumseh

“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors

and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death”

“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors

and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death”

Tecumseh reflected bitterly on the white

man’s treatment of his people.

• In 1808, the Prophet built a village for his followers in Tippecanoe, Indiana.

William Henry Harrison, Territorial Governor of Indiana

Showdown at Tippecanoe

• In 1811, fearful of the growing strength of the Prophet and Tecumseh, Governor William Henry Harrison led 1,000 troops against them in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Q General William HenryGeneral William HenryHarrison was governor ofHarrison was governor ofthe Indiana Territory.the Indiana Territory.

Q Invited Native IndianInvited Native Indianchiefs to Ft. Wayne, INchiefs to Ft. Wayne, INto sign away 3 mil. acres to sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US of land to the US government.government.

Q Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands.Indian tribes to fight for their homelands.

Q Tecumseh’s brother fought against Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.

Q This made Harrison a national hero!This made Harrison a national hero![1840 election [1840 election Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]]

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

• The battle was viewed by Americans as a major victory, even though it was unclear which side actually won.

The Battle of Thames The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813River, Oct. 5, 1813

The Battle of Thames The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813River, Oct. 5, 1813

• US military victory led by General William H. HarrisonUS military victory led by General William H. Harrison– Tecumseh was killed during this battleTecumseh was killed during this battle

“One of those uncommon geniuses

who spring up occasionally to produce

revolutions and overturn the

established order of things.

If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire

that would rival in glory that of Mexico.”

“One of those uncommon geniuses

who spring up occasionally to produce

revolutions and overturn the

established order of things.

If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire

that would rival in glory that of Mexico.”

Tecumseh vs HarrisonTecumseh vs Harrison

William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison

““War Hawks”War Hawks”““War Hawks”War Hawks”

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

War Hawks

34 year old Henry Clay, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and War Hawk leader.

War Hawks – members of Congress, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky, that wanted to declare war on Great Britain

I. Nationalism – pride or devotion to one’s country

• Many Americans felt that Great Britain still treated the United States like a British colony.

II. Revenge

• War Hawk’s wanted revenge on Britain for seizing American ships.

War Hawk’s Rationale for War

War Hawk’s Rationale for War

III. Territorial Expansion

• Henry Clay wanted an excuse to conquer Canada from Great Britain and Florida from Spain.

IV. Native American Attacks

• War Hawks felt that Great Britain was arming Native Americans on the frontier and encouraging them to attack Americans.

Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812

““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”““Mr. Madison’s War!”Mr. Madison’s War!”

““Mr. Madison’s War”Mr. Madison’s War”““Mr. Madison’s War”Mr. Madison’s War”

• Why Britain, not France?Why Britain, not France?– Impressment: destroying US economyImpressment: destroying US economy

– British fortsBritish forts

– Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)

– Desire for CanadaDesire for Canada

– No respect from BritishNo respect from British

• Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.needed war.

American ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsAmerican ProblemsQ The US was unprepared militarily:The US was unprepared militarily:

§ Had a 20-ship navy vs. Britain’sHad a 20-ship navy vs. Britain’s1,000 ships.1,000 ships.

§ Americans disliked a draft Americans disliked a draft preferred to enlist in the preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias.disorganized state militias.

Q Financially unprepared:Financially unprepared:

§ Flood of paper $.Flood of paper $.

§ Revenue from import tariffs Revenue from import tariffs declined.declined.

Q Regional disagreements.Regional disagreements.

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade

around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the

war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

OverviewOverviewof theof theWarWar

ofof18121812

OverviewOverviewof theof theWarWar

ofof18121812

3 U. S. Invasions of 18123 U. S. Invasions of 18123 U. S. Invasions of 18123 U. S. Invasions of 1812

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

Battle of Fort McHenry,Battle of Fort McHenry,18141814

Battle of Fort McHenry,Battle of Fort McHenry,18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

Gave proof through the night,Gave proof through the night,That our flag was still there..That our flag was still there..

Gave proof through the night,Gave proof through the night,That our flag was still there..That our flag was still there..

Naval BattlesNaval BattlesNaval BattlesNaval Battles

• The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war important naval battle of the war – After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” • Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake

Champlain which resulted in a British retreat Champlain which resulted in a British retreat • US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – January, 1815December, 1814 – January, 1815

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – January, 1815December, 1814 – January, 1815

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade

around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the

war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

The Battle of New Orleans, 1815The Battle of New Orleans, 1815The Battle of New Orleans, 1815The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

New orleansNew orleans

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

New orleansNew orleans

The Battle of New Orleans, 1815The Battle of New Orleans, 1815The Battle of New Orleans, 1815The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Jackson’s Florida CampaignsJackson’s Florida CampaignsJackson’s Florida CampaignsJackson’s Florida Campaigns

The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy

• U.S. gained the respect of other nations U.S. gained the respect of other nations • U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a

part of the British Empire part of the British Empire • The Federalist party came to an end as a national The Federalist party came to an end as a national

force force • Talk of nullification and secession in New England Talk of nullification and secession in New England

set a precedent that would later be used by the set a precedent that would later be used by the SouthSouth

• Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe Europe

The War’s LegacyThe War’s LegacyThe War’s LegacyThe War’s Legacy

• Native Americans in the West were forced to Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.surrender large areas of land and move west.

• More U.S. factories were built More U.S. factories were built

• War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually become Henry Harrison would eventually become

Presidents. Presidents.

• Growth of American nationalism Growth of American nationalism

• Enter a time period in our history called the Enter a time period in our history called the ““Era of Era of Good FeelingsGood Feelings””