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Saving Money Through Resource Efficiency: Reducing Water Use

Business Resource Efficiency Guide

Home1 Introduction 2 The use of

water3 Costs of

water use4 Benefits of

reducing water use

5 Planning to reduce water use

6 How to reduce water costs

7 Action plan 8 Further information

Saving Money Through Resource Efficiency: Reducing Water UseWRAP II

Our vision is a world without waste, where resources are used sustainably.

We work with businesses and individuals to help them reap the benefits of reducing waste, develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way.

Find out more from the WRAP Resource Efficiency Helpline on 0808 100 2040 or at www.wrap.org.uk

1 Introduction 2

2 The use of water 3 2.1 Water supply 3 2.2 Water disposal 3 2.3 Typical uses 4 2.4 Reducing contaminant levels 4

3 Costs of water use 5

4 Benefits of reducing water use 6

5 Planning to reduce water use 7 5.1 Who should be involved? 7 5.2 The plan 7

6 How to reduce water costs 9 6.1 Draw up a water mass balance 9 6.2 Determine key water-using activities 11 6.3 Identify water saving ideas 13 6.4 Analyse different options 13 6.5 Maintain savings 13 6.6 Report success 14

7 Action plan 15

8 Further information 16

Contents

Home1 Introduction 2 The use of

water3 Costs of

water use4 Benefits of

reducing water use




http://www.wrap.org.uk

Saving Money Through Resource Efficiency: Reducing Water UseWRAP 1

1 Introduction 2 The use of water

3 Costs of water use

4 Benefits of reducing water use




Home

Summary

While water costs may appear insignificant, the true cost is considerably higher than the basic charges for supplying water and discharging effluent. The ‘hidden costs’ for heating, pumping, maintenance, capital depreciation and treatment should also be considered, as well as the value of lost materials in wastewater.

Water costs can be between 1 and 2% of a company’s turnover. Savings between 30 and 50% can be achieved by investing in no- and low-cost water reduction techniques and technologies. A company with an annual turnover of £2 million could save up to £20,000 per year.

This guide outlines a systematic approach to reducing the costs associated with water use and wastewater disposal. This approach, which can be incorporated in existing management systems, stresses the importance of:

involving all members of staff, from senior ¡management to plant operators;developing a clear, easily understood plan; ¡determining the true costs of water ¡consumption;identifying where water enters and leaves a ¡building or site;developing a water mass balance; ¡understanding which of your business ¡activities use the most water and incur the most costs;encouraging the workforce to generate ¡water saving ideas;implementing all feasible options; and ¡carrying out regular reviews to maintain ¡savings.

The approach taken to reduce water use can also lead to lower contaminant levels in wastewater, which can result in additional cost benefits.


Home 2 The use of water






1 Introduction

Focusing on reducing water use can help identify opportunities for improving processes that have been missed by other efficiency initiatives. While wastewater generation is inevitable in any organisation, few organisations would claim that every conceivable process improvement had been identified and implemented to reduce it to an absolute minimum. Therefore, having good information about where water is being wasted is vital.

Working with key personnel in your organisation and, if necessary, using the services offered by WRAP or your water supplier, you can obtain and analyse this information. This will be an important step on the path to water efficiency in your organisation. Managed correctly, water and wastewater reduction initiatives can be of benefit to your organisation, the environment and your water supplier or effluent contractor.

This guide will help you adopt a systematic approach to your water use, and help you to plan, implement and communicate an effective water management and minimisation programme in your organisation.

Water prices have risen steadily over the last 10 years. This trend looks set to continue as more capital is required to secure sustainable infrastructure and supplies, and to reduce leakage. In addition, the energy costs related to pumping and treatment are also increasing significantly.

If you compare your water costs with those for gas or electricity bills, it is unlikely that water will be the most expensive. However, experience at WRAP shows that investing some time in understanding how water is used on your site can lead to significant cost savings. If you have to treat or heat water prior to using it, then the savings potential is increased in line with these additional costs.

Having good information about where water is being wasted is vital.

1 Introduction


Home 1 Introduction 3 Costs of water use





Water company’s sewage

treatmentworks

Site,factory

or office

Water company’s water

purification works

River

River

2 The use of water

2 The use of water

In the UK, there is still a widely held perception that water is a plentiful resource and much of our behaviour in using water is based on this perception. Water resources are already under pressure and future climate change and population growth will increase this pressure further. The perceived low cost of water is not regarded as significant and the infrastructure for its supply and removal is not always well understood.

2.1 Water supplyOrganisations usually obtain their water in two ways:

from a water company through the mains ¡water system as wholesome water (i.e. water that is fit to drink); orabstracted directly from rivers or boreholes ¡sunk into an underground aquifer.

Some sites may obtain water from more than one of these sources depending on availability, quality and cost.

Often, before water can be used for its intended purpose, it may need to be treated to remove solids, softened, chlorinated, etc. These processes usually generate their own wastewater flows.

2.2 Water disposalMost of the water supplied to a site, factory or office is returned to a river or the sea by:

direct discharge; or ¡via the sewer system and the local sewage ¡treatment works.

However, a small amount of water leaves as emissions to the atmosphere (e.g. due to drying operations) or is contained in products (e.g. in the food and drink industry).

Wastewater may need on-site treatment before it is discharged to a watercourse or to the sewer system.

Figure 1 shows a typical cycle for water taken from a river.

Water resources are already under pressure and future climate change and population growth will increase this pressure further.

Figure 1: Generalised flow of water to industry or commerce


Home 1 Introduction 3 Costs of water use





A decrease in water consumption – and, therefore, purchasing costs – usually leads to a decrease in wastewater volumes and disposal costs. A reduction in water consumption may also reduce the environmental impact of any subsequent discharge to a river.

2.3 Typical usesWater is used for different purposes depending on the nature of the business and the processes carried out. Table 1 lists some typical uses, together with the normal source of water for each category.

2.4 Reducing contaminant levelsDuring its passage through a site, water becomes contaminated with various soluble and insoluble chemicals. A frequently expressed initial concern is that a significant reduction in water use will increase the concentration of these contaminants. Since disposal costs and legislative requirements tend to be concentration-based, it can be argued that there is no benefit from reducing water consumption.

There are two major reasons why this argument is wrong.

Dilution is not the solution to pollution. ¡Current best practice and the basic approach required by the Environmental Protection Act 1990 are to minimise all emissions at source and not to simply dilute them to an apparently ‘acceptable’ level.Contaminant levels should be reduced ¡as well. The approach taken to reduce water use can also lead to lower contaminant levels in wastewater.

The need to reduce water consumption is compatible and consistent with reducing contaminant concentrations.

2 The use of water

Table 1: Typical uses of water

Purpose Description Typical source

Cooling To remove heat from rotating machinery.To reduce the temperature of process materials.To condense vapours.

Direct from river (when available). Returned directly to river.Borehole.

Processing Direct contact with raw materials and products to dilute, mix, heat/cool, and separate raw materials and products.

Mains water.

Cleaning Used during maintenance activities to clean equipment for:

hygiene reasons; ¡product quality reasons; and ¡product changeover. ¡

Mains water.

Sanitary Used for drinking, washing and flushing toilets. Mains water.

Steam raising Generating steam for process heating. Mains water.

Treating spills/leaks/drips

Abnormal events where water is used to dilute and clean.

Mains water.


Home 1 Introduction 2 The use of water






While water purchase and disposal costs can usually be obtained from water bills, one of the early priorities when implementing a programme to reduce water and wastewater costs is to identify the true cost of water.

Table 2 lists some of the many possible components that make up the true cost of water use, which can be more than three times the total amount charged for supply and disposal.

In general, those responsible for water use in a manufacturing process are not responsible for its supply, disposal or costs.

In many cases, the actual water consumption of a particular manufacturing process may not be known and is allocated as a proportion of the site’s measured consumption.

However, this approach tends to encourage the incorrect notion that water is a fixed cost in the manufacturing manager’s budget.

The allocation of costs and how to manage them are discussed in more detail in Section 6.

While water costs may appear trivial compared with turnover (between 1 and 2%), in absolute cost terms they often represent a significant amount of money (e.g. between £20,000 and £40,000/year for a company with an annual turnover of £2 million). However, savings of between 30 and 50% can be achieved by investing in no- and low-cost water reduction techniques and technologies.

Saving money as a result of reducing water use can also help to improve cash flow.

One of the early priorities when implementing a programme to reduce water and wastewater costs is to identify the true cost of water.


Table 2: Cost components of water use

Component Comments

Purchase price If mains water, this is usually charged per cubic metre (m3). A standing charge may also apply.

Disposal price If water is discharged to a sewer system, it is usually charged per m3. Trade effluent charges are usually levied (on the basis of the Mogden formula) to account for the chemicals present in the effluent (e.g. chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids content).

Heating/cooling costs

Energy costs are a large proportion of the overall cost of hot water and can be significant when water is cooled.

Pumping costs Distributing water around a site may incur a pumping cost. The energy required to do this is a function of:

flow rate; ¡distribution pressure; and ¡pumping efficiency. ¡

Maintenance costs These are associated with:pumps; ¡flow meters; and ¡corrosion of, or deposition in, pipework and equipment. ¡

Maintenance of the pipework distribution system also incurs a cost.

Capital costs Excessive capital costs will be incurred if the water supply system is not minimised during the design stage of a new supply or an extension of an existing supply.

Treatment costs These are associated with treatment prior to use (such as softening) and/or treatment prior to discharge. These costs are made up of operating costs (usually per m3) and depreciation of capital costs.

Loss of valuable materials

These include raw materials, products, by-products and treatment/cleaning chemicals.









Although the main perceived benefit of reducing water consumption is cost savings, there are several other potential benefits.

Avoid supply issues ¡ A water company’s piped distribution system means that the supply of water is relatively fixed. Therefore, if an organisation requires an increase in its supply of water (e.g. because it wants to increase production), then this may not be instantly available.Providing an increased water supply can be expensive and time consuming, depending on such factors as the site location, the distribution network and the water company’s priorities.Reducing the consumption of water per unit of output is often the most cost-effective way of avoiding a potential supply problem.Where an organisation’s growth is constrained by the availability of water, reducing demand will help alleviate this problem.Supply and demand ¡ Water companies produce water resource management plans in which they estimate demand. Based on these estimates they may identify the need for new or upgraded water supplies.

New supplies require planning, consultation and incur high capital costs. A systematic approach by organisations to reduce water consumption can help to alleviate the need for new supplies to be provided.Environmental benefits ¡ Even after appropriate treatment to comply with consent conditions, the discharge of effluent to a river or the sea may still have an impact on the aquatic environment. Reducing the amount of material lost in wastewater reduces its impact on the environment as well as saving money.Any reduction in water consumption may also be linked to a reduction in the environmental impact associated with supplying water, especially if water is abstracted from a river. The environmental benefit is doubled when water abstraction from the river and wastewater flow to the river are reduced.Positive public relations ¡Reducing water demand is a good news story, and customers and stakeholders often demand more transparency from organisations. Sharing details of achievements with stakeholders can help an organisation attain recognition for the steps taken to improve business practices.

Reducing the consumption of water per unit of output is often the most cost-effective way of avoiding a potential supply problem.







Before embarking on a programme to reduce water consumption, it is important to have a clear and easily understood plan.


5.1 Who should be involved?At the beginning of the project, the following should be involved:

site management; ¡the project team; and ¡the team leader. ¡

However, all employees have a contribution to make and this should be encouraged. For example, during the data collection stages (see Section 6.2.1), some employees can be involved by being asked about their use of water or asked to help with data collection. Other employees may be invited to contribute their ideas at team meetings.

5.2 The planBefore embarking on a programme to reduce water consumption, it is important to have a clear and easily understood plan. Without an effective plan:

not all of the achievable savings are ¡identified;the exercise becomes a one-off ‘purge’; ¡ongoing savings are not pursued; ¡employees are not motivated to help; ¡implementing ideas is difficult; and ¡the programme loses momentum and ¡disappears.

5.2.1 Elements of the planTo be successful, the plan needs to be written down in a concise manner. The elements of a successful water reduction plan are:

Scope of work ¡ The plan should state whether the whole site is to be addressed or just one part. Addressing the whole site has advantages (see Section 6). However, for a large site, one area or department could be selected for a pilot study.Programme ¡ A timetable covering all of the planned activities should be drawn up. The overall programme may last 12 months or more, so setting regular (e.g. monthly) milestones can be important.Project team ¡A team approach, with representatives from all of the appropriate departments, is the most effective. However, the team should not be allowed to become too large or bureaucratic.

Essential members include representatives from the departments responsible for the use of water (e.g. production) and for the supply of water (e.g. the services or utility department).









Team leader or ‘champion’ ¡A ‘champion’ is a member of staff whose role is to advocate water and wastewater efficiency throughout the organisation. Training ¡Identify any training needs.Reporting ¡Ways of promoting awareness and disseminating details of progress to the rest of the organisation should be developed.It is also important to identify a method of reporting regularly to either the chief executive or the management team. In this way, the team’s work will be recognised and become part of the organisation’s management system.Resources ¡The resources needed to carry out the programme should be defined and approved. The level of staff involvement will depend on the size and nature of the organisation. However, as an initial guide, the team leader should allocate half a day each week during the early stages; team members will require less time.

Management systems for ongoing ¡improvement The need for ongoing improvement should be recognised and accepted by the team. Basic requirements for maintaining savings (see Section 6.5) should also be considered.Techniques and methodology ¡The systematic approach to be adopted should be defined (see Section 6).Commitment and motivation ¡It is important to ensure that the team:

knows why the work is being done; -knows what it hopes to achieve; -is aware of any constraints imposed on -the programme;is able to communicate effectively; -is motivated to achieve success; and -is committed to the task. -

It is also important to review these aspects regularly.









Before examining ways of reducing water and wastewater costs, it is necessary to determine the true costs of water supply and disposal and to carry out a survey of water use around the site. The WRAP guide, 'Tracking Water Use to Cut Costs', provides further help and advice and is available from the WRAP website (www.wrap.org.uk).

6.1 Draw up a water mass balanceA water mass balance is a numerical account used to show where water enters and leaves a building or site, and where it is used. It is based on the simple concept: what goes in must come out somewhere (see Figure 2).

Typically, it contains information about the amount of water used by each main process and, for some processes, it can be very detailed (when necessary).

A water mass balance will help you to:

understand and manage water and effluent ¡efficiently;identify the areas with the greatest ¡opportunities for cost savings; anddetect leaks. ¡

6.1.1 Annual water consumptionThe first step is to determine the quantity of water consumed over the last 12 months.

Possible sources of data include:

water company bills; ¡site meter readings; and ¡equipment operating data from site ¡distribution pumps (i.e. pump flow rate x operating hours).

If there is more than one source of water (e.g. mains, river, borehole), then each source will require consideration.

A water mass balance is a numerical account used to show where water enters and leaves a building or site, and where it is used.

Watersupply

Domesticwastewater/

trade effluent

Evaporationand steam

Laundry and

washrooms

Shop and

canteen

Liquid rawmaterials

Water inthe product

Meter

Inputs Outputs

Factory

Figure 2: Water inputs and outputs for an example site









The amount of wastewater discharged as effluent over the same period should also be determined.

In most cases, the concentration of contaminants in wastewater will be relatively low. However, if it is significant, the data may need to be adjusted to take this into account.

6.1.2 Data validationData validation can be achieved by comparing the volume of water entering the site, over a 12-month period, to the volume leaving the site. Inputs should equal outputs (see Figure 3).

It may be necessary to allow for:

water removed through drying operations ¡and discharged as vapour directly to atmosphere;water removed in the product; and ¡the addition of rainwater. ¡

While a balance of ±10% is acceptable, a balance of more than 20% generally indicates an error or a leak. If the error cannot be found, try to complete a balance for each quarter of the year or, if possible, for each month. If the error is present in each time interval, then it may be that a key measurement is suspect (e.g. meter calibration). If the error varies from one period of time to the next, then there is more likely to be a specific cause (e.g. an effluent meter may have been temporarily out of order).

Rainwater The route taken by rainwater needs to be assessed carefully. If all the rainwater enters the effluent disposal route, then the input is the annual rainfall multiplied by the area from which the rainfall drains. For example, if the annual rainfall is 1 metre, then 10,000m3 of water per hectare is discharged from the site (1 hectare is equivalent to 10,000m2). Local or regional rainfall data can be obtained from the Met Office.

If this volume of water exits the site alongside the trade effluent, unnecessary disposal charges will be incurred. To avoid a charge, consider diverting surface water through a soakaway or installing simpler solutions (e.g. ponds or ditches) or replacing asphalt with materials that drain naturally, such as gravel.

Make sure you have accounted for any discrepancies:

Calculations ¡ – were you always comparing like for like?Meters ¡ – were they faulty, have they been read correctly?Recycled/re-used flows ¡ – were these all correctly identified during the project?Losses ¡ – were these identified and accounted for?Leaks ¡ – were these detected?

InputsMains waterRiver waterBorehole waterComponent of raw materialsRainwater

OutputsWastewaterDischarges to atmosphereComponent of productComponent of solidwaste streams sent off sitefor disposal

=

Figure 3: Site water inputs and outputs







6.2 Determine key water-using activitiesTo determine key water-using activities, it is best to start by looking at your organisation as a whole and then add details as you go along.

Identify where, how and why water is used. ¡Identify how much water is used. ¡Identify the water quality requirement at ¡each point of use – determine the water quality at each point of discharge.

Presenting the water mass balance as a block diagram makes it easy to understand and use as a management tool. To show relationships between operations, translate your site into a block diagram (Figure 4). Each major activity can be represented by a box, listing the significant water uses. All major water and effluent flow data can be added to produce an initial water balance. List water inputs at the top of the diagram with outputs at the bottom.

Add detail to your initial water balance and work out which activities/processes use the most water under normal and abnormal operating conditions.

SECT

ION

1 6 4 0 2

Water in the product



Liquidraw materials

Meter

Domestic wastewater/trade effluent

Con

den

sate

reco

very

Leaks Boiler blowdown/condensate

Laundry andwashrooms

Toilets, handbasins and showers

Washing machinesTumble dryers

FactoryEquipment washingWater added to

Steam generationCondensate recovery Water softening

Toilets and sinksDishwasher

Mains water

Boilerproduct

Shop and canteen

Food preperation

Figure 4: Block representation of water inputs and outputs for an example site









6.2.1 Data collectionUseful data can be obtained from:

equipment suppliers; ¡design specifications; ¡spot-check measurements (e.g. ¡disconnecting a pipe allows a flow rate to be estimated by measuring how long it takes to collect a known volume); andestimations (e.g. in a laundry, the daily ¡water consumption could be estimated from the known volume of the machines and the number of times they are filled each day).

Relatively crude estimates are adequate for smaller flows as the main purpose of this exercise is to distinguish the major water users from the many minor ones.

However, it is important to determine total actual consumption and not rely on what is believed to be used.

Total annual estimates of water consumption should agree with the mass balance estimates to approximately ±10%. A discrepancy of greater than 20% indicates that one or more of the uses may have been missed or there is a leak.

A site’s measured water consumption is often greater than the calculated quantity for identified plant items. Common reasons for this discrepancy include:

use of historically accepted data, not ¡current data;use of ‘normal’ or design data, not actual ¡data;cleandown water or ‘abnormal’ use is ¡missed;cooling water flow rates are higher than ¡estimated; andareas or equipment that use water are left ¡out of the calculation.

Make sure you have accounted for any discrepancies:

Calculations ¡ – were you always comparing like for like?Meters ¡ – were they faulty, have they been read correctly?Recycled/re-used flows ¡ – were these all correctly identified during the project?Losses ¡ – were these identified and accounted for?Leaks ¡ – were these detected?

6.2.2 Data displayConsider displaying the collected data to show individual water consumptions in order of value.

The data could be displayed in a:

histogram of water consumption versus ¡source of use, showing consumption figures in descending order of magnitude;pie chart; ¡horizontal bar chart showing consumption ¡in proportion to the width of the bars; orsimple table. ¡

A display that uses pictures is invaluable for disseminating results and shows the relative consumption of the activities that account for the majority of the water used at the site. Adding the annual cost of the water to the display will help to emphasise the distinction.








6.3 Identify water saving ideasStaff can help to generate practical water saving ideas. Consider holding a meeting and inviting staff outside of the main project team to generate ideas. Invite staff who have knowledge of the area under examination or have the ability to think creatively and be innovative.

6.3.1 Creating innovative ideasGive an initial reminder of the project ¡objectives, the current cost of water and the need to reduce water consumption.Describe the area or activity being ¡examined. A flowsheet is often useful for this purpose. It should be explained by someone familiar with the area.Write down the ideas that are generated. ¡Stop after a set time or when new ideas ¡stop coming.Rank the ideas for likely success, likely ¡effect on waste generation and likely cost of implementation.Agree those ideas to be pursued. ¡

Starting with the largest water using activity, the process should be repeated down the list of activities to the point where, say, 80% of water use has been covered.

6.4 Analyse different optionsThe ideas generated in the meeting may involve changes to systems, equipment and procedures. Further work will be necessary to ensure the feasibility of these ideas and to determine the costs and savings associated with each option.

Those ideas that prove to be technically, economically and environmentally acceptable should be formally reported to the site management, the main project team and all those concerned. The payback period for water saving ideas is usually sufficiently short to justify their implementation.

Once approval has been given, water saving ideas can be implemented.

6.5 Maintain savingsOnce the main options for reducing water and wastewater have been identified, the programme can be continued by various means, including:

departmental competitions; ¡suggestion schemes; and ¡appointing ‘water wardens’ as the primary ¡contact in each area.

In many cases, a system for continuous improvement will already exist.

It is only when the continuous striving to reduce water and wastewater costs becomes part of a normal management system that the approach becomes permanently successful.








6.5.1 Monitoring to manageA system should be set up to provide managers with the information they need to manage. Monitoring to manage will help to:

maintain the achieved savings; ¡create the basis for ongoing improvement; ¡anddemonstrate success. ¡

Water use can be expressed in terms of production (amount of water used per tonne of product) or workforce (amount of water used per employee). This benchmark can be used to identify excessive use or to demonstrate genuine reductions in water use.

For a large site, it may be necessary to install water meters at key positions to enable water consumption to be measured for different areas or products.

For manufacturing sites, it is important to establish a system for bringing together the water consumption data for an appropriate period of time (e.g. weekly) and the corresponding production information.

Use of trend charts Consider trend charts to display water consumption data and make them available to all employees. Make sure the statistical charts are accompanied by the key water saving messages.

Trend charts not only highlight success, they can also indicate failure. Any tendency to drift back to old ways can, therefore, be detected and corrected before problems arise. In addition, the reasons for any short-term improvement should be investigated so that the improvement can be implemented permanently.

As experience is gained, a more sophisticated monitoring system giving more accurate data can be developed. For example, when several different products are produced with the same equipment, the basic parameter for each different product could be incorporated into the evaluation model instead of using the overall product output.

6.6 Report successsSuccesses should be reported in simple, clear, non-jargon language to maximise understanding by all employees. Possible reporting methods include:

bulletins; ¡posters; ¡newsletters; ¡in-house magazines; ¡prizes; and ¡accounts reporting. ¡







8 Further information

7 Action plan

7 Action plan

The following is a summary of actions that you can take to reduce water use in your organisation leading to lower costs, improved environmental performance and enhanced corporate social responsibility.

Gain inspiration and motivation by looking at what other companies have achieved.

Get people involved.

Appoint a team leader or ‘champion’ and team members.

Draw up a plan and a timetable of planned activities – a good plan is a simple plan.

Determine the true costs of water use and wastewater disposal for your site.

Draw up a water mass balance of water inputs and outputs to your site.

Identify the main water-using activities.

Rank uses in terms of annual water consumption.

Encourage staff to put forward water-saving ideas appropriate to your situation and processes.

Analyse options for technical and economic feasibility.

Implement all ideas that are acceptable, particularly no-cost/low-cost options such as good housekeeping.

Report success in a way that will motivate all employees.

Seek further improvements by integrating resource efficiency into existing management systems.







7 Action plan


WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) works in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to help businesses and individuals reap the benefits of reducing waste, develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way.

Since its creation WRAP has funded projects that will, over their lifetimes, deliver over 120 million tonnes of waste diverted from landfill and over 20 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases saved. Visit www.wrap.org.uk for more information on all of WRAP’s services.

What support can you get from WRAP?UK businesses could save £23 billion per year and help create and protect jobs by improving the way they use resources.

WRAP provides a range of free resource efficiency support for organisations including:

WRAP Resource Efficiency Helpline on 0808 100 2040; ¡online tools and guidance; ¡online training initiatives; ¡tailored business support for recycling companies; ¡case studies; and ¡guides. ¡

Visit www.wrap.org.uk to find out more.

WRAP

WRAP guides and toolsTracking Water Use to Cut Costs. ¡Reducing Your Water Consumption. ¡Resource Efficiency for Managers. ¡Environmental Strategic Review Guide. ¡Waste Mapping: Your Route to More Profit. ¡Workforce Partnerships for Resource Efficiency. ¡Green Office: A Guide to Running a More Cost-effective and Environmentally ¡Sustainable Office.The Rippleffec ¡ t: this provides a wealth of free advice and support to help your business to save money by using water more efficiently.Workforce Partnerships for Resource Efficiency. ¡Mogden Formula too ¡ l.Water monitoring too ¡ l.

Useful linksWater Technology List: ¡ Visit www.hmrc.gov.uk/capital-allowances/fya/water.htm or call 0844 875 5885.Waterwise: ¡ Visit www.waterwise.org.uk.

Useful sources of information




http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/rippleffect-water-efficiency-businesses

http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/mogden-formula-tool-0

http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/water-monitoring-tool-0

www.hmrc.gov.uk/capital-allowances/fya/water.htm

http://www.waterwise.org.uk








www.wrap.org.uk/brehub

While we have tried to make sure this guide is accurate, we cannot accept responsibility or be held legally responsible for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. This material is copyrighted. You can copy it free of charge as long as the material is accurate and not used in a misleading context. You must identify the source of the material and acknowledge our copyright. You must not use material to endorse or suggest we have endorsed a commercial product or service. For more details please see our terms and conditions on our website at www.wrap.org.uk

We hope that you have found this guide helpful on your route to greater resource efficiency. Don’t forget that WRAP is here to help you to improve resource efficiency. Visit the website at www.wrap.org.uk or contact the WRAP Resource Efficiency Helpline on 0808 100 2040.

Waste & ResourcesAction Programme

The Old Academy21 Horse FairBanbury, OxonOX16 0AH

Tel: 01295 819 900Fax: 01295 819 911Email: [email protected]

Resource Efficiency Helpline:0808 100 2040

March 2013



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