building interoperable digital libraries: a practical guide to creating open archives

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Building Interoperable Digital Libraries: A Practical Guide to creating Open Archives Hussein Suleman, [email protected] Digital Library Research Laboratory Virginia Tech

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Building Interoperable Digital Libraries: A Practical Guide to creating Open Archives. Hussein Suleman, [email protected] Digital Library Research Laboratory Virginia Tech. 1. Introduction. What is the OAI? Motivation General System Strategy History Case study: NDLTD. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Building Interoperable  Digital Libraries:  A Practical Guide to creating  Open Archives

Building Interoperable Digital Libraries:

A Practical Guide to creating Open Archives

Hussein Suleman, [email protected] Library Research Laboratory

Virginia Tech

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1. Introduction

What is the OAI?MotivationGeneral System StrategyHistoryCase study: NDLTD

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1.1. What is the OAI ?

What is the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)?Organization dedicated to solving problems of digital library interoperability by defining simple protocols, most recently for the exchange of metadata.

What is the Protocol for Metadata Harvesting?Protocol to transfer metadata from a source archive to a destination archive

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1.2. Motivation

Existence of some established but independent archivesNeed for cross-archive services (like search engines)Lack of low-cost interoperability technologyExperience from past projects such as Dienst

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1.3. General System Strategy

Services

Metadata Harvesting

Document Model

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1.4. HistorySanta Fe Meeting – October 1999

Santa Fe Convention, January 2000Workshops (ACM-DL 2000, ECDL 2000)Structuring of the OAI

Steering CommitteeTechnical Committee

Open Days – US/EuropeProtocol for Metadata Harvesting v1.0, January 2001

Minor Update: v1.1 – July 2001Version 2.0 – June 2002

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1.5. Case Study: NDLTD

Networked Digital Library of Theses and DissertationsMultiple independent university-based collections of electronic documents

Virginia Tech

Humboldt U.

U. South Florida

InternationalETD

Library

OAIProtocol for

MetadataHarvesting

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2. Definitions / ConceptsBasic Principles

What is an Open Archive?Harvesting vs. FederationMetadata vs. DataData and Service Providers

Underlying TechnologyHTTP and XMLXML, XML Namespaces and Schema

Protocol PoliciesUniqueness and PersistenceWhat is a record?Multiplicity of MetadataSetsDatestamp, Harvesting and Flow Control

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2.1. What is an Open Archive ?Any WWW-based system that can be accessed through the well-defined interface of the Open Archives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting… a.k.a. OAI-Compliant RepositoryNo implications for:

Physical storage of dataCost of dataMetadata and data formatsAccess control to server

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2.2. Harvesting vs. FederationCompeting approaches to interoperability

Federation is when services are run remotely on remote data (e.g. Federated searching)Harvesting is when data/metadata is transferred from the remote source to the destination where the services are located (e.g. Union catalogues)

Federation requires more effort at each remote source but is easier for the local system and vice versa for harvestingOAI currently focuses on harvesting

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2.3. Metadata vs. Data

Data refers to digital objects or digital representations of objectsMetadata is information about the objects (e.g. title, author, etc.)OAI focuses on metadata, with the implicit understanding that metadata usually contains useful links to the source digital objects

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2.4. Data and Service ProvidersData Providers refer to entities who possess data/metadata and are willing to share this with others (internally or externally) via well-defined OAI protocols (e.g. database servers)Service Providers are entities who harvest data from Data Providers in order to provide higher-level services to users (e.g. search engines)OAI uses these denotations for its client/server model (data=server, service=client)

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2.5. HTTP and XML

Metadata Harvesting Protocol is an almost stateless request/response protocolRequests and responses are sent via the HTTP protocolRequests are encoded as GET/POST operationsResponses are well-formed XML documents

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2.6. XML Namespaces and Schema

Consistency and data quality is ensured by using XML Schema descriptions for each possible responseXML Namespaces are used where necessary to clearly define which parts of the responses are actual metadata and which support the Metadata Harvesting Protocol

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2.7. Uniqueness and Persistence

Each record must be uniquely addressable by a distinct identifierEach metadata entity should ideally be persistent to guarantee that service providers can always refer back to the source

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2.8. What is a record ?

A record refers to an independent XML structure that may be associated with digital or physical objectsRecords are usually associated with metadata, not dataOAI advocates harvesting of records, which contain metadata and additional fields to support the harvesting operation

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2.9. Sample OAI Record(note: schema and namespaces have been left out for clarity)

<record> <header> <identifier>oai:jcdl2002.org:tut1</identifier> <datestamp>2002-02-03</datestamp> <setSpec>tut</setSpec> </header> <metadata> <dc> <title>OAI Tutorial at JCDL</title> <creator>Hussein Suleman</creator> <language>English</language> </dc> </metadata> <about> <metadataID>oai:jcdl2002.org:tut1md</metadataID> </about></record>

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2.10. Multiplicity of Metadata

Multiple formats of metadata allowedDublin Core is mandatoryAny other format allowed as long as it has an XML encodingE.g. MARC (Libraries), IMS (Education), ETDMS (Theses/Dissertations), RFC1807 (Bibliographies)

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2.11. Sets

Protocol mechanism to allow for harvesting of sub-collectionsNo well-defined semantics – depends completely on local data providersMay be defined by arrangement between data providers and service providersE.g. Subject areas, years, author names, search queries

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2.12. Datestamps & Harvesting

Each record needs a datestamp that indicates its date of creation or modificationDates are used to allow for harvesting by date range, thus allowing incremental and continuous transfer of metadata from a data provider to a service provider

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2.13. Flow Control

HTTP “retry-after” mechanism can be leveraged to support server-side delaying of a client’s requestResumption Tokens can be used to return partial results – the client is issued with a token which may be presented to the server to receive more results

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3. Requirements to be a Data Provider

Source of metadataServer technologyDatestampsDeletionsUnique identifiersMetadata mappings

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3.1. Source of Metadata

Database in proprietary formatCollection of metadata records in well-defined format/s

Files on disk

Metadata may be dynamically or statically extracted from dataSynthetic collection

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3.2. Server TechnologyWWW ServerProtocol may be implemented in many forms

CGI Script (Perl, C++, Java)Java ServletPHP

Metadata (e.g. database) access mechanism requiredSee www.openarchives.org for list of publicly available software templatesSee www.dlib.vt.edu for VT experimental software

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3.3. DatestampsNeeded for every record to support incremental harvestingMust be updated for every addition/modification/deletion to ensure changes are correctly propagatedDifferent from dates within the metadata – this date is used only for harvestingCan be either YYYY-MM-DD or YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ (must be GMT timezone)

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3.4. Unique Identifiers

Each record must have a unique identifierIdentifiers must be valid URIsExample:

oai:<archiveId>:<recordId> oai:etd.vt.edu:etd-1234567890

Each identifier must resolve to a single record and always to the same record (for a given metadata format)

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3.5. Deletions

Archives may keep track of deleted records, by identifier and datestampAll protocol result sets can indicate deleted recordsIf deletions are being tracked, this information must be stored indefinitely so as to correctly propagate to service providers with varying harvesting schedules

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3.6. Metadata MappingsData provider must map its metadata to the formats it chooses to provide through its OAI interfaceUnqualified Dublin Core required

Best practice is to include a link in the <identifier> tag to the actual digital resource or at least a human-readable web page

Native formats recommendedCommunity-based formats recommended

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4. Metadata Harvesting ProtocolService Requests

IdentifyListMetadataFormatsListSetsGetRecordListIdentifiersListRecords

Metadata MultiplicityDate RangesResumption TokensError and Exceptions

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4.1. Identify

PurposeReturn general information about the archive and its policies

ParametersNone

Sample URLhttp://www.anarchive.org/cgi-bin/OAI?verb=Identify

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4.2. Identify - Response

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4.3. ListMetadataFormats

PurposeList metadata formats supported by the archive as well as their schema locations and namespaces

Parametersidentifier – for a specific record (O)

Sample URLhttp://www.anarchive.org/cgi-bin/OAI?verb=ListMetadataFormats

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4.4. ListMetadataFormats - Response

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4.5. ListSets

PurposeProvide a hierarchical listing of sets in which records may be organized

ParametersNone

Sample URLhttp://www.anarchive.org/cgi-bin/OAI?verb=ListSets

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4.6. ListSets – Response

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4.7. GetRecord

PurposeReturns the metadata for a single identifier in the form of an OAI record

Parametersidentifier – unique id for record (R)metadataPrefix – metadata format (R)

Sample URLhttp://www.anarchive.org/cgi-bin/OAI?verb=GetRecord&identifier=oai:test:123&metadataPrefix=oai_dc

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4.8. GetRecord - Response

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4.9. ListIdentifiersPurpose

List headers for all records corresponding to the specified parameters

Parametersfrom – start date (O)until – end date (O)set – set to harvest from (O)metadataPrefix – metadata format to list identifiers for (R)resumptionToken – flow control mechanism (X)

Sample URLhttp://www.anarchive.org/cgi-bin/OAI?verb=ListIdentifiers&metadataPrefix=oai_dc

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4.10. ListIdentifiers - Response

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4.11. ListRecordsPurpose

Retrieves metadata for multiple recordsParameters

from – start date (O)until – end date (O)set – set to harvest from (O)resumptionToken – flow control mechanism (X)metadataPrefix – metadata format (R)

Sample URLhttp://www.anarchive.org/cgi-bin/OAI?verb=ListRecord&metadataprefix=oai_dc&from=2001-01-01

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4.12. ListRecords - Response

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4.13. Metadata Multiplicity

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4.14. Date Ranges

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4.15. Resumption Token

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4.16. Errors and Exceptions

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5. Implementation DetailsTools RequiredBasic program layoutObject-oriented approachesExtensible metadata generationData cleaningCaching of resultsError handlingDenial-of-service preventionCreating resumption tokens

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5.1. Tools Required

Code templates if available (available for many languages)Basic programming environmentXML generators (for non-trivial encoding)Database access libraries/drivers (e.g. DBI, ODBC, JDBC)

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5.2. Basic program layoutparse WWW request to extract parametersif (verb=‘Identify’)

ProcessIdentify;else if (verb=‘ListMetadataFormats’)

ProcessListMetadataFormats;else if (verb=‘ListSets’)

ProcessListSets;else if (verb=‘GetRecord’)

ProcessGetRecord;else if (verb=‘ListIdentifiers’)

ProcessListIdentifiers;else if (verb=‘ListRecords’)

ProcessListRecords;else

ReportError (‘badVerb’);

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5.3. Object-Oriented Approaches

Cleaner separation of protocol, database access and metadata generationExample approaches

Each service request is handled by a object• Simpler incremental development

Protocol, Database and Metadata are objects• Greater portability of code

Inheritance from a basic OAI data provider

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5.4. Metadata Generation

ApproachesMap from source to each metadata formatUse crosswalks (maybe XSLT) to generate additional formats

name

author

source

title

creator

dc

title

author

rfc1807

=

=

=

=

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5.5. Data Cleaning

Escape special XML charactersConvert to UTF-8 version of UnicodeConvert entity referencesRemove extraneous whitespaceConvert CR/LF for paragraphsURLs

/?#=&:;+ must be encoded as escape sequences

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5.6. Result Caching

For multiple requests from many clients or to handle partial result setsKeep temporary tables/filesExpire temporary data when no longer neededIs this necessary to handle date-range requests where new items are added to the result set while harvesting is in progress?

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5.7. Error Handling

All protocol errors are in XML formatbadVerb: illegal verb requestedbadArgument: illegal parameter values or combinationsbadResumptionToken, cannotDisseminateFormat, idDoesNotExist: parameters are in right format but are not legal under current conditionsnoRecordsMatch, noMetadataFormats, noSetHierarchy: empty response exception

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5.8. Denial-of-Service Prevention

Return only partial results and issue a resumption token for moreUse 503 retry-after HTTP errors to have clients try again after a specified back-off timeUse access control lists to limit who may access the archiveInvoke an explicit delay before sending back results

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5.9. Creating resumptionTokens

Combine from/until/metadataPrefix/set and a record number indicator with delimiters into a sequential tokenFor example:

from!until!metadataPrefix!set!recordnumber2000-01-01!2001-01-01!!All!100

Use a session manager with automatic expiry For example:

vtetd14june10amsession12

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6. Common Problems

No unique identifiers !No datestamps !Incomplete information in databaseNew metadata formatXML responses not validating

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6.1. No unique identifiers

Create an independent identifier mappingUse row numbers for a databaseUse filenames for data in filesUse a hash from other fields

E.g. author+year+first word in title

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6.2. No datestamps

Ignore the datestamp parameters and stamp all records with the current dateCreate a date table with the current date for all old entries and update dates for new entriesMost Important: Any harvesting algorithm that is interoperably stable for an archive with real dates should be stable for an archive with synthesized dates

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6.3. Incomplete information

Synthesize metadata fields based on a priori knowledge of the data

Example: publisher and language may be hard-coded for many archives

Omit fields that cannot be filled in correctly – better to have less information than incorrect information !

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6.4. New metadata format

Find the description, namespace and formal name of the standardFind an XML Schema description of the data format

If none exists, write one (consult other OAI people for assistance)

Create the mapping and test that it passes XML schema validation

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6.5. XML not validating

Check namespaces and schemaUse Repository Explorer in non-validating mode to check structure of XML, without looking at namespaces or schemataValidate schema by itself if it is non-standardLook at XML produced by other repositoriesWatch out for character encoding issues

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7. Tools for Testing

Repository ExplorerInteractive BrowsingTesting of parametersMultiple views of dataMultilingual supportAutomatic test suite

OAI RegistryXML Schema Validator

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7.1. RE Interactive Browsing

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7.2. RE Parameter Testing

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7.3. RE Browsing

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7.4. RE Browsing

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7.5. RE Browsing

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7.6. RE Browsing

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7.7. RE Browsing

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7.8. RE Multiple views of data

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7.9. RE Multilingual Support

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7.10. RE Automatic Test Suite

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7.11. RE Error in Response

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7.12. RE Error in XML

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7.13. OAI Registry

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7.14. OAI Registry

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7.15. XSV Schema Validator

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8. Service Providers

How to HarvestPoliciesIntermediate systemsToolsCase Study: ARCCase Study: NDLTD

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8.1. How To HarvestIdentify to get basic informationListIdentifiers, followed by ListMetadataFormats for each record and then GetRecord for each id/metadata combination

No. of short HTTP requests = 1+n+n x mn=no. of identifiers, m=no. of metadata formats

ListRecords for each metadata format requiredNo. of long HTTP requests = mm=no. of metadata formats

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8.2. PoliciesUse schedule for harvesting regularlyStore date when last harvested (before you start)Use a two day overlap (or one day if your archive uses proper UTC datestamps)

New items may be added for the current dayTimezones create up to a day of lag if you ignore themIf the source uses correct UTC datestamps and second granularity then only 1 second of overlap is needed!

Each time a record is encountered, erase previous instances

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8.3. Intermediate Systems

Both a data provider and service providerAll harvested data must have the datestamps updated to the date on which the harvesting was doneIdentifiers retain their original valuesNote: Consistency in the source archive propagates, but so does inconsistency!

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8.4. ToolsCheck OAI website for sample codeXML parsers – depending on platform – check W3CXML Schema validators

Very few available – the reference version works but may not be easy to installIgnore validation if you can trust the source

Sample data providers – check the OAI website for a list of conformant public archives

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8.5. Case Study: ARC

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8.6. Case Study: NDLTD

Virginia Tech U. OldenbergHumboldt U.

NDLTD ETD Union Catalog

VTLS Virtua MARIAN

Search/Browse Engines

Recommender Cross-Ref.

Other Services

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9. OAI Communities

Shared Metadata FormatsShared semanticsLayering over OAIClosed OAI networksOAI within the DL

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9.1. Shared Metadata Formats

Use metadata formats accepted within a community to convey more specific informationExamples

E-Print format (under development)ETD-MS for theses and dissertationsVRA Core for multimediaIMS Metadata for educational material

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9.2. Shared Semantics

Develop a shared understanding for the meanings of fieldsExamples

Developing controlled vocabularies for fieldsUsing specific fields for external links (OAI recommends using identifier in DC for this)Choosing from among existing standards (like language names)

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9.3. Layering over OAI

Convert OAI records into more standard formats like MARC communications formatCollapse multiple requests into one to make harvesting easierName authority system (developed at OCLC) piggybacks name resolution over the OAI protocol

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9.4. Closed OAI networks

Data providers need not go public !Within an organization, OAI can be used for data transfer among heterogeneous systemsMore control over use, making global optimizations possible (like harvesting schedules and choice of metadata formats)

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9.5. OAI within the DLUse the OAI protocol as the basis for components to communicateExamples

Search Engines could use dynamic sets to correspond to search resultsBrowsing can be directed by setsReviews and Annotations can each be independent OAI data providers

Open Digital Libraries project to investigate this approach:

http://oai.dlib.vt.edu/odl

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10. Now What ?

1-2-3 RecipeFuture of Metadata Harvesting ProtocolFuture of OAILinks

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10.1. 1-2-3 Recipe

DO I REALLY WANT TO DO THIS?Do I have an accessible metadata source?Do I have a server to host the OAI script/program?Can I satisfy the requirements to be a data provider?Can I write the code or modify a template or hire a programmer to do either?

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10.2. Future of Protocol

Version 2.0Released ~ June 2001

SOAP versionEnvisioned for near future

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10.3. Future of OAI

Advocacy for easier access to informationNew protocols/tools to support this missionResearch projects to test theory underlying current architecture e.g. Cyclades

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10.4. LinksOpen Archives Initiative

http://www.openarchives.orgOAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol

http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.htmVirginia Tech DLRL OAI Projects

http://www.dlib.vt.edu/projects/OAI/Repository Explorer

http://purl.org/net/oai_explorerNDLTD

http://www.ndltd.org

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10.5. More LinksARC Cross-Archive Search Service

http://arc.cs.odu.edu/XML Schema Validator

http://www.w3.org/2001/03/webdata/xsvDublin Core Metadata Initiative

http://www.dublincore.orgE-Prints DL-in-a-box

http://www.eprints.orgXML Tools at W3C

http://www.w3.org/XML/#software

Page 97: Building Interoperable  Digital Libraries:  A Practical Guide to creating  Open Archives

JCDL 2002 Slide 97

That’s All Folks !