1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ ARC1523 ] EXPERIENCING, DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 2. TUTOR : AR ALICE LIM LI YUEN GROUP MEMBERS BRYAN LUM ZI YANG 314959 HONG SANG WON 314661 JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI 315820 KEN WONG CHUN THIM 315534 KAN JIA-WEI ADRIAN 319384 KELVIN YONG CHEN YIN 316050 CHUA JIU XIN 314025 3. PAGE TOPIC 1 COVER AND LOGO 2 GROUP MEMBER DETAILS 3 CONTENT PAGE 4 - 5 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 6 - 12 SITE AND SAFETY 13 - 16 EXTERNAL WORK 17 - 24 FOUNDATION 25 - 34 SUPERSTRUCTURE 35 - 37 DOORS AND WINDOWS 38 - 42 ROOF 43 - 44 SUMMARY 45 - 46 REFERENCES 4. INTRODUCTION TO SITE 1.0 PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM 5. INTRODUCTION TO SITE - TEMASYA GLENMARIE - TEMASYA SINAR 2 1.0 5BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] Temasya Glenmarie is a quiet, serene and low-density neighbourhood. It is located in the proximity of 37 km west of Kuala Lumpur and strategically located near Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang. There are 4 golf courses nearby, which are the Glenmarie Golf & Country Club, Saujana Golf & Country Club, Kelab Golf Negara Subang and Kelab Golf Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah. As for shopping malls, among the slew of malls near this housing area are Empire Shopping Gallery and Subang Parade shopping centres, all within 5 minutes drive away. Temasya Sinar 2 is phase 5A of the Temasya Glenmarie development and consists of 90 units of Double Storey Superlink homes. There are four types of variations ranging from types A to C, with minor differences in their own category. The design of the house is of Modern Contemporary with its strong linear elements and simplicity in form and design. The house comes with a minimum of ve bedrooms and six bathrooms. The smallest version comes with 3,629 sq feet. 6. SITE AND SAFETY 2.0 PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM 7. 2.0 7 SITE AND SAFETY DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ( DOSH ) The Department of Occupational Safety and Health ( DOSH ) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at the place of work but also the public as well. This guideline applies to all place of work in building operation and work of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 ( Act 1954 ), the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 ( Act 139 ), and all the regulations made there under. It is designed to serve as a handy reference and to be read together with the above mentioned legislations and other industry codes of practice. ( Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites, 1st Revision ) 11.1 The worksite should be fully barricaded by protective hoarding so that the general public would be protected from work in progress. The hoarding should be able to protect not only public from danger within the site but also act as barrier or security to prevent people from trespassing into the site/ 20.4.1 Formwork and reshores shall be certied structurally safe by a Professional Engineer and shall be properly braced or tied together so as to maintain position and shape. (Reg. 28(1), Building Operations And Works Of Engineering Construction ( Safety ) Regulations, 1986) 20.1.7 All scaffolds require bracing to help prevent from collapsing. All scaffolds, including independent scaffolds, should be secured tied, or otherwise supported CONCRETE FORMWORK HOARDING SCAFFOLD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 8. 2.0 8 SITE AND SAFETY SIGNBOARDS PROJECT SIGNBOARD ELECTRIC FENCE WARNING SAFETY REMINDER REMINDER OF PENALTY IF SAFETY EQUIPMENT IS NOT WORN REMINDER FOR WORKERS TO USE SAFETY EQUIPMENTS LARGE SIGNBOARD TO REMIND WORKERS TO PLACE SAFETY FIRST BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 9. 2.0 9 SITE AND SAFETY CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE The construction site ofce is where all the project documents are stored. For example, samples of materials used, timeline of project and etc. Visitors have to report to the construction site ofce to receive permission to enter the site. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 10. 2.1PLANTS AND MACHINERY EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT BACKHOE-LOADER - Used for digging small trenches, general grading work, lifting loads and carrying materials around the site. EXCAVATOR - Used for digging bigger trenches, general grading work, leading into haul units, lifting and demolition. 10BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 11. 2.1 11 PLANTS AND MACHINERY LIFTING AND VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CONCRETE MIXER TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES Used for lifting materials and moving them to other places. Compared to the tower crane this is more convenient as it requires no dismantling and reassembling CONCRETE MIXING TRANSPORT TRUCKS Used for transporting and mixing concrete to the construction site. The liquid state is maintained by the turning drum while transportation. Depending on the rotation of the drum, the concrete is pushed deeper into the drum or discharged out CONCRETE MIXING TRANSPORT TRUCKS A small scale concrete mixer. Since it is mixed on site instead of transported, workers have more time to use the concrete before it hardens BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 12. 2.1 12 PLANTS AND MACHINERY WHEEL WASHING SYSTEM OTHER MACHINES AND PLANTS When a vehicle leaves the construction site, the wheels will be washed at the entrance with a water hose ( arrow ) to prevent the dirt from damaging and spreading dirt to the road. In other cases, some sites may use different and sometimes more efcient solutions such as implementing an automated roller system or drive-through system that increases performance. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] BAR BENDING MACHINE BAR CUTTING MACHINE DUMP TRUCK/ TIPPER TRUCK ROLLOUT DUMPSTER 13. EXTERNAL WORK 3.0 PREPARED BY CHUA JIU XIN 14. 3.0 14 EXTERNAL WORK EARTHWORK Earthwork is dened as the excavation and piling of of earth, in connection with an engineering operation. It involves moving apart parts of the earth to another location to create a desired shape. MACHINERY Much of the excavation is done with operated machines to reduce and ease the load of work, cost and time. Among the equipments used include; EQUIPMENT FUNCTION WHEEL LOADER SCOOP UP LOOSE MATERIALS FROM THE GROUND FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER WITHOUT PUSHING THE MATERIALS ACROSS THE GROUND BACK-HOES DIG UP HARD MATERIALS AND TRENCHES SCRAPERS USED TO MOVE EARTH OVER A SHORT DISTANCE, ESSENTIALLY SMOOTHENING THE INTENDED SURFACE EXCAVATORS DIGGING, DEMOLITION, FORESTRY WORK, GRADING, LANDSCAPING, HEAVY LIFTING AND BRUSH CUTTING MOTOR GRADER TO GRADE THROUGH THE ROUGH GRADING CAUSE BY HEAVY VEHICLES ( CREATES A FLAT AND SMOOTH SURFACE ) ROLLERS USED TO COMPACT THE SOIL AFTER GRADING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 15. 3.1 15 SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK CUT AND FILL THE MASS DIAGRAM Cut and Fill is the process of constructing railways,roadsor canals,whereby the amount of material fromcuts roughly matches the amount of ll needed to make nearbyembankments, hence minimising the amount of construction labor. Various sections of a roadway design will require bringing in earth. Other sections will require earth to be removed. The mass diagram is one method of analysing earthmoving operations. This diagram can tell the engineer where to use certain types of equipment, the quantities of materials needed, and the average haul The mass diagram has many limitations that preclude its use in all earthmoving operations. At best, it is merely a guide indicating the general manner in which the operations should be controlled. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 16. 3.1 16 SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK SOIL TESTING INTRODUCTION The investigation of the geology and previous uses of any site, together with the determination of its engineering, environmental and contamination characteristics is fundamental to both safe and economic development. SOIL INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 1. BOREHOLES 2. IN-SITU TESTING boreholes Rotary Boring is boring hole using drilling uid (water or mud) pumped down a rod tted at the bottom some sort of cutting bit. in-situ testing In-situ testing techniques, Standard Penetration Testing, Permeability Testing and Borehole Vane Testing are carried out in the boreholes in order to provide information for geotechnical design. Disturbed and undisturbed samples are retrieved from the boreholes for inspection and logging by engineers and subsequent testing in our laboratories. Standard Penetration test (SPT) Hammer weight = 65kg - Drop height = 760mm - Total penetration is 450mm and the number of blows for the last 300mm is the SPT N value. Care - depth of test vs casing L *site supervision BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 17. FOUNDATION 4.0 PREPARED BY JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI 18. 4.1 18 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TYPES OF FOUNDATION In Malaysia, terrace or link houses usually utilises one of 3 types of foundations. 1. PAD FOOTING Pad footing is usually implemented when the ground has a good bearing capacity. A ground with good bearing capacity means a ground that is hard. Usually, ground found at a hill cut are hard grounds. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] SHALLOW FOUNDATION SHALOW FOUNDATIONS ARE USUALLY BUILT NEAR THE GROUND SURFACE. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE USED WHEN THE SURFACE SOILS ARE STRONG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE BUILDING LOAD. 19. 4.1 19 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 2. RAFT FOOTING Raft footing is a foundation that literally oats on the soil. Raft footing are used when the ground is hard and soft intermittently. Raft footing can also be used for buildings of more then two storeys. It is also to eliminate uneven settlement. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 20. 4.1 20 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 3. PILE FOUNDATION Pile foundation is used when the ground is soft or is a lled ground. Piling is a form of deep foundation. It is usually used when the ground is soft or is on lled ground. Piling is generally used to transfer load from the unsuitable ground at the surface deep into the ground. Based on the information gathered, Temasya Sinar 2 in Seksyen U1 Temasya Glenmarie Project by I&P uses precast concrete pile. Precast concrete pile is one of the most widely used piling systems in the world. It can be constructed in two days, that is either built in a factory or on site. However, patterns in Malaysia suggest that site construction is not widely used here. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] DEEP FOUNDATION ARE USED TO TRANSFER THE WEIGHT OF LOAD DEEP UNDERNEATH GROUND SURFACE BECAUE OF UNSUITABLE AND UNSTABLE SOIL CONDITION IN THAT AREA DEEP FOUNDATION REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE 21. 4.1 21 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PILECAP CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE Block setting out are done by licensed surveyors before any form of piling works are carried out. The surveyor determines the pile point numbering on site. After piling work, a pit is excavated to install the pile cap. Before installing the pile cap, the cut-off level of piles will be based on the top of the pile cap. Timber is then used as formwork on the concrete of the pile cap. The concrete for pile caps is of grade 30. Injection piling machine is used to drive in the piles. Injection method is suitable for this particular construction as the surroundings are sensitive. Injection method also cuts down on noise pollution and vibrations. Due to having existing buildings near the site, this method works the best. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 22. 4.1 22 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE CONSTRUCTION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 23. 23 4.1FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PILE CAP DETAILS PILE TYPE 1 PILE TYPE 4PILE TYPE 2 PILE TYPE 3 PLAN PLAN PLAN PLAN SECTION A-A SECTION D-DSECTION C-CSECTION B-B AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 1 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 36 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 4 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 4 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 3 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 22 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 2 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 24 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 24. 24 4.1FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PILE TYPE 5 PILE TYPE 7PILE TYPE 6 PLAN PLAN PLAN SECTION E-E SECTION F-F SECTION G-G AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 5 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 3 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 7 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 1 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 6 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 25. SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.0 PREPARED BY BRYAN LUM ZI YANG [ 5.1 & 5.2 ] AND KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN [ 5.3 & 5.4 ] 26. 5.1 26 BEAM AND COLUMN BEAM AND COLUMN BEAM Beams and columns are structural elements that make up a buildings structure. Beams are an element of a building that is used to withstand load. It does so by allowing the structure to maintain its shape and not bend. It is commonly reinforced with rebar. rebar Reinforced steel that helps strengthen the concrete beams, columns and slabs. The rebar is placed inside the concrete as it is being cast. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 27. 5.1 27 BEAM AND COLUMN CONCRETE BEAMS For our particular site, the beams are mostly made of concrete. There are two distinct type of concrete beams, Pre cast and In-Situ. Pre cast being beams that are pre casted off site and brought on site to be assembled on to the structure and In-Situ being casted on site using form work which was what was mostly used in our site. PROCESS 1) After the rebar is set, timber formwork is constructed on top of it and scaffolding is set up to help support the formwork and concrete. 2) After the formwork has been constructed, concrete is poured in. 3) After 14 days of setting, the formwork is removed to reveal the beam. THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO THE FRAMEWORK WITH THE SCAFFOLDING HELPING SUPPORT IT. THE REBAR CAN BE CLEARLY SEEN IN THE CENTRE OF THE FORMWORK. FORMWORK SET AND SCAFFOLDING USED TO HOLD UP THE FORMWORK AND CONCRETE SO THAT IT MAINTAINS ITS SHAPE BEAMS ALREADY IN PLACE. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 28. 5.1 28 BEAM AND COLUMN PROCESS ( GROUND ) Process is similar to most beams, however before being able to set the rebar, the ground is excavated to allow the rebar and beam to go in place. SKETCH OF GROUND BEAM GROUND BEAMS ARE MADE THE SAME WAY. SKETCH OF GROUND BEAM BEFORE CONCRETE IS POURED WITH THE REBAR IN THE CENTRE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 29. 5.1 29 BEAM AND COLUMN COLUMNS Columns are and element of a building that is used to distribute load to the foundation. Much like beams it is usually reinforced with rebar. CONCRETE COLUMNS Like beams, columns can come pre-fabricated or in-situ. For our site, the columns were mainly casted in-situ. PROCESS 1) After the rebar is set, timber formwork is constructed around it. 2) After the formwork has been constructed, concrete is poured down the formwork. 3) After 14 days, the formwork is removed to reveal the column. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 30. 5.2 30 SLAB SLAB Slabs are an element of a building that is used to construct ceilings or oors. However, smaller slabs can be used for facading exteriors. CONCRETE SLAB For our site, there were mostly concrete slabs used. There are two types of concrete slab, Pre-fabricated, created off site and In-Situ, made on site. For our site, the slabs were casted on site. TYPES OF SLAB 1) LARGE SLABS meant for oors and ceilings 2) SMALLER SLABS meant for facade use. PROCESS 1) Rebar is set, and formwork is constructed to hold the concrete. 2) Scaffolding is inserted to support the framework. 3) Concrete is poured and after 14 days of setting,scaffolding and formwork is removed. SPACER BLOCK However, before the concrete is poured spacer blocks are placed in between the rebar and the ground to prevent corrosion. These blocks are just piece of cut concrete into a cuboid shape. The spacer blocks help elevate the rebar from touching the ground. The weight of the concrete, without the spacer blocks, push the weigh on the rebar, contorting it to the point where the rebar touches the ground which puts the rebar at risk of corrosion. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 31. 5.3 31 WALL WALL DEFINITION OF A WALL A wall, to put it in its simplest form, is basically row after row of bricks or other suitable materials stacked high up to a certain point. Walls are really important in a building, as it not only bears the load of the home, but also gives designers a chance to use walls to separate spaces or to beautify homes. Walls come in many types, materials, reinforcement and designs. Below, we will be focusing on the type of walls used by our site. TYPE OF WALL ( ON SITE ) From the image above that was taken at the site, it is quite clear that the majority of the walls that make up the building on our site is made of concrete bricks. However, if seen from the image on the right, a wall made of traditional clay bricks is also present. The difference between the two is that, clay brick walls are meant to be load bearing or major stress points whilst cement brick walls have less importance when it comes to weight distribution. This is crucial as clay bricks contain properties that make it naturally stronger, and are thus the choice of preference to bear the enormous weight of the building. Without the wall, the building will simply collapse. WALL PROPERTIES Equally important to deciding the materials and load bearing walls are the styles and methods in which the bricks are laid to form the wall. The many ways of brick layering, example of names such as Running, American, Stack and English, will have very different results on how the walls perform and react to certain circumstances. For our site, Flenish and Running forms of brick layering are most commonly used, with both proving to be great choices in dealing with not only leads, but also the climate and conditions on a hot and humid country such as Malaysia. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 32. 5.3 32 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS The process of making a wall begins with the intention of either making ( in the case of our site ) a normal wall or a special load bearing wall. Calculations are made, then layering styles are chosen that best t the criteria. After that, the layering process begins. Cement thickness and concrete lls and all minute details are calculated out and determined and executed. This is to ensure no excess or unaccounted for measurements to the buildings , or extra lengths are not added without notice. Reinforcement ( if needed ) such as steel bars and stirrups will be added in at this point, generally in between bricks in cement lls. Finally when the bricks are layered to completion, the wall is ready for the next step of the construction process. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] WALL 33. 5.4 33 STAIRS STAIRS DEFINITION OF STAIRS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Stairs, as one would know by now, function solely to prove access to another area of a building or home, most likely to an upper or lower oor. In some cases, the stairs is used as a focal point in architecture to show magnicence. This is seen mostly in classic mansions dating back to hundreds of years. For our site however, stairs is like how it is for most of the world, just a accessibility port and nothing much else. Much like the slabs and beams of the building, the stairs from the building of our site use the same materials and construction process as its counterparts. As usual, timber formwork is placed after rebar reinforcement is placed, forming essentially a mold. Concrete is then poured in, and the concrete is left for weeks on end to dry and harden. In the end, a new, strongly reinforced staircase appears from the timber formwork. STAIRS PROPERTIES It is worth noting, the extensive and meticulous thoughts and works that go towards making a staircase. After being designed and placed by the architect, the engineer then has to ensure easy-to-not-notice-by-the-public things such as ensure the gradient is correct, that the steps and dimensions are all in accordance to regulations and proportions, and also that the stairs is able to support itself let alone with usage. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 34. 5.4 34 STAIRS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 35. DOORS AND WINDOWS 6.0 PREPARED BY KELVIN YONG CHEN YIN 36. 6.0 36 DOORS Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces which provides access from outside to inside or vice versa. There are a variety of types and styles of doors that are followed by different functions. For the installation, there will be criteria that needs to be considered, such as size, strength, durability, appearance, weather proong, material, nishing and head of opening. 1) Rough: The opening of the wall to tting the doorframe. 2) Head: The uppermost member of doorframe. 3) Jambs: Preventing the ingress of moisture from outer leaf to inner leaf 4) Stop: Projecting part of doorframe against which a door closes. 5) Casing: The trim that nishes the joint between the doorframe ad its rough opening. 6) Threshold: The sill of the doorway to prevent weather issues at an exterior door 7) Door Hardware: Adequate lock for security, which includes the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets and closers. 1. Before hand, the contractor needs to measure the distance between one door to another door. Stand the aluminium door frame and use timber to support the doorway before the wall was built. 2. The next step is installing the wall by stacking bricks and there will door cramps between one level of bricks stacking that used to tie the internal and external wall to door leaf. On the top of the doorframe are lintels to support the weight of the bricks. The lintel that was used is of concrete material. 3. Next is the installation of the door leaf to the door frame. The opening of the door frame was ensured to be enough for the jamb to slip over. The standard size of the door openings are 24-36. For sliding doors, bottom tracks are installed. 4. The jamb is nailed to the doorframe. Next, the headers of the doorframe are done. For sliding doors, levelising is done and installation is done using punch holes and brush gaskets. The hinge is installed to the jamb. Hinges normally come in steel, brass nylon and aluminium. 5. Lastly, the lockset and other hardwares are installed on the door. DEFINITION OF DOOR DOOR CONSTRUCTION METHOD ( ON SITE ) PARTS AND FUNCTION OF DOOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 37. 6.0WINDOWS DEFINITION OF WINDOW Windows are the other openings in a building after the door. Windows need to be aesthetically acceptable by the design and environment. Installation of windows need to follow the minimum requirement to ensure function. Windows are designed with such requirement to resist wind loading, providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing and the vision contact from inside to outside. TYPES OF WINDOW FOUND ( ON SITE ) FIXED JALOUSIE PIVOTING SLIDING WINDOW CONSTRUCTION METHOD ( ON SITE ) 1. Bricks are stacked to form a half wall, which is then placed on by a frame.Lintel was used to hold the pressure of the bricks and to prevent it from collapsing. The lintel used is of concrete material. Timber is used in the middle to support the entire frame and to ensure that it is stable. 2. The aluminium sub-frame is installed by using anchor bolt heads and joints which are installed to the external wall. A layer of ashing tape or sealant is applied to make sure it attaches to the wall and also to prevent water or any external harm to enter when raining. The aluminium is wrapped by the vinyl. 3. Checks of the sub frame are done before combining the sub frame to the window frame. Plastering is done next. 4. The window is then installed to the sub frame. PARTS AND FUNCTION OF WINDOW 1) Head: The uppermost member of door frame. 2) Jamb: Either two side members of door frame. 3) Exterior Casing: Not always used. 4) Rough Opening: Spaced required at the top,sides, and bottom for levelling window unit. 5) Casing Trim: Finishing trim work around window opening. 6) Sash: Movable framework which planes of glass are set. 7) Glazing: Sheet of glass set in the sashes of window and offer little resistance to heat ow. 8) Sills: Collects the rainwater which has run down the 37BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 38. ROOF 7.0 PREPARED BY HONG SANG WON 39. 7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ROOF DEFINITION OF ROOF To dene a roof it is said to be a covering the top of a house or a building of its exterior surface. It is constructed in a variety of forms and shapes such as vaulted, domed, pitched or at. The images below are some of the roof types commonly used for commercial or residential buildings. FUNCTION OF ROOF The most basic function of a roof is the human protection. The protection against from the physical attributes such as rain, snow, sunlight, wind, animals, and extreme temperatures and of course the climate changes by providing a shelter of a house or a building. Furthermore, without a roof most of the things inside the structure like furniture, appliances, carpets, artwork and clothing would denitely be vulnerable and would be all ruined due to these unpleasant physical attributes mentioned above. TYPE OF ROOF ( ON SITE ) Gable Roof: It is a roof that has two sides sloping upwards where each other meets at the top or the ridge of the roof. It is quite versatile and it is possible to combine more than one gable in the roof itself and this is what it is called the cross gable roof. Other than that, as more gables added to the roof the more expensive it becomes to build the roof. TERMINOLOGY OF ROOF ( ON SITE ) Gable: It is a form of triangular shaped wall which it is formed by having a gable or sloping roof on top of the building. Ridge: It is a straight horizontal part on the roof where each end of two sloping roof area meet together to form a roof. Rafter: A rafter is an inclined beam sloping from the ridge of the roof which it supports and to cover the roof of the building. Eave: The edge of the roof is call the Eave and it is projected more on the side of the building. Verge: it is an edge where the gable of the roof is projected beyond the building. 39BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 40. 7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TRUSS DEFINITION OF TRUSS Trusses can be in timber or a steel structure to form a one or series of triangle in a single plane as a method to carry and support the heavy load of the roof. It is very useful and widely used in constructing the bridge and the roof. There are three very well-known types of trusses which are Howe Truss named after the American Engineer William Howe, Pratt Truss named after the American Engineer Thomas Pratt and Warren Truss named after the British Engineer James Warren. FUNCTION OF TRUSS The function of the truss is mainly to carry and support the weight of the roof deck and for the nishing material to cover the roof of the building. The weight of the roof depends on the type of materials used to cover the roof of the building such as using clay or a roof tiles will give heavier weight than using asphalt shingles or rolled roong which it weights lesser than the material mentioned earlier. The chord on the truss supports the roof while the webs on the truss brace and stabilise the chords to help distribute the load across the entire truss to the bearing walls on either side. TYPE OF TRUSS ( ON SITE ) Howe Truss (Gable): Howe truss is a truss that has a upper and lower horizontal members between the vertical and diagonal members. The webs between the chords will take a tension and the diagonal members will be under compression. TERMINOLOGY OF TRUSS ( ON SITE ) Web: It is a aluminium structure where it joins from the bottom chord to the top chord as a support of the truss. Roong: A roof where it covers the truss sitting on top of the top chord. Top Chord: A steel made inclined chord which it forms a shape of a specic truss. Bottom Chord: A steel made horizontal chord which it supports and connects the top chord and to carry the webs between the chords. 40BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 41. 7.1 41 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TRUSS COMPRESSION AND TENSION From the drawing above shows the compression and tension of the roof truss by the weight of the loads. The strength of the roof truss is from the shape of the triangle that comprises the truss itself. As shown in the drawing, the top chords are in its state of compression as it pushes out from the heel and down at the peak. In the other hand, the bottom chords are in its state of tension to support the outward thrust. The sub triangles that were formed by the webs provide the rmness and strength of the overall structure. C SHAPED GALVANISED STEEL This is the sectional cut of the C-Shaped Galvanised Steel which is used as material for manufacturing the steel roof trusses. MANUFACTURING STEEL ROOF TRUSS STEP ONE STEP TWO STEP THREE STEP FOUR The galvanised steels are made in C-Shape and they are cut into its specic lengths and sizes. After that, they are stacked together ready to be assembled. The individual parts of the trusses are now ready to be assembled and it is place in the jig. The individual parts and the webs of the trusses are screwed together by the manufacturer. The roof trusses that are ready to be delivered are loaded on the truck directly from the assembly station and are now ready to be used to build the roof. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 42. 7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ( ON SITE ) - To build the roof on a building, rst thing to do is to make a roof beam above the below level (1st oor) from our site building. - The beam is made out of reinforced concrete and the workers make the beams by doing a formwork using a wooden timber plate to form a shape of the beam as shown in the picture above. - After that the slab is built to support the roof and to form a ceiling inside the building. - After constructing all the reinforced concrete beams and slabs, it is time to install the roof trusses to form a triangular shape of a roof and to support and carry the heavy load of the material used on the roof. - The trusses used in this construction site are the gable Howe truss structure made out of a steel/metal. - There are few layers to consider for insulation to make a fully completed roof. The image below shows the layers of the roof. - Last but not least, after installing all the trusses and the layers the last thing to do is to install the tiles. - The tiles in this construction site are used Monier clay roof tiles. - Monier clay roof tiles are widely used in Malaysia for nishing the roof usually on the residential houses. 42BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 43. SUMMARY 8.0 PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM 44. 8.0 44 SUMMARY With the completion of this project, we were able to analyse many elements of the construction industry. We have deepened our knowledge of construction methods, processes involved for each element, detail, construction terminologies, application of materials, safety and hazards and machineries used. We like to extend our gratitude to developers I&P for allowing us to visit the site. The construction site staff were patients and kind in guiding us along the way of nishing our report. The staff explained various elements of the construction site and were able to answer all of our questions. We were able to learn thing that cant be learnt from being conned in the walls of the classroom. There are things that can only be learnt from experience. This project ha given us the knowledge we need for our future designs. We can apple and demonstrate the knowledge we have attained in our design studio projects as well. SUMMARY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] 45. REFERENCES 9.0 PREPARED BY ALL MEMBERS 46. 9.0 46 REFERENCES BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Example: Pile cap design. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/02/example-pile-cap-design.html Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Pile Caps. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/02/pile-caps.html Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Pile Foundations - Uses. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/12/pile-foundations-uses.html Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Pile Groups. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/02/pile-groups.html Air Compressor. (2015). Retrieved from http://hupshenghware.com/images/Swan%20SVP-202E.png Backhoe Loader Attachments. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.spartanequipment.com/product_images/uploaded_images/Loader_Backhoe_Attachments.jpg Backhoe loader diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://i1250.photobucket.com/albums/hh529/buctuong_lua16/BACKHOELOADERH930CH940C_2.jpg Concrete Mixing Transport Truck Diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.engineeringintro.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Parts-Of-Transit-Mixer.jpg Earthquake Proof,. (2015). Raft Foundation. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://earthquakeproof.weebly.com/raft-foundation.html Environment.uwe.ac.uk,. (2015). Foundations. 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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_of_a_truck_mixer.gif Pile cap. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.bhsplasticply.com.my/lz_images/pilecap/136.JPG Ride-on Power Trowel. (2015). Retrieved from http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00QvbTYfjqOocH/Ride-Power-Trowel-RP836-836B-.jpg Roller Mobydick Duo. (2015). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frutiger_MD_Duo.jpg/800px-Frutiger_MD_Duo.jpg?1432658613579 Telescopic Boom Mobile Crane diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.harrisoncrane.com/images/parts_hydro.gif Tower Crane. (2015). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Tower_crane.jpg Tower Crane Diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://img193.imageshack.us/img193/2326/anatomypecco14007kt.jpg Volumetric Concrete Mixer diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://helixindustrial.com/images/truck.jpg Walk-behind Power Trowel. (2015). 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