building construction i project 1 compilation

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IBLD 60303

EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTIONEXPERIENCING, DOCUMENTING AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCITON PROCESS

Brian Koh Jun Yan 0322002

Cha Yun Xian 0322048

Cham Zheng Chee 0322317

Chia Keh Chian 0322062

Chin Shee Wei 0322499

Lim Win Kee 0322790

Muhammad Aa'meer 0322891

Pau Jin Wei 0323840

Rachel Yeo Zhi Xuan 0323005

Content

1.0 Introduction and Group members detail.1 Introduction to site

2.0 Site and Safety.1 Plants and Machineries

3

Prepared by: Chia Keh Chian

Prepared by: Chia Keh Chian

.0 Preliminaries Work

.1 Site layout, Setting out and Earth work etc.Prepared by: Cha Yun Xian

4.0 Foundation.1 Foundation type and Construction process

.2 Foundation type and Construction process

Prepared by: Chin Shee Wei Prepared by: ALL

5

67

.1 Beam and Column

.0 Superstructure

(from site visit)

(from references)

(from references)

(from site visit and reference)

.2 Slab

.3 Wall

.4 StaircasePrepared by: Brian Koh, Pau Jin Wei, Muhammad Aa'meer,

Cham Zheng Chee

* BK* PJW* MA

* CZC

.0 Doors and WindowsPrepared by: Rachel Yeo Zhi Xuan

8

.1 Roof type and Construction process(from site visit)

.0 Roof

.2 Roof type and Construction process

Prepared by: Lim Win Kee

.1 References

.0 Summary

Introduction andGroup members detail 1Introduction to site

by Chia Keh Chian 0322062

1.0 Introduction and group members’ details

Group members:

1. Cham Zheng Chee 0322317

2. Brian Koh 0322002

3. Cha Yun Xian 0322048

4. Chia Keh Chian 0322062

5. Chin Shee Wei 0322499

6. Lim Win Kee 0322790

7. Muhammad A’meer 0322891

8. Pau Jin Wei 0323840

9. Rachel Yeo 0323005

1

1.1 Introduction to site

Name of development: Twin Palms

Property developer:

Property type: Semi-d, bungalow

Sprawled over 126 acres of undulating countryside, Twin Palms flanks the SILK Highway and is

within mere minutes of the Mines and just 20 minutes to KLCC. With much of the natural topography

preserved, the landscape is a canvas of rolling hills, lush greenery and charming streams and parks

that play host to the stylish semi-detached villas and elegant bungalows.

Master Layout Plan

Location Plan

Location:

Twin Palms, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.

SITE A

2

SITE B

Name of development: Galena Villa Property developer: Multi-Realty Development Sdn. Bhd.

Property type: Semi-d and terrace house

Galena Villa pledges to ascend residents’ lifestyle to a different level. The exclusive private

signature entrance statement and iconic guard house with 50’ wide access road. Connectivity

is assured via an intricate network of major expressways, while also in the easy vicinity of

mature amenities and facilities such as schools, medical centres and shopping malls.

Location: Jalan Bukit Galena 1, 70200 Seremban, N.S.D.K

3

Site Safety 2by Chia Keh Chian 0322062

Plantsand Machineries

2.0 Site safety

Construction site has been classified as a high risk industry due to the high possibilities of accidents, injuries and deaths happening during construction process.

Construction workers are exposed to danger of falling from heights, movement of the plants and machinery, electrical shocks, drowning, excessive noise and

dusk etc. The department of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to

ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in building operation and work of

engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (ACT 514), The Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (ACT

139) and all the regulations made there under.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

To minimize exposure to hazards that can cause serious injuries and illnesses, all staffs and workers on site must wear and use personal protective equipment,

which commonly referred to as "PPE". These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other

workplace hazards. Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or

coveralls, vests and full body suits.

HEAD PROTECTION

Safety helmet must be worn all time during construction process as there is risk for objects falling from above, bumps to the

head from fixed objects, or of accidental head contact with electrical hazards. These helmets must be inspected from

time to time to ensure they are in good condition- free from cracks and deterioration and able to perform their function

well.

4

FOOT PROTECTION

It is a must for staffs, workers and visitors to wear safety boots to prevent crushed toes when working and walking around

falling object and heavy machineries. These boots must be routinely inspected to ensure they are still slip-resistant and

puncture-resistant.

High visible vest are wore by workers to prevent injuries happen due to low light and poor visibility, especially when there are

moving machineries. High-visibility items allow workers to be seen by the one controlling the equipment sooner and more

readily as human eyes’ visibility is enhanced by high colour contrast.

HAND PROTECTION

Workers should wear the right gloves for the job (examples: heavy-duty rubber gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for

welding; insulated gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical hazards) and also the right size that fit perfectly. If the

gloves are too large, they could create an obstacle and prevent work from getting done safely; if they are too small, this

could restrict a worker’s range of motion, again hindering work from getting done. Poorly fitting gloves can cause the hand

to cramp or blister, ultimately impairing a worker from doing their job safely. It is important to measure hands in order to find

properly sized gloves.

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Safety glasses or face shields are essential to prevent foreign objects to get in the eyes especially during welding, cutting,

grinding and nailing process because workers are exposed to harmful chemicals or when exposed to flying particles).

HEARING PROTECTION

Earplugs or earmuffs are used to protect ears and hearing. It is essential in high noise work areas where chainsaw or heavy

equipments are used.

5

Signboard

Under the Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) Regulations 1986 covered by the Department of Occupational

Safety and Health, a simple but effective warning notice shall be placed in conspicuous position to warn the employee and public.

Red- Prohibition Blue- Mandatory Yellow- Warning Green- Information

On site:

Safety signboard is placed at the entrance of the site to warn the workers and visitors about the considerations before entering the site.

Information:

Warning:

Prohibition:

Mandatory:

6

Hoarding

Hoarding can include barriers, gates, viewing windows, areas of fencing and so on and may be used to display warning and information signs.

Temporary fencing erected around the perimeter of construction site to:

1. Protect public from danger

2. Prevent theft or vandalism for site security

3. Prevent unauthorised access

4. Minimise disturbances

5. Improve privacy

Other than safety reasons, hoarding can also be

branded, used for marketing and promotion to

advertise the contractor or developer, or can be

used to show people what the completed

project will look like and how it will impact the

local area.

7

Scaffolding

Temporary platform constructed from steel and timber coupled together to provide access to reach heights above arms' reach for the purpose of building

construction, maintenance, or repair. They are required when the working height is 1.5m or more above ground level.

Ladder

Ladle is a tool used in construction site to reach height. Wooden ladles are commonly

used as wood does not conduct electricity and heat. Its original colour and texture

are preserved as paint can hide cracks and flaws on it that may possibly cause

accidents to happen.

8

Fogging (Insect control)

Fogging is carried out within the workers’ living area to prevent mosquitoes breeding, flies and cockroaches that could lead to serious illness such as dengue,

malaria and diarrheal.

9

2.1 Plants and Machinery

(a) Backhoe loader

(b) Crawler excavator

Also called a rear actor or

back actor.

Consists of a tractor, fitted with

a shovel or bucket on the front

and a small backhoe on

the back.

Uses:

- Loading and carrying

materials

- Digging shallow excavations

- Digging trenches

- Lifting loads

- General grading

Heavy construction equipment

consisting of a boom, stick,

bucket and cab on a rotating

platform.

Also called diggers.

Uses:

- Digging bigger trenches,

holes, foundations

- Material handling

- Brush cutting with hydraulic

attachments

- Forestry work

- Demolition

- Digging pits for basements

- General grading/

landscaping

- Mining

- River dredging

- Heavy lift

- Driving piles

10

(c) Truck

Hauling units used to

transport excavated

materials over a distance.

(d) Transit mixer

Used to mix cement,

aggregate and water to form

concrete in big amount. It

carries a big revolving drum to

mix the components,

maintaining the material’s

liquid state until delivery.

Discharge can be direct into

placing position via a chute or

into some form of site transport

such as a dumper. This

method of concrete supply

can eliminate the need of site

space to accommodate

storage of materials, mixing

plant and the need to employ

workers who can constantly

produce consistent concrete

mixes.

11

1

(e) Telescopic Boom Cranes

A full revolving superstructure

consists of a telescopic boom

mounted on a specially

adopted truck.

Also called mobile crane.

Used in lifting and

transporting materials around

the site by hanging it on the

hook. Can travel on public

roads between projects

uunder own power with

minimum or no dismantling

and reassembling. Therefore

suitable if a job requires

crane utilization for a few

hours to a couple of days.

Can lift loads up to 5 storey

height. Raised materials by

means of rope operation.

(f) Concrete mixer

A device that

homogeneously combines

cement, aggregate and

water to form concrete.

Use a single-compartment

revolving drum to mix the

components. The drum has

an inclinable axis with

loading and discharge

through the front opening.

These tilting mixers have

fixed blades inside the

revolving drum that lift the

mixture and at a certain

point in each revolution

allow the mixture to drop

towards the bottom of the

drum to recommence the

mixing cycle.

12

(g) Concrete vibrator

(h)Air compressor

(h) Single drum roller

(j) Jack-in Pile

A mechanical

device which

provide to-and-fro

motion in any

direction, used to

consolidate freshly

poured concrete so

that trapped air and

excess water are

released and the

concrete settles

firmly in place in the

formwork

A device that

converts power into

potential energy

stored in pressurized

air.

Consists of one front and two rear

wheels.

A compactor type engineering vehicle

used to compact soil,

gravel, concrete or asphalt in the

construction of roads and

foundations after grading. Compaction

reduces the volumn

of air space in the soil, increases dry unit

weight and stregth

of soil to provide better support.

A piling machine used to drive piles into

soil to provide foundation support for

building structures.

13

Preliminaries Work 3by Cha Yun Xian 0322048

Site layout Setting outEarth work

3.0 Preliminaries Work

Preliminaries work refers to a series of preparation work that are carried out before construction, including earthwork, setting out, and facilities setup. These

works are very important as it helps to smoothly run the future stages of construction.

A. Earthwork

Earthwork refers to the process of excavating and piling parts of the earth surface to form a desire landform for construction purpose. The construction site was

prepared in two stages of excavation, first the existing vegetation was cleared and the surface soil layer was removed through topsoil excavation, and then

through earth excavation, the ground soil was moved to a desire level for the next construction stage.

1. Topsoil excavation

Topsoil excavation is the removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including trees and roots using bulldozer. Since the topsoil supports growth of

trees and other vegetation, this layer contains more moisture than the layer underneath. Whereas, the layer underneath is easier to handle as it drinks up

less moisture than topsoil and becomes dry and hard. Hence, it is advantageous to remove the topsoil and remain the soil layer underneath for building

construction. In order to save the expenses of hauling the removed topsoil away, the removed topsoil will be stockpiled on an empty land and later

restored back on the site for landscaping or to support growth of vegetation to control erosion.

Topsoil Topsoil Topsoil

Removed

topsoil

2nd layer soil 2nd layer soil 2nd layer soil 2nd layer soil

Topsoil

→

Bulldozer

→

Existing vegetation

Figure 3.1.1 Topsoil excavation process

→

Existing vegetation

1 14

2. Earth Excavation

Figure 3.1.2 Figure 3.1.3

Earth excavation at construction sites was carried out using excavators. First, the bucket in front

acts downwards to dig up soils and rocks. Then, it drag towards the machine and

tilted upwards to hold the loads.

Figure 3.1.4

Desired ground level after excavation

Earth excavation is the removal of the layer of

soil immediately under the topsoil and on top of

hard rock. During the excavation process, a

method called “cut and fill” is used to construct

embankments and foundations at both construction

sites. Cut and fill is a common technique used to

create an even ground surface. It is the process of

moving earth from one place to another to transform

the ground into desire topography and at the same

time, minimizing the expenses of hauling dirt.

① ②

①

③ ④

①

⑤

Existing ground level

Cut line

Cut

Cut

Fill Fill

Desired ground level

Figure 3.1.2 Earth excavation process A ‘cut’ is made when earth is cut from above the desired

ground height and a ‘fill’ is when earth is used to fill a hole

to desired ground level.

15

B. Setting Out

Setting out is the process by which information is taken from construction design drawings and then pegs, profiles or other marks are set to control the

construction work to ensure each element is constructed in the right position and correct level. In order to begin digging the trenches required for building's

foundation, lines and measurements that are indicated on foundation plan must be transferred to the building site first by marking the exact length, width,

depth, and position of the foundation trenches on the ground.

Process:

1. Set out the building line 2. Set out the base line

3. Set out the first right angles to the base line 4. Set out second right angle to the base line 5. Set out the final back line

Centre of the road Centre of the road

Kerb Kerb

Building line Building line

Peg

Boundary Distance determined

by the authority

Base line

B A

D

Second peg set the

distance of width of the

building to determine

the base line

First corner peg set to

the corner “D” from

the boundary

B B B A A A B B A A A Base line Base line Base line

90º 90º 90º

C

Squared line

Peg set well outside the

proposed building’s

position

C D C D

E F

E

G

E

H

E

Distance set from peg C

to peg D is to be the

same as A-B; this will

ensure the lines are

parellel

Pegs set well outside the


position

Pegs set well outside the


position 16

After the base line has been set out, it must be checked again on the right angle and correct lengths using different methods to avoid errors.

When the setting out of the main buildings lines are checked and confirm, profile boards are then set up to locate the position of trenches, foundations and

walls.

Telescope at right angle

- swivel up and down

- range 3~10m 50º

Tripod Sight lines

to corner

post

Plumb rod Corner

post

4 u

nits

3 units 90º

Corner post Stake

Stake

Figure 3.2.1

Setting out checking methods (a): Site square (b): Builder’s square

Setting out line Setting out line

Softwoords

50 x 50

corner post

(a) (b)

Figure 3.2.2

Profile board

Trench width

Wall width

Position of trench

plumbed down

Setting out lines

Nails positioning

trench and walls

50 x 50 pointed

post driven to

ground

17

C. Storage

1. Open store

Bulky materials such as water pipes, roof tiles, and water tanks are stored on open spaces at site so that the materials are easily accessible to the workers

and less effort are required to transport materials to site of work. Roof tiles and red bricks are stacked no more than 150cm tall to prevent collapsing,

causing injuries or financial loss.


Large water pipes are stored on open spaces at site

Figure 3.3.3

Stacks of roof tiles are stored on an

open space at site tidily without

obstructing access routes


250 gallon water tank is stored on an Piles of red bricks are kept in place with plastic

open space at site covers wrapping around it and stacked on

palette to avoid friction with ground 18

D. Labour Shed

Majority of the construction labour are migrant workers from countries in Asia such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan. These construction workers

work up to 10 hours a day, hence, temporary wood plank sheds are built at the site as their accommodation to provide essential needs like water, power supply,

sanitation, and food during the construction period.

Figure 3.4.1

Mini stalls are setup at the corner of labour shed to sell

groceries

Figure 3.4.2

Wood plank sheds with corrugated aluminium roof

Figure 3.4.3


Figure 3.4.4


19

E. Utility Connection

1. Power supply

Construction work requires electrical power for

many purposes. The supply of electricity on site

is connected to city’s power supply line to provide

electrical power for portable power tools, lighting

systems, and other job site electrical requirements.

2. Water supply

Temporary water supplies are needed where there are no sufficient mains water supplies

during the outset of construction site. Therefore, temporary, above ground water storage

tanks are used to store rainwater for construction purposes, such as concrete mixing and site

welfare.

Figure 3.5.1

Wiring panel at construction site

Figure 3.5.2

Outlet pipe is joined to the water tank

outlet fitting with a flexible coupling

Figure 3.5.3

Water tank is placed above hardwood

decking that is supported by metal

scaffolding

20

F. Hoardings / Signboards

1. Hoardings

Temporary steel hoardings are setup around the perimeter of

construction sites to define site boundaries and also serve as

security fences. It is an important component that boosts the

level of safety of site workers, visitors and public as it helps to

prevent dust and noise nuisance to adjoining properties.

Hoardings also keep intruders away from dangerous sites to

reduce the risk of accident.

2. Signboards that can be seen at both construction sites

include safety signboards that increase hazard awareness on

site and advertisement signboards that call the public

attention to the buildings development and housing

developer.

Figure 3.6.1

Steel hoardings supported by plywood

frames

Figure 3.6.2

Hoardings provide privacy for both public

and workers on site

Figure 3.6.3

Advertisement signboards on site

Figure 3.6.4

Safety signboard on site

21

cG. Site Office

A temporary portable cabin is placed at the centre of the construction site to serve as the site office for the professionals involves. It is a light duty container

that is able to resist corrosion and critical temperature conditions due to its materiality. This single storey site office includes facilities such as windows and shutters,

lighting and electricity, air conditioning, office furniture, and washroom.


Construction site office

22

Foundation 4by Chin Shee Wei 0322499

Foundation type andConstruction process(site / references)

Superstructure 5by Brian Koh 0322002 Muhammad Aa'meer 0322891 Pau Jin Wei 0323005 Cham Zheng Chee 0322317

Beam and ColumnSlabWallStaircase

5.1 Beam and column

Beam and column are the main supporting system of a building during the early stage. They serve as the same purpose of supporting the building

structure however they carry out different characteristics.

A. Beam

The beam is the horizontal member of the structure, carrying transverse load from the upper structures including its own weight towards the columns or the

walls.

Beams on site

(a) Ground Beam

A reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, columns, joists or near ground level. It is construct directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by

piers.

(b) Simply Supported Beam

A beam that rest on the wall or column in order to transfer the upper load to the ground. The installation is easy and economical.

Construction Process (Ground Beam)

1. Installation of metal rod 2. Installation of formwork

3.Finishing

- Marked accordingly based on the

construction drawing

- Bears the load from the wall

- Metal rods will be constructed to increase

the stability

-Formwork is created by plywood board

- Plywood board was cut in the shapes of horizontal cuboid plan surrounding the formwork

- To ensure the formwork will not expand out of alignment when pouring the concrete.

29

Construction Process (Simply Supported Beam) * Scaffolding *Cube Test

- The slab and beam are cast in site at the same time

- Columns must be complete to support the beam

- Formwork will be constructed upon the column and

then concrete is poured into the formwork

- Mild steel scaffolding to support the beam during

construction.

- Maintain the size and shape of the concrete when

vibrating

- Compressive strength carried out for

7,14,21,28 days

- Cube is filled with 3 layers of concrete

- Each layer are compacted for 25 times

- Concrete cube was left harden for 24

days

- Concrete is ready to be poured into the fixed formwork and let it dry and set.

- Formwork can be removed when its dry and the beam is ready for the columns to be constructed upon it.

30

B. Column

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above

to other structural elements below.

Column on site

(a) Slender square concrete column

They are subject by buckling rather than by crushing. Buckling is the sudden lateral instability of a slender structural member induced by the loads that act

upon the column from the upper structure.

Construction Process (Concrete Column)

1. Installation of Metal Rod 2. Installation of formwork 3. Finishing

- Thick metal rod are arrange vertically and

equally

- Thinner steel bars are covered around the

vertical steel bars to hold them firmly.

- Positioning hardwood board formwork for the

column

- Form a basic cuboid formwork

- Formwork is held firmly by yokes and bolts to prevent

the concrete mix from leaking out

- Grade 30 concrete mixture ratio of 1:3:6 of

cement, sand and aggregate are poured into the

formwork until it reaches the brim

31

4. Scaffolding * Slump Test * Honeycomb

- Hardwood Timber support the column scaffolding

- Maintain the size of column while vibrating the

concrete

- Temporarily support the weight and keep the

formwork firmly in place while the concrete cures

- Assessing the consistency of fresh

concrete

- 7-14-21 days to achieve strength

- Compressive strength is carry out

Hollow spaces left on surface or inside the concrete mass

Due to:

- Less amount of sand and cement

- Improper vibration on the concrete

Affect:

-Reinforcement bar will corrode due to air present

Solution:

-Skim coat or plastering

32

5.2 Slabs

Concrete slabs are similar to beams in the way they span horizontally between supports and may be simply supported, continuously

supported or cantilevered. Unlike beams, slabs are relatively thin structural members which are normally used as floors. Slabs are constructed

of reinforced concrete poured into formwork on-site or into trenches excavated into the ground. Concrete slabs are usually 150 to 300mm

deep. The concrete slabs in our site are classified into supported on the ground in the house as the slab sits directly on the ground and it is

suspended.

Timber formwork for slabs

Pouring of concrete

Advantages Disadvantages

Easy to Maintain: Keeping a concrete floor looking its

best will only require a minimum amount of

maintenance. It will need to be sealed or waxed

every 3-9 months depending on the level of traffic in

order to maintain the protective layer over its

surface.

Moisture: If not properly sealed on both top and

bottom surfaces, concrete will be very susceptible to

penetration by moisture. If liquid does manage to

make its way into the pores of a concrete floor, it can

sit there and lead to the growth of mold or mildew in

your home. In some environments you will also have to

worry about the moisture freezing, which will cause it

to expand and crack the floor slab through its center.

Environmentally Friendly: In most cases a

concrete subfloor already exists beneath another

flooring material in grade and below grade

locations. That means that installing a concrete floor

is actually just uninstalling anything that has been

placed over it. Because no new material is

produced, there is no carbon footprint or depletion

of resources

Hardness: The strength and durability of this material

can also be a liability. The surface of a concrete floor

is very hard. If you trip and fall on one then you are

probably going to hurt yourself. Items dropped on

these surfaces are also more likely to shatter or crack.

That is why these floors are not recommended for

areas which will be frequented by children or elderly

people.

Long Lasting: A sealed and properly maintained

concrete floor can last indefinitely. Even in

commercial applications it can survive under high

traffic conditions for years to come. This saves you

money, while also preventing the hassle of having to

get new flooring installed periodically.

Uncomfortable: The hardness of concrete also makes

it uncomfortable to stand on for long periods of time.

Concrete doesn't yield, and if you are forced to stand

on it for an extended period your feet will feel the fury

of its stoic stony demeanor.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE SLABS

33

http://homerenovations.about.com/od/floors/g/concreteslab.htm

http://homerenovations.about.com/od/glossary/g/subfloor.htm

Types of slab on site: Two-way slab and beam

Ratio of longer side to

shorter side is less

than 2 or maybe

close to 1.

Main tension

reinforcement bars

span in both

directions, parallel to

the length and the

width of the panel

It is very effective for medium

spans and it will support the

load of the space which are

the bedroom and toilet

above it.

Load also be able to transfer

four support beams at all

four sides of nearly square

bays.

Image of the interior

part of two-way slab

Image of the exterior

part of the house

34

PROCESS OF FORMWORK (TIMBER)

Surveying and land surveying is the

measurement and mapping of our

surrounding environment using

mathematics, specialized technology

and equipment. Surveyors measure just

about anything on the land, in the sky

or on the ocean bed.

The first step of site preparation work is to remove all

the scrubs or jungle if there exists any on the site for

building construction. As a part of site preparation, the

trees will be cut off and their roots are totally uprooted

as directed by the authority. Site preparation also

includes fixing position of the site office, go downs, the

guard and the labor shed, the access and existing

roads for trucks and carts etc.

Rebar known as reinforcing steel and

reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or BRC mesh

of steel wires used as a tension device in

reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry

structures to strengthen and hold the concrete

in compression. Rebar's surface is often

patterned to form a better bond with the

concrete.

Prepare dry mix by mixing the cement

mix and sand. Incorporate the gravel

or crushed stone in the dry mixture.

Begin by adding water to the mixture

slowly, mixing continuously until the

concrete becomes plastic enough to

place in your form. Continue mixing

until the concrete has a uniform

consistency.

Formwork in concrete construction is used

as a mold for a structure in which fresh

concrete is poured only to harden

subsequently. Types of formwork for

concrete construction depends on

formwork material and type of structural

element. Timber used for shuttering for

exposed concrete work should have

smooth and even surface on all faces

which come in contact with concrete. It

suits all requirements which is well

seasoned, light in weight, easily workable

with nails without splitting, free from loose

knots.

35

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry

Lift the polisher above the surface and turn

it on. Lower the polisher onto the concrete

and let the weight of the tool do the work.

Keep the pad as flat as possible. Move

around the piece evenly, in circular

motions. Don’t start or stop in one place for

too long or else it won’t be balanced.

Warm weather and light loading conditions

allow early removal of formwork. The

formwork should under no circumstances be

allowed to be removed until all the

concrete reaches strength of at least twice

the stresses to which the concrete may be

subjected at the time of removal of

formwork. All formworks should be eased

gradually and carefully in order to prevent

the load being suddenly transferred to

concrete.

Add the concrete to the form, tapping all the

edges to remove air pockets, and let it settle

in evenly and firmly. Using a magnesium float

or a smooth flat board, level the concrete

across the top. Do this by dragging the tool,

tilted slightly upward on the leading edge,

across the surface of the concrete. This

process is known as "floating" and will float

the fine cement paste to the surface. After

floating, leave the concrete dry until it

becomes firm enough to finish without

leaving tool marks.

36

5.3 Walls

Definition

A wall is a structural element used to divide or enclose,

and, in building construction, to form the periphery (outer

limits/edge) of a room or building. Traditionally, walls

were used to support the weight of the building’s floors

and roofs, but due to technological advancements in

construction, such as reinforced concrete frames and

other skeletal structures, exterior walls are only required to

provide shelter.

Types of walls

Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete are

concrete slabs in which

wire mesh/steel bars are

imbedded within,

increasing its tensile

strength.

Reinforced

concrete Masonry (brickwork)

Construction method:

Semi-Gravity retaining walls (mixture of cantilever and gravity-retaining)

Cantilever retaining

walls

Cantilever walls consist

of a thin stem and a

base slab. The base is

divided into the heel

and toe, where the heel

is under the backfill and

toe is the latter.

Gravity-poured retaining

walls

Gravity-poured walls are

dependent on its weight

and the soil it rests upon.

Usually large enough to

have no reinforcement.

Semi-gravity retaining

walls

Semi gravity walls are a

mixture of both

cantilever and gravity-

poured walls. These

walls have steel

reinforcements

imbedded to reduce

the thickness of the wall

without additional

reinforcement.

37

Construction process

The soil is excavated to

make way for the wall

construction.

Formwork is created using

timber. This would

determine the form of the

retaining walls.

Concrete is then poured

into the formwork Concrete is then vibrated in order to liquefy the

concrete to remove air bubbles and avoid blemishes.

Not only that, the vibration of concrete would also allow

the mix to move around the formwork more freely.

Insufficient vibration may result in an abundance of air

bubbles that would not only make the concrete

weaker, but also visually unappealing. Over vibration,

however, would cause a segregation of the mix, where

the denser aggregates would sink to the bottom,

leaving the less dense aggregates floating above.

The formwork is then

removed after the

concrete has dried.

Damp proofing is then applied to the reinforced walls.

This is done by applying a layer of an asphalt-based

mixture on the surface of the retaining walls. These are

usually black in appearance. Then, a polystyrene sheet

is placed over after the asphalt-based mixture is dried.

This process is done in order to prevent moisture from

seeping through the concrete walls.

Polystyrene board

Asphalt layer

Soil is then added back.

38

Masonry

Walls made of brick. Bonds are the patterns in

which the brick is laid.

Tools for bricklaying:

4) Steel square

- Used to ensure corners are at a 90-degree

angle

1) Spirit level

- Used to check

flatness

- Consists of bubbles

that must line up

within two lines

3) Trowel

- Used for spreading mortar.

- 9-12 inches long

- 4-7 inches wide

- Larger trowels are used to

spread mortar, smaller ones

are used to remove excess

mortar and fixing old joints.

2) Mason’s line

- Used to lay a straight wall

- Dacron or nylon is usually used as the

wire

- Stretched and anchored between

two corners

- Prevents hollows and bulges during

construction

- Placed closely to the blocks in

construction but with enough

distance for mortar correction without

the disturbance of the line.

Construction method:

Stretcher bond

- Stretcher (Brick laid flat with the longest dimension placed

parallel to the face of the wall)

- Header (Brick laid flat with the longest dimension placed

perpendicular to the face of the wall. Used to pair wythes of

masonry.)

- Wythe (Bricks laid continuously with a thickness of 4” or

greater)

Elevation

Plan view

Plan view

Stretcher bond characteristics:

- not suitable for standalone structural walls

- require the least amount of cutting (economical)

- Faces of the bricks exposed are the two longer faces

and the two header faces.

- Brick is laid on the bed

39

Construction process:

Brickwork

Brick is laid using the

stretcher bond method.

Header bonds are used

for the connecting walls

of two houses.

Alignment of the brick walls

are achieved through the use

of a Mason’s line. The line is

stretched between two

corners close to the brickwork

but with enough distance for

excess mortar extraction.

Damp proofing (DPC) is

added into the mortar

between two bricks over

two or three courses (layers)

An exmet (expanded metal), a type of brickwork

reinforcement, is added for every fourth course

(level/joint) of the brick. The exmet functions by

absorbing the vibrations and stresses in the

building. This, in turn, provides additional tensile

strength as well as minimizing the chances of

cracks. Excess exmet is later cut off.

40

Lintels

Bricks laid in mortar give

poor support to the wall

above is no support is given

below.

Concrete slabs represent

the lintels and are used at

the top of door frames and

windows.

Lintels are used to provide

the support needed during

these cases

Door & window 1)

Door and window frames

are installed after brickwork

is done.

Brickwork would

accommodate space for

the installation of the door

and window frames

41

Plumbing and wiring.

42 42

Plaster nix:

- 3 buckets of sand

- ½ a bucket of cement

- ½ a bucket of lime

Application:

Dust and debris are

removed from the wall via

brush, etc.

Prepare plaster. Mix the

ingredients with a mixer.

A hawk is used to take the

plaster.

The plaster is then moved

onto the trowel.

Application must be

worked from one direction.

Eg. From top to bottom

and from left to right.

After the plaster is dried, screening is

to be done via dragging a straight

edge alongside the wall. This is done

to give the desired finish.

Spirit

level Wall

Dust and debris are removed from the wall via

brush, etc. Screening is done once again for

any adjustments needed. Trowel and hawk

would be used to even out any patches. Final

screening would be done.

Use the trowel to cut the

edges of the wall by sliding

it alongside the corners of

the wall.

The wall is now ready to be

painted.

43

5.4 Staircase

SITE A: Half-Turn Staircase.

-It turns at 180 degree or through two right angles at an intervening landing. It is more compact than the single

straight-run stairs. The two flights are connected by the same landing may be equal or unequal, depending on

the desired proportion of the stairway openings.

A structure that provides a stairway to facilitate access when ascending or descending from one

space or level to another.

Staircase Terminology

44

Site B: Winding Stairs

Dimensions:

Riser- 175mm

Tread- 225mm

Total Number of Steps- 18

Stairs Width- 900mm

Staircase Material: Concrete Staircase [Cast In-situ]

A concrete stair is designed as an inclined, one-way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. If the stair is constructed after the floor beam or

wall supports, it acts as a simple beam. If it is cast with the beam or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful

analysis of load, span, and support conditions.

45

Construction Process of the Concrete Staircase

2. Reinforcement

- The addition of rebar acts as a strengthening factor for the concrete staircase after completing its formwork.

46

1. Formwork.

- The concrete of the staircase is given a form

by casting it into a mound. These molds that

are built act as the formwork of the staircase.

The formwork will be supporting the staircase

until it is dry, stable and gain optimum amount

of strength to support on its own. The formwork

that was constructed must be easily removed

without damaging the formwork itself, and

also the hardened concrete.

5. Handrails.

-After the staircase are done, installation of handrails can be proceeded. Cement is used to fill the holes when installing the handrails. A smooth finishing is

done when the cement dries.

3. Casting

- The cement mixer is used to produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar. The concrete pouring

started with the top and slowly flows to the bottom of it. Protection must be made at this stage

for the cast-in-site concrete stairs not be affected by the fresh concrete that will fall or stuck to

the stairs .

-It takes 14 days to dry off. After 21 days, the formwork of the staircase can only be removed.

4. Final Touch

-The skim coats are applied onto the staircase. The position of handrail, balustrade are marked.

47

Doors and Windows 6by Rachel Yeo 0323005

DoorsWindows

6.0 Doors and windows

Doors Doors at Site

Doors serve the purpose to give access

to enter and exit from one space to another.

Doors are made of wood, steel and aluminium.

Types of doors

Flush Vision Narrow Half

Light Light Glass

Full 2 Panel 4 Panel 6 Panel

Glass

8 Panel Louver Half Glass Dutch

Louver

Hinged door

In the site, hinged doors are

used as the main doors,

bedroom doors and

bathroom doors. Hinged

doors are allowed to pivot

away from the door way in

only one direction with a

vertical axis of rotation.

Hinged doors are compact

Fully-glazed door

In the site, these doors can

be seen at the entrance of

the kitchen. A fully-glazed

door is visibly possible which

is often used in the kitchen

where visibility is needed

instead of privacy. This door

serves the purpose of

allowing the entrance of

light into the

Glass shower door

The glass door is used in the

shower area in the

bathroom as a separator

between the shower and

the toilet. The function of

the door is to decrease the

area from getting wet. At

the same time, it is also of

safety consideration to

prevent the floor from

wetting and people from

falling down.

Sliding door

In the site, sliding

doors are used as

access from the

rooms to the

balconies. The

sliding doors are

fitted into the

frames at the top

and

doors that with no visibility at all. These doors are

used to separate one space from another where

privacy is very much needed. Hinged doors have

excellent insulation ability.

space. In addition, it benefits as safety reasons as

the visibility to the room is clear from the outside.

the bottom so that the doors move horizontally

only. In order for the doors to move, there are

plastic rollers attached to the top and bottom of

the doors. Plastic rollers are fixed at both the top

and the bottom of the doors to prevent either one

end of the doors to be stuck which affects the

movement of the doors.

48

Windows

Types of windows

A window is defined as ‘an opening in the wall or roof of a

building or vehicle that is fitted with glass or other

transparent material in a frame to admit light or air and

allow people to see out’.

etert

Picture Single Hung Double Hung Awning Double

Transom Casement

Glider Hopper Pass Through Single Single

Transom Casement Hopper

Single Awning Vertical Pivot Horizontal Uneven Uneven

Pivot Single Double

Hung Hung

Windows at Site

Casement window

Casement windows are hinged at the sides. When the

window is fully opened, it provides maximum ventilation.

The shutter consists of styles, top rails, bottom rail and

intermediate rail. The panels are glazed and are fixed

to in the grooves made in rails and styles.

Bay window

Bay windows are windows projecting outward from

the external walls. This type of window is wide and

allows light entering from different angles. It creates

an extension from the walls. This kind of window was

started in snow fall country to have a better view

outside.

Awning window

Awning windows are hinged at the top and open

outwards. They are designed to provide ventilation in a

way where rain is not allowed to enter the house. Awning

windows can be used alone or in vertical or horizontal

groups in combination with additional awning windows

and other types of windows.

50

Roof 7by Lim Win Kee 0322790

Roof type andConstruction process

(site / references)

7.0 Roof

Introduction:

- Supported by outside walls, ceiling joists, and interior bearing walls.

- Sheathed in layers of plywood, waterproofing, and shingles.

- To shed water away from the structure. (waterproof)

Structure

Material

1. Roof Truss - Framework of beams to support the roof

2. Rafters - Part of the roof truss

3. Sheeting - Panels that covers the rafters, which roofing materials attached

4. Underlayment - Placed on top of sheeting to add on moisture protection

5. Starter Strip - Filling spaces under cut-outs and joints of shingles to provide

protection

6. Drip Edge - Allow water to run-off

7. Fascia - To cover rafters at the end of eaves

8. Soffit - Finished underside of eaves

9. Valley - Internal angle formed by two intersections of two sloping roof planes

10. Ridge - Highest point of the roof

11. Flashing - Prevent the seepage of water around an intersection in a roof

Site A:

Pro Con

- Non-combustible - Expensive

- Great insulator - Heavy

Site B:

Pro Con

- Long lasting - Heavy weight

- Low maintenance - Colour may faded away

- Non-combustible - Expensive

- Cannot withstand pressure

Truss structure

52

Construction Technique 1 Roof Type on site (Site B)

(a) Gable roof

Pro

- Weather resistance

- Affordable

Con

- Ventilation

---> Strong wind

(b) Mono pitch roof

Pro

- Cheap

- Basic roofing material

- Construct easily

- Protect interior from excess sunlight

Con

- Drainage problem

---> Damage underlying construction

Truss Type on site B

Mono-truss

The trusses should be specially designed

and fabricated for such locations and not

be adapted from an ordinary truss by site

cutting, to infill timber around an opening.

Gable ladder

Gable ladder should be tightly

nailed with the last truss and it is

designed for the purpose of wind

uplift forces

Construction Technique 2

Pro Con

- Cheap - Drainage Problem

- Basic roofing material ---> Damage underlying

construction

- Construct easily

- Protect interior from excess sunlight

54

(a) Queen Truss

Pro Con

- Cheap - Drainage Problem

- Basic roofing material ---> Damage

underlying construction

Roof Type on site (Site A)

(b) Pitch roof

Pro

- Weather resistance

- Affordable

Con

- Ventilation

---> Strong wind

(a) Flat roof

Pro

- Low maintenance

- Affordable

Con

- Drainage problem

---> Ssusceptible to water leakage

Truss Type on site

Concrete Flat Roof

Component of Concrete Flat Roof

1. Mortar

2. Reinforced concrete slab

3. Light-weight concrete for slope

4. Water proofing

5. Thermal insulation

6. Asphalt membrane

7. Cement mortar

8. Cement slab

Form Work Support

Spacing

The formwork consists of a

sheet of plywood deck onto

the concrete poured timber

bearer to provide the

necessary support to the

concrete between the

supporting walls.

The spaced of the joist or

rafters are spaced differently

according to the roof load

(b) Flat truss

Flat roofs are easier to install because they lack

pitch, and it is harder to fall off of.

53

Construction Process

Stage 2 - Handling

Stage 4 - Truss

Stage 3 - Wall plates

Stage 5 - Water Cistern Stage 1 - Storage

Final Stage - Shingles

Truss must be

store clear of the

ground, and put

some additional

support with

suitable props at

where required to

maintain stable.

Cover the truss

and make sure

adequate

ventilation and

water can drain

away.

Stage 6 - Sheeting & Underlayment

Handling truss

should be

planned as

the truss

needed to be

lifted at node

points with the

apex upright.

Wall plates should

be fixed to the

supporting

structure usually by

metal straps,

which needed to

be nailed onto the

masonry. At least

three fixings should

be made to the

masonry.

Truss is installed

onto the wall and

supported by the

wall plates.

Truss is needed to

be nailed by

using proprietary

truss clips to

support the

structure.

Each wall plate is

calculated for

placement of

truss on each wall

plates to support

the roof load.

The water tank

should be placed

centrally within the

bay, as close to the

node points as

possiblee, and screw

the primary,

secondary bearer

and spreader beam

together to reduce

local deflection and

ceiling cracking.

Sheeting and

underlayment are

installed onto the

arranged trusses to

add on protection

for the truss.

Suitable material

of shingles is laid

onto the

underlayment.

55

Summary 8by ALL

References

Summary

2.0 Site safety (CHIA KEH CHIAN)

Safety and health is not a matter to be taken lightly in construction field, in fact it needs to be front of mind in every aspect at all times. The construction industry is prone to many hazards due to the number of people

running around to do their work and the amount of heavy-duty equipments being operated at any given time. However, accidents can be avoided most of the time. Hence, it is very important to implement stringent

health and safety precautions to protect workers and visitors. There is simply no excuse for slacking or cutting corners when it comes to health and safety in construction. From our site visit, both sites have fairly good

safety precautions, except for some workers who did not follow and use the PPE. Strict rules should be implemented to prevent any tragedies from happening.

3.0 Preliminaries work (CHA YUN XIAN)

Preliminaries works are very important as it prepares the outset for building construction. From earthwork to setting out to facilities setup, each stage has to be done carefully and correctly according to plan to ensure

a well operated construction project. Contractor should always be considerate in order to convey the general public an impression of good efficiency and remain good reputation. Furthermore, site workers must

have great awareness of environmental issues by reducing site waste and eliminating unnecessary movement of plants and materials. Most importantly, health and safety regulations on site must be complied strictly

to prevent casualties.

4.0 Foundation (CHIN SHEE WEI)

After the meaningful construction site visit done by us, there are countless of valuable information of knowledge gained by me after the visit. Besides, I had the opportunity to learn something that I couldn’t learn from

the lectures and textbook. I have better understanding about how a construction site works now. Through this site visit, I was able to know further more about the method of construction of foundation. This site visit

really helps us to visual better in method of construction of foundation. Foundation is very important in construction, as it is a massive structure which has to support the weight of the building. Foundation construction is

extremely important for the safety of your whole building. The foundation is what your house is built upon. There are many of important components which will make your foundation as strong and as durable as

possible. Learning about these foundation construction components in advance will help you build a sturdy home. In conclusion, this visit has greatly enhanced my knowledge about construction site. I am very

grateful to have a chance to visit there as I have gained a lot of knowledge.

5.0 Superstructure

5.1 Beam and column (BRIAN KOH)

In conclusion, beam and column are designed to handle bending moments, in addition tension forces, compression forces, and shear forces caused by all of the forces that act on the building but is different in the

method or the way of handling the load by each member. They own have each of their unique characteristic. Similar materials are used in the construction of beams and columns which are steel, timber and

concrete. Beams run horizontally between the columns right underneath the floor. Their main purpose is to hold up the floor, but beams are also important for holding the building together. Therefore, beam and

column are equally important for the fundamental of the building.

5.2 Slab (PAU JIN WEI)

In the case of two-way slab it has been found in practice that a huge moment develops at the support, for example, at the support negative moment is huge. In this case steel must be provided to withstand this

moment. In most of the cases extra top bars are provided. The slabs are each platform or base for each level of the houses.

5.3 Wall (MUHAMMAAD A’MEER)

There are only two types of walls on the site, which are the concrete retaining walls and the masonry wall (brick wall). Of the two walls, the retaining wall is the only one that supports its own structure. The brick wall, on

the other hand, would not have sufficient strength to support the weight of the building. instead, its sole purpose is to provide shelter from the environment as well as act as a boundary between the interior and

exterior spaces. Other than that, bull stretcher bonding is only used during the transition point of one house to another.

5.4 Staircase (CHAM ZHENG CHEE)

The type of staircase that can be identified in the Twin Palm’s site are Half-Turn Staircase. As for the Seremban site, the use Winding Staircase is applied in their residential. Both staircases from both sites use the

Concrete Staircase and also the traditional kind of formwork, which is using the material timber. The process of building the staircase goes by the start of build in its form work, followed by the reinforcements and the

mortar filling. The site visit we managed to see the stage where the formwork and reinforcements are installed. The site visit was a good exposure for us to understand and experience the activities, the equipment, and

the whole construction process. It really widens your perspective and brings awareness to the details and process of building a house. These are the little details that we usually do not take note of, but after the site visit,

it gave me a more in depth understanding of how each components comes together, each details, measurements, materials and so much more that are take into consideration, before coming out with the end

product. It was an eye opening and a great learning experience.

56

6.0 Doors and windows (RACHEL YEO)

A door serve the purpose to give access to enter and exit the interior of a space or a building. They function as the connector between the partitions of a building. Besides, doors are barricade of noise which provides

privacy to each closed space. At the same time, doors are made for sublime purposes. A basic door consists of a stationary door frame and shutter. Doors comes with a frame but as time passes, the advance in

designing due to beautification and function purposes lead the industry to various resorts of doors. All the doors are named after the purposes they serve. The most commonly use doors in our site are the standard

single-leaf door that has a rigid panel. The house doors installation process are different compared to a garage door installation process as it is a much more simpler and direct way of installing it. There are various

types of windows like casement windows, awning windows and bay window that are used on site. All windows have different positioning of the hinges and openings too. Every type of window that is used in the site

serves different purposes in every space. All windows are mainly designed for ventilation purposes and also bringing in natural light from the outside in order to brighten up space.

7.0 Roof (LIM WIN KEE)

To construct a roof structure on a building need to gone through many process. It might look simple, but the difficulties can be found in every detail of works, such as storage, handling, nailing and also measuring.

Especially storage and handling, these two are the starting part of roof construction, and it need to be carried out very carefully as it might affect the whole construction plan. As for the ending part of roof

construction, choosing the right material of shingles is also one of the important details as it will affect the durability and sustainability of the roof structure.

57

References

2.0 Site safety:

- Construction Site Safety Signs | Construction Signage Specialists. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.css-signs.ie/health-safety-signs/construction-road-signs/construction-safety-signs/

- Construction Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/construction_ppe.html

- Construction Safety Tips: A Comprehensive Resource by Atlantic Training. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.atlantictraining.com/safety-tips/construction-safety-tips.php

- Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_plant

- CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/construction/equipment/construction-equipments-for-different-purposes/901/

3.0 Preliminaries work:

- Mereia Kali, Grad. Bridge and Structural Engineer Follow. (2012). Stages in Construction. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/mereiakali/stages-in-construction

- Types of Excavation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/04/types-of-excavation.html

- Setting Out Simple Buildings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.qs4freshers.com/setting-out-simple-buildings.html

- Project preliminaries - the costs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.self-build.co.uk/project-preliminaries-costs

- Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Hoarding_for_construction_sites

- Site Preparation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.home-building-answers.com/site-preparation.html

4.0 Foundation:

- Pile Foundations. (2016). Retrieved October 19, 2016 from Understand Construction website: http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html

- Driven Cast In-Situ Concrete Piles Construction Process. (2015). Retrieved October 19,2016 from The Constructor - Civil Engineering Home website:http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-cast-in-situ-concrete-

piles-construction-process/7088/

- Jalal Afsar (May 3, 2015). Accounting: Steps In Construction of Residential Building.Retrieved October 19, 2016 from Engineering Intro website: http://www.engineeringintro.com/construction-works/steps-in-

construction-of-residential-building/

- Kol Peterson (November 9, 2011). Accounting: Building design and construction process – step by step.Retrieved October 19, 2016 from https://accessorydwellings.org/2011/11/09/building-design-and-construction-

process-step-by-step/

- Footings & Foundations. Retrieved October 19, 2016 from http://www.spikevm.com/footings-foundations.php

5.0 Superstructure:

5.1 Beam and column

-Slideshare(2011, June 2) Retrieved 2 October 2016 http://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns

- Beamform (n.d.) Retrieved 2 October 2016 from http://www.beamform.co.uk/8_beams1.html

- Oberton (2015) Retrieved 2 October 2016 http://www.oberbeton.com.ua/en/columns

58

5.2 Slab

- Form and Pour a Concrete Slab. (2016). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/step-by-step

- Two-way Slabs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://gnindia.dronacharya.info/CivilDept/Downloads/question_papers/Vsem/DOC-I/UNIT3/4643-Two-way-Slabs1.pdf

- How to Polish Concrete Countertops | CHENG Concrete Exchange. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.concreteexchange.com/how-to-center/polish-and-grind-concrete/polish-concrete-

countertops/

- Concrete slab floors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/concrete-slab-floors

- SLAB DESIGN - Memphis. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.ce.memphis.edu/6136/PDF_notes/h_slabs.pdf

- Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts. (2001) Building Design and construction Handbook, Sixth edition

- Charles, M. & George M. (1919) Building construction: a text book on the principles and details of modern construction for the use of students and practical men

5.3 Wall

- The Editors of Encyclopæ dia Britannica (2016) Wall, Architecture. Retrieved from: https://global.britannica.com/technology/wall

- Technical Support, Bricklaying Techniques. (2016) Retrieved from: http://www.brick.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Brick-Bonds.pdf

- News Desk (2013, July 5) Introjected Backfil Retaining Walls: A Revolutionary Technology to Reduce the Cost of Retaining Walls. Retrieved from: http://www.masterbuilder.co.in/introjected-backfil-retaining-walls-a-

revolutionary-technology-to-reduce-the-cost-of-retaining-walls/

- The Constructor (2015) TYPES OF REINFORCED CONRETE RETAINING WALL. Retrieved from: http://theconstructor.org/structures/types-of-reinforced-concrete-retaining-wall/8393/

- Four Common Types of Rigid, Monolithic Concrete Retaining Walls (1999-2016) Retrieved from: http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/poured_concrete_retaining_walls/four_types.htm

- Damp Proofing The Outside Foundation Walls, What Damp Proofig Is – And What It’s Not (2002-2011) Retrieved from: http://www.basementsystems.ca/basement/waterproofing/problems/wall-

leak/dampproofing.html

- Brickwork reinforcement (2008-2016) Retrieved from: http://www.rib-lath-machine.com/metal-lath/brickwork-reinforcement.htm

- How to plaster a brick wall (n/A) Retrieved from: https://www.bunnings.com.au/diy-advice/home-improvement/walls/how-to-hard-plaster-a-brick-wall

- Chasing cables and pipes into walls. (2000-2016) Retrieved from : http://www.diydata.com/general_building/chase-wall/chasing-cables-pipes.php

- Cutting and Filling Chases in Brick and Concrete Walls for Wiring and Cables and Filling for Plastering (2016) Retrieved from: http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/chases.htm

- SUGGESTED CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE – Owner Builders (n/A) Retrieved from: https://ablis.business.gov.au/nsw/Resource/AD4654C.pdf

- Masonry “How To” Basics (2007) Retrieved from: http://www.masonryforlife.com/HowToBasics.htm

- Edd (2011, February 5) Brick lintels – walls. Retrieved from: http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.my/2011/06/brick-lintels-walls.html

- Basic Brick Construction: Walls, Corners, Pillars & Edging (2006, August 30) Retrieved from: https://www.quikrete.com/pdfs/projects/basicbrickconstruction.pdf

5.4 Staircase

Website:

- Starter bars in staircases|www.BuildingHow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from http://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=70

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- Sander, J. (n.d.). How to build concrete stairs. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from http://howtospecialist.com/structure/how-to-build-concrete-stairs/

Books:

- Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.

6.0 Doors and windows

- Kodriguez, J. (2016, August 13). How to install a door - opening, installation, hardware and finishing. Retrieved October 15 2016, from https://www.thebalance.com/how-to-install-a-door-844559

- Gibson, S. (2016). How to Install a Window. Retrieved October 15 2016, from https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/how-to-install-window-0

- Magazines, C. (2016). Types of doors. Retrieved October 15 2016, from http://www.build.com.au/types-doors

- Weber, C. (2016). Types of Windows. Retrieved October 15 2016, from http://www.realsimple.com/home-organizing/home-improvement/renovations/types-windows

- Wise, W. (2016). Window Types and Materials . Retrieved October 15 2016, from http://www.windowwise.com/file_uploads/Window_Style_Guide.pdf

7.0 Roof

- Charlett, A. J., & Maybery-Thomas, C. (2013). Fundamental Building Technology (2). Abingdon, Oxon, US: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com.ezproxy.taylors.edu.my

- Parts of a Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.homeimprovementhelper.com/roof/roof_parts.htm

- Detail of Roof [Flat roof & Pitch roof]. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://image.slidesharecdn.com/tobeprintfinal-131221103118-phpapp02/95/to-be-print-final-62-638.jpg?cb=1387622019

- Section B Detailed Drawings [Abstract]. (n.d.). 137-250. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://www.woodspec.ie/media/woodspec/content/Woodspec Final - Section B.pdf

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building construction i project 1 compilation

Education