Dr. Brian J. Spiering

Building Better Models in Cognitive Neuroscience:APPLICATION

Review

• Better models help solve better problems

• Why?

• Ideals

• Modeling

HOW DOES PROCEDURAL

EXPERTISEDEVELOP?

1)Idea2)Inception3)Instantiations

Previous Notions

“It has been widely held that although memory traces are at first formed in the cerebral cortex, they are finally reduced or transferred by long practice to subcortical levels” (p. 466)

Karl Lashley (1950) In search of the engram

Previous Notions

“Routine, automatic, or overlearned behavioral sequences, however complex, do not engage the PFC and may be entirely organized in subcortical structures” (p. 323)

Joaquin Fuster (2001) The prefrontal cortex – an update

Previous Notions

An Contrarian Model of Procedural Expertise

Procedural learning is striatum dependent.

Procedural expertise is striatum independent.

SPEED Model(Subcortical Pathways Enable Expertise Development)

INCEPTION

F. Greg Ashby John Ennis

SCHEMATICOVERVIEW

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

Response

BA

B

A-B difference

A B

A BA

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model

SensoryAssociation

CortexA Response

A

A

AA

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

ExcitatoryInhibitory

SPEED Model:Single Subcortical

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

Response

BA

B

A-B difference

A B

A BA

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:Subcortical

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

StriatumSNpc

Dopamine

Excitatory

SPEED Model:Subcortical Learning

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

Response

BA

B

A-B difference

A B

A BA

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:Subcortical

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

Response

BA

A-B difference

SPEED Model:Cortical

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

Response

BA

B

A-B difference

A B

A BA

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:Cortical Learning

ACTIVATION EQUATIONS

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

BA Striatum

A BGlobus Pallidus

A BThalamus

BA Premotor Area(Cortex)

Response

A-B difference

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

Response

BA

B

A-B difference

A B

A BA

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model

LEARNING

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

A

A

A A

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:1st Trial

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

A

A

A A

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:Early Learning

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

A

A

A A

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:Middle Learning

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

A

A

A A

Premotor Area(Cortex)

Thalamus

Globus PallidusStriatum

SPEED Model:Mature Performance

LEARNINGEQUATIONS

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

BA Premotor Area(Cortex)

2-Factor Learning

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

BA

Striatum

SensoryAssociation

Cortex

SNpc

3-Factor Learning

Dopamine Release

Incorrect Trial

Correct Trial

Break

INSTANTIATIONS

Romo, Merchant et al.

0

0.5

1

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Cycles Per Second

Pro

port

ion

of L

ow R

espo

nses

0

0.5

1

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Cycles per Second

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f L

ow

Res

po

nse

s

Low High

Monkeys SPEED

Speed (mm/s)

Merchant et al. (1997)

SPEED

Romo et al., 1997

SPEED

Carelli, Wolske, & West (1997)

SPEED

Carelli et al., 1997

Choi, Balsam, & Horvitz (2005)

SPEED

Nosofsky & Palmeri (1997)

A

A

A

A

A

A

B

B

B

B

B B

Bri

ghtn

ess

Saturation

Participant 1

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110125140

Block (N)

Mea

n R

esp

on

se T

ime

SPEED Nosofsky & Palmeri (1997)

SPEED

UPDATES