BRONZE = COPPER + TIN

STATUES AND ORNAMENTS

CARBON DIOXIDE

TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED, WHICH MEANS IT IS AN ACID

THE WATER CONTAINS CALCIUM SALTS WHICH TURN INTO LIMESCALE WHEN HEATED. THIS STICKS TO THE PIPE.

LIMESTONE

Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu

IONIC BOND

ONE ATOM TRANSFERS ELECTRONS TO ANOTHER CREATING + AND – IONS WHICH ATTRACT EACH OTHER

ORANGE JUICE, VINEGAR, SOUR MILK, COLA, RAIN

TOOTHPASTE, BREAD SODA, MILK OF MAGNESIAWASHING SODA

CARBON NITROGEN

TO STOP THE INK SEEPING INTO THE WATER BELOW IT

THE INK IS SOLUBLE IN THE WATER AND TRAVELS UP THE PAPER WITH IT.

THERE IS AN INCREASE IN THE ENERGY OF THE GAS MOLECULES AND THEY LEAVE THE SOLUTION.

160

CO2 H2O

WATER EVAPORATION DIFFERS FROM PLACE TO PLACE

AIR IS DRAWN THROUGH THE LIMEWATER .

THE LIMEWATER GOES MILKY WHITE

THE LIQUID WILL TURN BLUE COBALT CHLORIDE TO PINK

SETTLEMENT TANKS

ALLOWS SOLIDS AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES TO SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE TANKS.

FILTRATION

WATER IS FILTERED THROUGH BEDS OF SAND TO REMOVE SUSPENDED PARTICLES

CHLORINATION

CHLORINE IS ADDED TO KILL HARMFUL BACTERIA IN THE WATER

FLUORIDATION

PREVENTS TOOTH DECAY

WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR WHEN DOIG CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS

ONLY USE EQUIPMENT WHEN TOLD TO BY YOUR TEACHER.

ADD POTASSIUM METAL TO A BASIN OF WATER. THE POTASSIUM WILL FLOAT ON THE WATER AND REACT SO VIOLENTLY THAT IT WILL CATCH FIRE. A FIZZING NOISE WILL BE HEARD AS HYDROGEN GAS IS PRODUCED.

ALKALI METALS

THEY REACT WITH OXYGEN TO FORM OXIDES

TOUCH A PIECE OF UNIVERSAL

INDICATOR PAPER AGAINST THE

LEMON. COMPARE THE COLOUR TO PH CHART.

ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT WHICH HAVE

DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS

PAINTING, OILING OR GREASING

OXYGEN OR WATER

ADD MORE COPPER SULPHATE AND STIR TO DISSOLVE

NO MORE COPPER SULPHATE WILL DISSOLVE IN THE SOLUTION

MANGANESE DIOXIDE

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE DECOMPOSING TO GIVE OXYGEN GAS

CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

PLASTIC WASTE IS UNSIGHTLY IN THE ENVIRONMENT

PLASTIC WASTE IS EXPENSIVE TO DISPOSE OF.

CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY MICRO-ORGANISMS

MADE FROM RENEWABLE MATERIALS

WATER

IT WOULD TURN BLUE COBALT CHLORIDE TO PINK

LIMEWATER

CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BURNING WAX TURNS IT MILKY WHITE

COAL

AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN INTO ANYTHING SIMPLER BY CHEMICAL MEANS.A COMPOUND IS TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE CHEMICALLY COMBINED

METALS NON-METALS

MAGNESIUM IS NOW CHEMICALLY COMBINED WITH OXYGEN

FROM OXYGEN IN THE AIR

MAGNESIUM OXIDE, MgO

TWO OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY COMBINED

COVALENT BONDING

THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS IN A COMPOUND IS CALLED AN IONIC BOND .

SODIUM CHLORIDE

SHAKE THE WATER SAMPLE WITH SOAP FLAKES. THE HARD WATER REQUIRES A LOT OF SOAP TO PRODUCE A LATHER.

CALCIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE

SOFT.THE RESIN WILL HAVE REMOVED ALL OF THE IONS WHICH CAUSE HARDNESS.

TEST THE WATER SAMPLE WITH SOAP FLAKES. IT WILL REQUIRE VERY LITTLE SOAP TO PRODUCE A LATHER.

CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY, MgO DOES NOT

Mg IS MALLEABLE, MgO IS NOT

DISSOLVES THE LIMESTONE

ACIDS IN RAIN REACT WITH THE LIMESTONE

SAND

SALT OR WATER

SOFT

HARDNESS LEFT IN TEST TUBE A

CHLORINATION

FILTRATION

HEAT

ELECTRIC

TUBE A

TO REMOVE OXYGEN FROM WATER

TO PREVENT OXYGEN GETTING BACK INTO TUBE

OXYGEN NEEDED FOR RUSTING

18

LEAVE TO COOL

CRYSTALS WILL FORM

FILTER THE CRYSTALS

Solution of copper sulphate

Crystals forming

A SCALE FROM 0 TO 14 USED TO MEASURE THE

DEGREE OF ACIDITY

USING A PH METER

GASTRIC JUICE

BLOOD

ELECTROLYSIS

TO IMPROVE ITS

CONDUCTIVITY

OXYGEN

RELIGHTS A GLOWING SPLINT

HYDROGEN

BURNS WITH A LOUD POP

2 HYDROGEN AND 1 OXYGEN

HYDROGEN

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

CALCIUM

COPPER

CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, COPPER

WEAR GOGGLES

SULPHUR DIOXIDE

CAUSES ACID RAIN

NO DEFINITE SHAPE

LIQUIDS HAVE A DEFINITE VOLUME

BUNSEN BURNER/ CRUCIBLE

TRIPOD STAND/ CLAY TRIANGLE

Conical flask

Filter funnel

Filter paper

Beaker of dirty water

13 – 6 = 7

ISOTOPES

MEASURING THE VOLUME OF ACID

NEEDED FOR NEUTRALISATION

A SALT AND WATER ARE FORMED

REFRIDGERATION

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

BURNS WITH A LOUD POP

Zn + 2HCl →ZnCl2 + H2

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

MANGANESE DIOXIDE

A CHEMICAL WHICH SPEEDS UP A REACTION WITHOUT BEING USED UP ITSELF.

RESULT;RED LITMUS DID NOT CHANGE,

BLUE LITMUS TURNED RED

CONCLUSION: CARBON DIOXIDE IS AN ACID

DOES NOT FORM SUDS WITH SOAP

CALCIUM

HARD TO FORM SUDS WHEN WASHING

BLOCKS HOT WATER PIPES

BLOCKS HEATING ELEMENTS

PROVIDES CALCIUM FOR BONES

DISTILLATION

LIEBIG CONDENSER

B

TASTE IT

COVALENT

ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS

CARBON DIOXIDE

SODIUM LOSES AN ELECTRON

CHLORINE GAINS AN ELECTRON

ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION

Potassium chloride

AN ALLOY IS A MIXTURE OF METALS

BRASS

IS USED FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES, DOOR HANDLES ETC.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

CALCIUM CARBONATE

CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, COPPER

ELECTRON (-1), PROTON (+1)

ELECTRON (1/1840 AMU), PROTON (1AMU)

SAFETY GLASSES

PERSPEX SHEET

PAINTING, OILING, GREASING, ELECTROPLATING

KEEPS OXYGEN AND WATER AWAY FROM THE METAL

A FUEL MADE FROM DECAYED ANIMALS AND PLANTS

METHANE

WHITE

RED TURNS BLUE

MgO IS A BASE

3.6 mg/ 100g water

It reduces the solubility of oxygen in the water

RISING TEMPERATURES WILL REDUCE

THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER

THIS WILL REDUCE THE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS

AND PLANTS LIVING IN THE OCEANS AND RIVERS.

THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.

ISOTOPES ARE ATOMS WHICH DIFFER ONLY BY THE NUMBER

OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

BECAUSE THEY HAVE EIGHT ELECTRONS

ON THEIR OUTER SHELL

AN IONIC BOND IS THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION

BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS IN A COMPOUND.

TABLE SALT AND COPPER SULPHATE

THEY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY

SO THAT THEY CAN BE FREE TO MOVE ABOUT AND

CARRY CHARGE

LEMON JUICE, SODA WATER

TOOTHPASTE, LIMEWATER

PURE WATER

Water

Chromatography paper

Test Tube

The water soaks up along the paper and carries the ink with it. As it does the different colours in the ink separate out because they travel at different speeds up the paper

THE INK FROM THE MARKER WITH A MIXTURE OF COLOURS WILL

HAVE SEPARATED INTO A ITS DIFFERENT COLOURS.

CRUDE OIL

THEY CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY

LIVING THINGS

GRADUATED CYLINDER

PIPETTE OR BURETTE

FLOAT ON WATER CUT EASILY WITH A KNIFE

REACT VIOLENT WITH WATER

A BOND WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BETWEEN THE ATOMS IS CALLED A COVALENT BOND.

SODIUM CHLORIDE

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE HIGH BOILING POINTS

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE REGULAR SHAPES

NaOH

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)

LIEBIG CONDENSER

X

PURE WATER

SALT

A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION CONTAINS A LOT OF SOLUTE

DISSOLVED IN THE SOLVENT.

A DILUTE SOLUTION CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF SOLUTE

DISSOLVED IN SOLUTE.

0 10 20 30 70 80 10020

30

40

50

70

80

0 10 20 30 70 80 10020

30

40

50

70

80

60

60 DEGREES

THE SOLUBILITY INCREASES AS THE TEMPERATURE

INCREASES

IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE

BROKEN INTO ANYTHING SIMPLER BY CHEMICAL MEANS

TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE CHEMICALLY

COMBINED.

We placed small pieces of universal indicator paper on a white tile and put a drop of each of the solutions being tested, in turn, on each of the test papers. We

noted the colour change and find the pH from the colour chart.

ORANGE JUICE VINEGAR

HCl

CALCIUM CARBONATE

MORE DENSE THAN AIR

NO EFFECT ON THE RED LITMUS

TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED

REFRIDGERATION

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PLACE EQUAL VOLUMES OF A & B IN

TWO TEST TUBES. ADD TWO DROPS OF

SOAP SOLUTION TO BOTH AND SHAKE.

SEE WHICH FORMS PERMANENT SUDS.

‘A’ WONT FORM SUDS ‘B’ WILL FORM SUDS EASILY

CALCIUM IONS CALCIUM SALTS

SETTLING FILTRATION CHLORINATION

FLUORIDATION

FILTRATION TAKES OUT ALL VISIBLE DIRT

Atoms of the same element which have

different numbers of neutrons.

Hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide

Manganese dioxide

Sulphur dioxide

It reacts with it causing it to wear away.

Use the same volume/strength of acid each time.

CALCIUM, magnesium, zinc, copper

2, 8, 8, 1

CaCO3 + H2O

To increase the conductivity of the

water.

Burns with a loud pop

There are 2 H atoms for every O atom in water

Burette Pipette

Release the acid from the burette, using the tap, into the base in the conical flask. Continue until the indicator in the conical flask changes colour. The volume of acidreleased can be read from the side of the burette. This is the volume required to neutralise the base.

Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

It moves up the paper with the water and the colours separate from each other.

The spot will move with the water level and show no separation

They need a container with a lid to contain them.They do not flow

The gas will take up more space when hot

The oxygen is used up. This causes the decrease. Remains Steady because no more oxygen left.

Nitrogen

No proper measurement markings on the bell jar.

any one from: beryllium/ magnesium/ calcium/ strontium/ barium/ radium

change of colour/ becomes flakey change of texture/ becomes softer looses strength tarnish/ rust

(i) calcium chloride/ drying agent labelled/ clearly named in text (ii) boiled (de-gassed) water/ water with no air labelled/ clearly named in text oil labelled/ clearly named in text stoppers not required [no diagram/s deduct 3 or 6 marks]