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Brief Contents

Preface xviiAcknowledgments xxiAbout the Authors xxiv

PART ONE: Get Ready to Speak 1Chapter 1: Building Confidence

and Your First Speech 2Chapter 2: Public Speaking in

a Global World: Inclusion, Ethics, and Critical Thinking 30

PART TWO: Listen and Look 51Chapter 3: Listening Critically 52Chapter 4: Analyzing and Adapting

to the Audience 74

PART THREE: Topic and Research 95Chapter 5: Selecting a Topic and

Purpose 96Chapter 6: Finding and Evaluating

Research 118Chapter 7: Integrating Support 142

PART FOUR: Organize and Outline 165Chapter 8: Organizing the Main

Points of Your Speech 166Chapter 9: Outlining Your Speech 180

PART FIVE: Present Your Speech 201Chapter 10: Beginning and Ending

Your Speech 202

Chapter 11: Wording the Speech 224Chapter 12: Delivery Modes

and Practice 246Chapter 13: Delivering Your Speech:

Nonverbal Messages Matter 262Chapter 14: Using Presentation Aids 286

PART SIX: Speak to Inform 313Chapter 15: Speak to Inform 314

PART SEVEN: Speak to Persuade 333Chapter 16: Prepare to Persuade 334Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion 360

PART EIGHT: Specialized Speaking Contexts 387Chapter 18: Planning and

Presenting in Small Groups 388Chapter 19: Special Occasion

Speeches 408Chapter 20: Business and

Professional Speaking 434Chapter 21: Storytelling 452Chapter 22: Speaking Across

College Courses 466Chapter 23: Presenting Online 478Chapter 24: Answering Questions 494

Glossary G-1Notes N-1Index I-1

Copyright ©2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher.

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Detailed Contents

Preface xviiAcknowledgments xxiAbout the Authors xxiv

PART ONE: Get Ready to Speak 1

Chapter 1: Building Confidence and Your First Speech 2

Section 1.1 Identify Speechmaking’s Benefits 4

1.1a Benefits for Your Personal Life 41.1b Benefits for Your Career 41.1c Benefits for Society 5

Section 1.2 Discuss the Context of Public Speaking 6

1.2a Picture the Parts Working Together 71.2b Consider Audience Expectations 8

Section 1.3 Assess and Build Your Speechmaking Confidence 10

1.3a Understand Public Speaking Anxiety 111.3b Address the Physical Effects of

Speech Anxiety 121.3c Address the Mental Effects of

Speech Anxiety 131.3d Use Skills Training 141.3e Anxiety Can Be Transformative 14

Section 1.4 Approach Giving a Speech Systematically 16

1.4a Select Your Topic 161.4b Develop, Support, and Organize

Your Speech 18

1.4c Practice Delivery 211.4d Conduct a Post-Presentation

Analysis 22

Exercises 24

Recap and Review 28

Key Terms 28

Chapter 2: Public Speaking in a Global World: Inclusion, Ethics, and Critical Thinking 30

Section 2.1 Respect Different Cultures 32

2.1a Attune Yourself to Difference 33

2.1b Assess Your Understanding of Cultural Diversity 34

2.1c Reflect Cultural Values 342.1d Understand Cultural

Identity 362.1e Consider Preferred Learning

Styles 382.1f Understand Difference to Build

Bridges and Confidence 38

Section 2.2 Speak Ethically 392.2a What Audiences Expect of

Speakers 402.2b What Speakers Expect of

Audiences 44

Section 2.3 Think Critically 452.3a Set Goals 452.3b Analyze Consequences 46

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2.3c Assess Outcomes and Their Effects 47

Exercises 48

Recap and Review 50

Key Terms 50

PART TWO: Listen and Look 51

Chapter 3: Listening Critically 52

Section 3.1 The Six Stages of Listening 55

3.1a Stage 1: Hearing 553.1b Stage 2: Understanding 553.1c Stage 3: Remembering 563.1d Stage 4: Interpreting 563.1e Stage 5: Evaluating 563.1f Stage 6: Responding 57

Section 3.2 Listening and Cultural Differences 58

Section 3.3 The Benefits of Critical Listening 59

3.3a Reduced Stress 593.3b More Learning 593.3c Improved Speaker–Audience

Relationship 593.3d Improved Decision Making 593.3e Improved Speaking 603.3f A Better Society 60

Section 3.4 The Four Types of Listening 613.4a Type 1: Appreciative: Listening

for Pleasure 613.4b Type 2: Empathic: Listening to

Provide Emotional Support 613.4c Type 3: Comprehensive:

Listening to Get Information 613.4d Type 4: Critical/Deliberative:

Listening to Make an Evaluation 62

Section 3.5 Listening Styles 633.5a People-Oriented Listening 633.5b Action-Oriented Listening 63

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3.5c Content-Oriented Listening 63

3.5d Time-Oriented Listening 63

Section 3.6 Improving Listening Behaviors 64

3.6a Stay Tuned In 653.6b React Honestly 653.6c Give a Fair Hearing 653.6d Control Emotional

Reactions 663.6e Challenge Yourself 673.6f Focus on the Value in the

Speech 673.6g Control the Physical

Environment 683.6h Use Time Wisely 69

Exercises 70

Recap and Review 73

Key Terms 73

Chapter 4: Analyzing and Adapting to the Audience 74

Section 4.1 Reach Out to Your Audience 76

4.1a Consider the Audience’s Makeup—Explore and Celebrate Its Diversity 76

4.1b Be Audience Centered—Use Empathy 76

Section 4.2 Answer Preliminary Questions 78

Section 4.3 Compose a Demographic Snapshot 79

4.3a Consider Age 794.3b Consider Gender 804.3c Respect Affectional

Orientation 814.3d Gauge Knowledge Level 814.3e Understand Racial, Ethnic,

Religious, and Cultural Ties 81

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4.3f Identify Affiliations 824.3g Consider Socioeconomics 82

Section 4.4 Compose a Psychographic Snapshot 83

4.4a Understand Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes 83

4.4b Understand How the Audience Perceives Your Topic 84

4.4c Understand How the Audience Perceives You 84

Section 4.5 Consider the Speaking Situation 85

4.5a Analyze the Occasion 854.5b Consider the Location 854.5c Consider the Time 864.5d Gauge Audience Size 86

Section 4.6 Get Information About Your Audience 87

4.6a Ask Your Contacts 874.6b Use Personal Knowledge and

Observations 884.6c Research Audience Attitudes 88

Exercises 92

Recap and Review 93

Key Terms 93

PART THREE: Topic and Research 95

Chapter 5: Selecting a Topic and Purpose 96

Section 5.1 Formulate a Topic 985.1a Use Brainstorming

Techniques 985.1b Use Other Topic Selection

Techniques 102

Section 5.2 Formulate General and Specific Purposes 104

5.2a Formulate the General Purpose 104

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Purpose 1055.2c Consider the Audience’s

Perspective 107

Section 5.3 Formulate the Thesis Statement or Central Idea 109

5.3a Thesis Statements for Informative Speeches 109

5.3b Thesis Statements for Persuasive Speeches 109

5.3c Evaluating the Thesis Statement or Central Idea 110

Exercises 111

Recap and Review 116

Key Terms 116

Chapter 6: Finding and Evaluating Research 118

Section 6.1 Use Primary Research 120

6.1a Use Personal Knowledge and Experience 120

6.1b Interview Others With Specialized Knowledge 120

Section 6.2 Gather Secondary Research 125

6.2a Library Resources 1256.2b Online Sources—Ask

Questions 1276.2c Websites—Consider

Trustworthiness 1286.2d Blogs—Be Cautious 1296.2e Wikis—Be Wary 129

Section 6.3 Why to Critically Assess Research 130

6.3a Assess Traditional Research Sources 130

6.3b Evaluate Online Sources 130

Section 6.4 Keep a Research Record 132

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6.4a Take Good Notes 1326.4b Cite Source Materials

Carefully 134

Exercises 138


Key Terms 141

Chapter 7: Integrating Support 142

Section 7.1 Use Examples 1447.1a Short Examples 1447.1b Narrative Examples 1447.1c Hypothetical Examples 1457.1d Assess the Power of Your

Examples 146

Section 7.2 Use Explanations and Descriptions 148

7.2a Explanations 1487.2b Descriptions 1487.2c Assess the Power of Your

Explanations and Descriptions 149

Section 7.3 Use Definitions 1507.3a Which Words Should You

Define? 1507.3b How Do You Define a Word? 1517.3c Assess the Power of Your

Definitions 151

Section 7.4 Use Analogies 1527.4a Literal Analogies 1527.4b Figurative Analogies 1527.4c Assess the Power of Your

Analogies 153

Section 7.5 Use Statistics 1547.5a Understand What

Statistics Mean 1547.5b Put Statistics to Use 1557.5c Use Statistics Ethically 1557.5d Present Statistics Visually 1567.5e Assess Your Use of Statistics 156

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Section 7.6 Use Testimony 159

7.6a Expert Testimony 159

7.6b Peer or Lay Testimony 159

7.6c Assess the Power of Your Testimony 160

Section 7.7 Citing Sources in Your Speech 161

Exercises 163


Key Terms 164

PART FOUR: Organize and Outline 165

Chapter 8: Organizing the Main

Points of Your Speech 166

Section 8.1 Understand Speech Patterns: Organization 168

Section 8.2 Use Linear Organizational Formats to Arrange a Speech’s Main Points 169

8.2a Time Order: It’s Chronological 169

8.2b Spatial Order: It’s Directional 171

8.2c Cause-and-Effect Order: It’s Relational 172

8.2d Problem–Solution Order: It’s Workable 173

8.2e Topical Order: It’s Part of the Whole 174

Section 8.3 Use Less Direct Configural Formats 175

Exercises 178


Key Terms 179

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Chapter 9: Outlining Your Speech 180

Section 9.1 Create an Outline That Works for You 182

9.1a Identify Your Main Points 1839.1b Support Main Points With

Subordinate Points 1859.1c Use Coordinate Points 1879.1d Exhibit Parallelism 1879.1e Label All Parts 188

Section 9.2 Facilitate Speech Flow 1899.2a Use Transitions 1899.2b Use Internal Previews 1909.2c Use Internal Summaries 1919.2d Use Signposts 191

Section 9.3 Practice Speaking With Your Outline 196

9.3a Prepare Your Extemporaneous or Presentation Outline, Also Known as Speaker’s Notes 197

Exercises 198


Key Terms 199

PART FIVE: Present Your Speech 201

Chapter 10: Beginning and Ending Your Speech 202

Section 10.1 Capture Attention 20410.1a Startle or Shock the

Audience 20610.1b Involve the Audience 20710.1c Arouse Curiosity and Build

Suspense 207

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10.1d Quote a Relevant Source 20710.1e Use Humor 20810.1f Arouse Emotion 209

Section 10.2 Build Credibility 21010.2a See Yourself Through

Their Eyes 21010.2b Demonstrate Your Credibility 21110.2c Establish Topic Credibility and

Relevance 21210.2d Connect Credibility and

Culture 212

Section 10.3 Preview the Big Ideas 214

Section 10.4 End Strong 21510.4a Keep It Short 21610.4b Forecast the Finish Line 21610.4c Restate the Thesis or

Central Idea 21710.4d Motivate the Audience

(Again) 21710.4e Achieve Closure 218

Section 10.5 Avoid Common Pitfalls 219

Exercises 221


Key Terms 223

Chapter 11: Wording the Speech 224

Section 11.1 Understand How Words Work 226

Section 11.2 Use Words to Connect 227

Section 11.3 Consider Your Audience 228

11.3a Overcome Communication Obstacles 228

11.3b Consider Time and Place 22911.3c Observe Reasoning and

Thinking Preferences 22911.3d Use Plain, Unbiased

Language 231

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Section 11.4 Be Strategic 23211.4a Keep It Simple 23211.4b Keep It Concrete 23311.4c Keep It Appropriate 23411.4d Keep It Distinctive and Vivid 23611.4e Keep It Personal 240

Section 11.5 Use Oral Style 241

Exercises 243


Key Terms 244

Chapter 12: Delivery Modes and Practice 246

Section 12.1 Choose a Delivery Mode 24812.1a Impromptu Speaking 24912.1b Manuscript Reading 25012.1c Extemporaneous Speaking 25112.1d Speaking From Memory 25212.1e Sound Bite Speaking

(Twitter-Speak) 253

Section 12.2 Prepare and Practice 25412.2a Schedule Multiple

Early Practices 25512.2b Verbalize Everything 25512.2c Practice With Your Visual,

Audio, and Memory Aids 25512.2d Check Your Time 25612.2e Replicate Actual Speechmaking

Conditions 25612.2f Watch and Listen to Yourself

Alone and With Others 25612.2g Give Yourself a Preliminary

Evaluation 25612.2h Refine, Practice, and Refine 25612.2i Attend to Nonverbal Aspects

of Delivery 25712.2j Hold a Mock Q&A Session 257

Section 12.3 Avoid Common Delivery Bloopers 258

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Exercises 259


Key Terms 261

Chapter 13: Delivering Your Speech: Nonverbal Messages Matter 262

Section 13.1 Nonverbal Messages: Beyond the Speaker’s Words 264

Section 13.2 Take Control of How You Sound 265

Section 13.3 Properly Use Pitch, Volume, Rate, Articulation, and Pronunciation 267

13.3a Vary Pitch 26713.3b Adapt Volume to the Situation

and Cultural Norms 26813.3c Adjust Rate, Use Silent

Pauses, Avoid Fillers 26913.3d Attend to Articulation and

Pronunciation 271

Section 13.4 Be Aware of Accents, Dialects, and Regionalisms 273

Section 13.5 Make the Most of the Setting 275

13.5a Aim for Immediacy 27513.5b Decide Where to Speak

From 275

Section 13.6 Coordinate Your Body Language and Spoken Words 276

13.6a Gesture Meaningfully 27613.6b Remember, Posture

Matters 27813.6c Use Facial Expressions and Eye

Contact to Connect 27913.6d Use Appearance to Support

Performance 28113.6e Approach the Audience

Confidently 281

Exercises 283


Key Terms 285

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Chapter 14: Using Presentation Aids 286

Section 14.1 Use Presentation Aids Strategically 288

Section 14.2 The Right and Wrong Ways to Work With Presentation Aids 290

Section 14.3 Select the Best Aids 29114.3a Real People 29114.3b Props and Models 29214.3c Photographs 29314.3d Graphs 29314.3e Charts, Drawings, and

Maps 29814.3f Audio and Video Clips 301

Section 14.4 Be Familiar With Presentation Software 303

Section 14.5 Get the Most From Your Presentation Aids 306

14.5a Devise the Content and Design the Look 306

14.5b Choose the Right Presentation Aids 307

14.5c Use Presentation Aids During Your Speech 308

Exercises 309


Key Terms 312

PART SIX: Speak to Inform 313

Chapter 15: Speak to Inform 314

Section 15.1 Speeches About Objects and Ideas or Theories 317

15.1a Speaking About an Object 317

15.1b Speaking About an Idea or Theory 318

Section 15.2 Speeches About Events and People 319

15.2a Speaking of Events 31915.2b Speaking of People 31915.2c Frameworks for Speaking of

Events and People 319

Section 15.3 Speeches About Processes, Procedures, and Demonstrations 320

15.3a Frameworks for Speaking of Processes, Procedures, and Demonstrations 321

Section 15.4 Achieving Informative Speaking Goals 322

15.4a Be Organized, Clear, and Accurate 322

15.4b Convey the Right Amount of Information 323

15.4c Create Hunger for Information 324

15.4d Be Memorable 325

Exercises 326


Key Terms 331

PART SEVEN: Speak to Persuade 333

Chapter 16: Prepare to Persuade 334

Section 16.1 We All Practice Persuasion 336

16.1a Assess Attitudes 33616.1b Build on Beliefs 33716.1c Validate Values 33716.1d Integrate Attitudes, Beliefs,

and Values 337

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Section 16.2 Goals and Purposes of Persuasive Speech 339

16.2a Identify a Goal 33916.2b Specify the Change You Seek 340

Section 16.3 Categorize Propositions and Use Different Persuasive Approaches to Organize the Persuasive Speech 341

16.3a Speak on a Question of Fact 34116.3b Speak on a Question of Value 34216.3c Speak on a Question of Policy 344

Section 16.4 Understand and Use Monroe’s Motivated Sequence 346

Exercises 350


Key Terms 358

Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion 360

Section 17.1 Varying Viewpoints and Your Target Audience 362

Section 17.2 Build Ethos or Persuasive Credibility 363

Section 17.3 Use Logos or Sound Evidence and Reasoning 364

17.3a Make Valid Inferences 36617.3b Use Effective Reasoning to

Develop Arguments 36617.3c Deductive Reasoning 36817.3d Inductive Reasoning 36917.3e Causal Reasoning 36917.3f Reasoning From Analogy 371

Section 17.4 Arouse Pathos or Emotion 372

Section 17.5 Use Three Tenets of Persuasion 374

17.5a Think Small to Avoid a Big Fall 37417.5b Use the Desire for

Consistency 37417.5c Don’t Put the Best in the Middle 374

Section 17.6 Practice Ethical Persuasion: Avoid Fallacies and Slip-ups 375

Exercises 378


Key Terms 385

PART EIGHT: Specialized Speaking Contexts 387

Chapter 18: Planning and Presenting in Small Groups 388

Section 18.1 Groups at Work 39118.1a Preparing Together 39118.1b The Dynamics of a Group’s

Development 39218.1c Member Roles and

Responsibilities 39318.1d Enacting Leadership 396

Section 18.2 Solving Problems Together 397

18.2a Advantages of Group Problem Solving 397

18.2b Disadvantages of Group Problem Solving 398

18.2c Use a Systematic Problem-Solving Framework 399

18.2d Brainstorm While Problem Solving 401

Section18.3 Presenting the Group’s Work 402

18.3a The Oral Group Report 40218.3b The Round Table 40218.3c The Panel Discussion 40218.3d The Symposium 40318.3e The Forum Presentation 403

Section 18.4 Assessing the Group’s Performance 404

Exercises 405


Key Terms 407

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Chapter 19: Special Occasion Speeches 408

Section 19.1 Goals and Functions of Special Occasion Speeches 410

Section 19.2 Types of Ceremonial Speeches 411

Section 19.3 The Speech of Introduction 412

19.3a Your Responsibilities as an Introducer 412

19.3b Sample Speech of Introduction 413

Section 19.4 The Speech of Presentation 414

19.4a Your Responsibilities as a Presenter 414

19.4b Sample Speech of Presentation 415

Section 19.5 The Speech of Acceptance 416

19.5a Your Responsibilities Giving an Acceptance Speech 416

19.5b Sample Acceptance Speech 416

Section 19.6 The Commencement Address 418

19.6a Your Responsibilities as a Commencement Speaker 418

19.6b Sample Commencement Address 418

Section 19.7 The Keynote Address 422

19.7a Your Responsibilities as a Keynote Speaker 422

19.7b Sample Keynote Address 422

Section 19.8 The Toast 424

19.8a Your Responsibilities When Delivering a Toast 424

19.8b Sample Toast 424

Section 19.9 The Speech of Tribute 425

19.9a Your Responsibilities Giving a Speech of Tribute 425

19.9b Sample Speech of Tribute 425

Section 19.10 The Eulogy 428

19.10a Your Responsibilities Delivering a Eulogy 428

19.10b Sample Eulogy 428

Section 19.11 The After-Dinner Speech 430

19.11a Your Responsibilities Delivering an After-Dinner Speech 430

19.11b Sample After-Dinner Speech 430

Exercises 432


Key Terms 433

Chapter 20: Business and Professional Speaking 434

Section 20.1 First, Get the Job: How to Handle a Job Interview 436

20.1a Research the Job and the Position 436

20.1b Plan the Conversation 43720.1c Get to the Heart of

the Questions 43820.1d Be an Active Interview

Participant 43920.1e Make a Positive Impression 439

Section 20.2 Speaking in a Meeting 441

20.2a Participating in the Meeting 44120.2b Leading the Meeting 442

Section 20.3 Pitching an Idea 443

Section 20.4 Delivering a Briefing or Report 445

Section 20.5 Conducting a Training Session 447

Exercises 449

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Key Terms 451

Chapter 21: Storytelling 452

Section 21.1 Discover Your Inner Storyteller 454

21.1a Find Your Voice 45421.1b Give Voice to Your Goals 45521.1c Use a Narrative to Frame

Your Goals 45521.1d Remember That Timing

Matters 45721.1e Lead With Stories 458

Section 21.2 Use Language to Connect 459

21.2a Develop Language Sensitivity 459

21.2b Keep It Simple 46021.2c Strategize About Word

Choices 46021.2d Use Word Pictures 46021.2e Repeat/Repeat/Repeat 46121.2f Speak of “I” and “We” 46121.2g Generate Involvement and

Participation 461

Exercises 463


Key Terms 464

Chapter 22: Speaking Across College Courses 466

Section 22.1 Presenting Across College Courses 468

22.1a Communicate Your Ideas to Others 468

22.1b Pay Attention to Context 468

Section 22.2 Educational Contexts for Speaking Assignments 469

22.2a Review a Scholarly or Professional Article 469

22.2b Deliver a Poster Presentation 470

22.2c Present or Debate a Position 471

22.2d Report on a Service Learning or Internship Experience 473

Exercises 474


Key Terms 476

Chapter 23: Presenting Online 478

Section 23.1 The Technological Difference 480

23.1a Technology-Dependent Delivery 48023.1b Presentation Cues and

Miscues for Online Speeches 480

Section 23.2 Formats for Online Presentations 482

23.2a Choose a Synchronous or Asynchronous Format 482

23.2b When It’s Just You 48323.2c When It’s You With

Others 48423.2d When It’s an Interview 48523.2e When It’s a Digital Story 485

Section 23.3 Online Presentation Platforms: Screens and Sound 487

23.3a Video 48723.3b Podcast 48723.3c Webinar 48823.3d PowerPoint/Graphical

Presentation 489

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Exercises 490


Key Terms 492

Chapter 24: Answering Questions 494

Section 24.1 The Timing of the Q&A Session 496

24.1a Before Presenting 49624.1b While Presenting 49724.1c After Presenting 497

Section 24.2 Managing the Q&A 49824.2a Anticipate Questions—

Especially Hard Ones 498

24.2b Don’t Pontificate 49824.2c Understand Every Question

Asked 49824.2d Give Audience Members the

Green Light 49924.2e Stay on Course 49924.2f Think Through Your Answer 49924.2g Keep Defensiveness at Bay 49924.2h Address Answers to Both the

Questioner and the Audience 50024.2i Gracefully Bring the Q&A

Session to a Close 500

Exercises 501


Key Terms 502

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