brennen journal 2012-final government brennen college, one of the premier institutions of higher...

Editorial

Government Brennen college, one of the premier institutions of

higher education in Kerala, developed out of the Free School established

in 1862 by Edward Brennen , a master attendant of Thalassery Port. It is

affiliated to Kannur University. The College has been identified as a Centre

of Excellence by the Government of Kerala. The College was reaccredited

by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore

with A Grade in 2010. The College offers Degree Courses in sixteen

disciplines and Post Graduate Courses in nine subjects. The departments

of English, Malayalam, Hindi, Sanskrit, Economics, Physics and Philosophy

are approved Research Centres of Kannur University. The cherished dream

of the College to bring out a research journal was fulfilled in June 2004

when ‘Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies’ was published. The

journal has been registered and assigned ISSN. In this issue we bring forth

research papers from various disciplines. It is intended to encourage and

develop research activities among students and teachers. The journal is

being published annually by Brennen College.

Editor

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013

Editorial Office:Government Brennen College, Thalassery

670106,Kerala, India

E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.brennencollege.org

Type Setting and Printing: Computer Centre, Government Brennen

College, Thalassery

Volume 8 2013

P. R. Biju, Department of Political Science

Chief Editor M. Sarojini, Principal

Editor T. Ravindran, Department of Physics

Editorial Board

V. Kumaran, Department of Hindi

B. Efthikar Ahamed, Department of English

Jissa Jose, Department of Malayalam


CONTENTS

1. Dubbing & Subtitling – the Visual & Acoustic Phonetics in Film

Translation

B. Efthikar Ahamed .........................................................................................1

2. ºÉ¨ÉEòÉ±ÉÒxÉ Ë½þnùÒ EòÊ´ÉiÉÉ +Éè®ú {ÉªÉÉÇ´É®úhÉ

|Éä¨É¶ÉÆEò®ú {ÉÉhbä÷ªÉ.....................................................................9

3. {ÉªÉÉÇ´É®úhÉ EòÉ ÉiÉÇ¨ÉÉxÉ

b÷Éì. |É¦ÉÉEò®úxÉ ½äþ¤¤ÉÉ®ú <±±ÉiÉ ...............................................................................13

4. \ud BJym\a√ cpNnbmWv...

kt¥mjv am\nt®cn ........................................................................................19

5. hb-\m-S≥ ]pe-b-cpsS Xpem-∏Øv

kn\p-tamƒ tXmak v .......................................................................26

6. ssk_¿ temIØv kv{Xo ssk_¿temIsØ kv{Xo

PnkmtPmkvv ......................................................................................................31

7. Photocurrent Action Spectrum of Polydiacetylene Film

T. Ravindran....................................................................................................37

8. Introducing Tensors to physics students

K.M.Udayanandan........................................................................42

9. Rational Account Of Consciousness And Epistemic Circularity

E. Rajeevan ..................................................................................................................................57

10.Body Mass Index and Chronic Energy Deficiency among Tribal

Women of Kerala

N. J. Saleena and K. Suma ............................................................64


Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013 / 1

DUBBING & SUBTITLING – THE VISUAL & ACOUSTICPHONETICS OF FILM TRANSLATION

The contemporary world is shrinking increasingly smaller: in the

age of digitization, corporeal boundaries among homelands are incessantly

obliterated. The latest hi-tech expansion in such fields as film industry, mass

media and communication are physically powerful features that – by

generating a world’s viewers or transnational receivers – have a say in the

amalgamation of translation process. Translation in any of the above stated

fields, especially in film industry, grows to be predominantly imperative,

for it rubs out linguistic and cultural borders to fuse nations.

It is a noticeable verity that translation process in mass

communication plays a very crucial component in determining cultures

and the associations between them. In inter-semiotic rendering mode –

especially in film translation, this transfer of culture encounters a greater

challenge. Even though the old wine bottle of ‘untranslatability’ is not extant

today, film as a ‘text’ foregrounds some other cross cultural linguistic

queries.

1-8 B. Efthikar Ahamed

B. EFTHIKAR AHAMED

Post Graduate Department of English and Research Centre

Government Brennen College, Thalassery


The study of film translation requires an interdisciplinary effort,

including specific contributions by film and TV professionals, psychologists,

mass communication experts, phoneticians, socio-linguists, film semioticians

and translation scholars. But many researchers have so far favoured to

dedicate their vigour to the expansion of a hypothesis of translation.

Moreover, subtitling and dubbing are often overseen by the respective

constrictions of ‘text compression’ and ‘lip synchronicity’. This piece of

evidence has been taken unreservedly as a satisfactory driving force for

meeting the requirements of film translation as a figure of ‘adaptation’,

rather than ‘translation proper’. Adaptation is a field where the translator

can take unlimited freedom. The methodology of film translation should

not be restricted to the theories of adaptation only.

What are the basic proceedings to establish the principle governing

film translation in the target system? Which of the languages is/are selected

for such translations? Are there any special parameters governing this

selection? These questions can be answered only after considering the fact

that the issue of the various possible techniques of film translation is greatly

complicated by the particular semiotic nature of the total film sign.

Dirk Delabastita, the Belgian translation theorist, details two

significant features of the film sign in his article, Translation and the Mass

Media (1990):

1) Film communication usually proceeds through two channels – the

visual channel (light waves) and the acoustic channel (air vibrations).

2) The verbal code, narrative codes, vestimentary codes, moral codes,

and cinematic codes shape a film into a complex meaningful sign.

As an artefact of mass communication the broadcast and

manoeuvring of films and fragments of films are subject matters to certain

cultural restrictions. On the basis of these dissimilarities, the researchers

are capable of discriminating four types of film signs:



1) Verbal signs transmitted acoustically (dialogue).

2) Non verbal signs transmitted acoustically (background noise, music).

3) Verbal signs transmitted visually (credits, letters, and documents

shown on the screen).

4) Non verbal signs transmitted visually.

These four categories of film signs will constitute one axis of film

translation. Traditionally, the usually accepted techniques of film translation

are ‘Dubbing’ (substitutio of acoustic/verbal signs) and ‘Subtitling’ (adiectio

of visual/verbal signs).

The former, if one gets wrong, could crush a classic scene. The

audiences of the UK and the US have a propensity to watch foreign movies

with subtitles, and dubbing is by and large left for films and television

sequences intended for kids. As the viewers mature older, they prefer to

listen to a film’s original language which gives a sense of place and appends

to the ambiance and environment of a film. This comment doesn’t have a

sweeping nature to negate the other – that is, there are some western movie

makers who use both dubbing and subtitling in their studios/ television

broadcasts.

Dubbing does not always follow the original dialogue and translate

it literally into another language. The question of equivalence is, sometimes,

sacrificed mercilessly. The original script is kept aside and only the visuals

are considered in certain cases of this type of translation. This practice is

so common in Germany, which has more foreign-movie-dubbing studios

than anywhere else in the world. Such re-adaptations may create bad dubs.

But, on the other hand, some other dubs have been performed to make

them more attractive in particular countries.



Dubbing is a regional thing. The vernacular incomprehensibility may

pose a real threat to the filmgoers. Hollywood movies are dubbed for around

90 percentage of non-English languages including Malayalam. A

blockbuster movie undergoes the process of dubbing into minimum 30

languages. In India, the latest Hollywood production Spiderman 3 has been

dubbed into 5 languages: Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bhojpuri, and Malayalam.

The voice-over dubbing, where the original dialogue is lowered but

still sustained under the voiced over exchange of ideas, is preferred by the

spectators of the western countries to the lip-sync dubbing, where the

speaker depicts what is being said in a narrative account spoken over the

original dialogue. The lip-movement issue is still an unresolved one in both

the above mentioned varieties. Even though many available technological

systems including the Video Rewrite can be used to minimize this issue, no

tool has yet been identified to overcome the futility of this imperfection.

Lip-syncing is complicated and time consuming in the action of dubbing. A

horrific dub is able to devastate even the greatest content. Bad translation,

dreadful casting, horrific voice, pitiable quality control – all these lead to a

bad dub.

Istvan Fodor, a Hungarian author, concentrates mainly on the

phonetic side of the film dubbing problem. He has argued that we need a

‘visual phonetics’ in addition to ‘acoustic phonetics’ in the context of film

dubbing. We understand things not only from what they speak but also by

looking at their mouth or lip movements. The problem is of sound/image

synchronicity in dubbing. The differences in the visual impact are caused

not only by strictly phonological features but also by the divergence

between various paralinguistic and gestural patterns such as facial

expressions and body language.

Although the integer of dubbed foreign productions in the UK is low,

the contrary is the case in some other nations. In countries like Italy, France,



Spain, Turkey, Hungary, China and Iran, where the production of good

films is frequent, dubbing is so commonplace that some voice/dubbing

artists are even allocated to particular actors.

Marcus Off, the popular German dubbing artist, was cherished with

great accolade in his voice for Johnny Depp in the German release of the

fantasy adventure series of Pirates of the Caribbean (2003) whose tone of

voice had been a key to the box office success of the film in Germany. Ms.

Bhagyalakshmi, the living dubbing legend in the Malayalam film industry,

cannot be wiped off in the making of the history of the success behind

some character performances of actresses including Shobhana.

Mohd Sheikh, a voice actor of the dubbing company Media Movers

says, “Dubbing is a tricky art. Emoting with more focus on matching the

lips can be an arduous task.”

When non-native languages were prohibited in Mussolini’s fascist

Italy, films were dubbed into Italian. Since the early 1960s, foreign language

films have been disallowed from being dubbed into the Kannada language

to save from harm the domestic film production. Dubbing was also banned

in Portugal in 1948, again for protection, but subtitling was acceptable.

Films were also censored so that some sensitive expressions – such as

communism or colonialism – were substituted.

Since the early years of cinema, filmmakers have used on-screen

text to add meaning to their image. Whether dialogue cards between cuts

in early silent cinema, or modern foreign language subtitling, written text

has always played an important role in enhancing picture and sound to

bring conception and comprehension to the cinema. Today, subtitling is an

imperative tool for studios and distributors in making a film more reachable

to intercontinental audiences and to hearing-impaired viewers. The work

required to create release prints with subtitles is substantial and has

aditionally involved many different fields of competence.



The cinema subtitling practice commences with the translation of

the spoken word and concludes with the audience being presented human-

readable text as subtitles on the cinema screen. Subtitles may be a

secondary or explanatory title; or it may be a printed statement or

fragment of dialogue appearing on the screen between the scenes of a

silent motion picture or appearing as a translation at the bottom of the

screen during the scenes of a motion picture or television show in a foreign

language. The subtitler has to represent in the written mode what is spoken

on the soundtrack of the film.

People who read subtitles do not exhibit the typical eye movement

patterns of ‘ordinary’ reading behaviour. Rather, they make quick jumps

from one keyword to another. The whole process of subtitle perception

becomes customized, so that viewers who have no need of subtitles find it

hard to avoid reading them. It is claimed that subtitling demands a

considerable amount of cognitive effort on the part of the viewer or reader.

The lowliness of film translation (as opposed to literary rendering)

is evidently noticeable while discussing the challenges confronted in this

area. There is a trend, even among the film subtitling practitioners, to look

at film subtitling as adaptation, not translation. This tendency to exclude

film subtitling from the province of translation cannot be justified; and that

the recent attitudes to film subtitling needs to be altered, so that film subtitling

is promoted and elevated to the stage of literary translation.

Despite all the achievements in the study of film subtitling, there is

still a broad scope for academic research in this field. As J. Cintas of The

European Association for Studies in Screen Translation (ESIST) notes:

“Approaches to translation which have made a large impact on areas such

as literary translation, are still yet to be applied to subtitling (63)”.



It is factual that the quality of film subtitling is usually not high.

However, the bookselling industry – like film industry – is also filled with

poor quality translation products. The commercial dimension of the film

industry is an unavoidable aspect sometimes neglected by the academic

researchers when commenting on the quality of the product. Film subtitling

should truthfully communicate the original meaning. To be more precise,

lexis and grammar of film subtitling should put across the equivalent

meaning encoded by lexis and grammar of the audio-visual text of the

movie. Hence, to assess the quality of film subtitling, lexical and grammatical

choices made in the course of it may be critically analyzed in terms of

whether or not they ensure rendering the original meaning accurately.

In describing the relationship between original and translated films,

the researcher should be able to draw upon the descriptive apparatus

evolved by the main stream translation studies. In both dubbing and

subtitling, special attention should be paid to:

1) The rendering of particular language varieties.

2) The rendering of literary allusions.

3) Different treatment of various special types of verbal message.

4) The rendering of word play and other forms of humorous

language use.

5) The rendering of taboo elements.

6) The rendering of prosodic features.

7) The translator’s attitude towards loan words and foreign idioms.

8) The possible introduction of genre makers.



Works Cited:

Baker, M. In Other Words. A Coursebook on Translation, London and New

York: Routledge. 1992. Print.

Cintas, J. ‘Striving for Quality in Subtitling: the Role of a Good Dialogue

List’. In Gambier, Y. and Gottlieb, H. (eds) (Multi) Media Translation,

Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 199-211.

2001. Print.

‘Subtitling: the Long Journey to Academic Acknowledgement’. In Journal of

Specialised Translation. Issue 01: 50-68. 2004. Print.

Hatim, B. and Mason, I. Discourse and the Translator, London and New York:

Longman. 1990. Print.



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EòÒ ºlÉÉ{ÉxÉÉ ½þÉä ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ* ªÉ½þÒ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ¨ÉÖÊxÉªÉÉå EòÉ ¨ÉxÉxÉ ½èþ, ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ {ÉªÉÉÇ É®úhÉÒªÉ nù¶ÉÇxÉ EòÉ ¤ÉÒVÉ

½èþ* {ÉªÉÉÇ É®úhÉ ºÉÆEò]õ Eäò ´ÉiÉÇ ÉÉxÉ ¨Éå ½þ¨É |ÉEÞòÊiÉ EòÉ ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ xÉ½þÓ, {ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ Eò®åú*

ºÉ½þÉªÉEò OÉÆlÉ:

1. ËºÉ½þ, ®ú´ÉÒxpù. {ÉªÉÉÇ É®úhÉ ¦ÉÚMÉÉä±É. ºÉÉÊ½þÎiªÉEòÉ <ÆÊb÷ªÉxÉ {ÉÎ¤É±ÉEäò¶ÉxÉ: xÉ<Ç Ênù±±ÉÒ, 2011.{ÉÞ.12.

2. iÉä±ÉÒ, ´ÉÒ.B±É, +Éè®ú |ÉEòÉ¶É xÉÉ®úÉªÉhÉ xÉÉ`öÉhÉÒ. {ÉªÉÉÇ É®úhÉ +vªÉªÉxÉ. EòÉì±ÉäVÉ ¤ÉÖEò Êb÷{ÉÉ: VÉªÉ{ÉÖ®ú,

2008. {ÉÞ.1.

3. Halberstam,David.The Next Century. William Morrow Co. Ltd: New York,

1991. P. 111.

4. Waters, Malcom. Globalisation. Routledge. Zolo, 2010. P. 4.



5. Shaw, Martin. Theory of the Global State: Globality as an Unfinished

Solution. Cambridge University Press:London, 2000. P. 11.

6. Nair, Baldevraj. Globalisation and Nationalism. Sage Publication Pvt.

Ltd: New Delhi, 2001. P. 16.

7. ¨ÉÖ®ú±ÉÒ B¨É.]õÒ. {ÉÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉEò nÖù®úxiÉRÂóRó±É. Eäò®ú±É ¶ÉÉºjÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ {ÉÊ®ú¹Énù: ÊiÉ¯û´ÉxÉÆiÉ{ÉÖ®ú¨É,2009.

(¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉEòÉ ºÉä)

8. ¨ÉäxÉÉäxÉ, ®úÊiÉ. |ÉEÞòÊiÉªÉÖ]äõ {ÉÊ®úμÉÉVÉEòÉ. Eäò®ú±É ¶ÉÉºjÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ {ÉÊ®ú¹Énù: ÊiÉ¯û´ÉxÉÆiÉ{ÉÖ®ú¨É, 2008. {ÉÞ.

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Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013 / 1919-25 Santhosh Manicheri

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kwthZ\obXbpÅ Hê icocw.

\ud Ncn{X¯nÂ ASbmfs¸« Hê \maamWv. {]mNo\ tIcf¯nse Hê

XpdapJ \Kcambn hntZi k©mcnIfpsS Fgp¯pIfnÂ \udsb ImWmw.

"\dh' F¶ Xt±iob ]Z¯nsâ sshtZinIcoXnbnepÅ D¨mcWambncn¡Ww

\ud Fì Ncn{X]TnXm¡Ä Duln¡ì- v . \ch F¶ \Kc¯nÂ

kpμcnIfmb bphXnIfpsS ]m«nepw B«¯nepw cknç¶

B«psIm«p]m«ptNcemXs\çdn¨v ImssI¸mSn\nbmÀ F¶ Ihnb{Xn

]Xnäp¸¯nÂ ]mSpì-v.

""Fìw a pS§msX I n« ns¡m - n c nç¶

]pXnbhêam\§fmÂ ]pãn{]m]n¨v tim`nç¶Xpw

A¼psXmSpç¶XnÂ aSnbnÃmsX ssIbnÂ

kZmhnÃphln¨vsIm-ncnæ¶ hoccmb adhÀt]mepw

hndsImÅpamÀ XncameIfnepw ImÀtaL§fnepw Demhn

sNdp\oÀ¡W§Ä hln¨v Xé¸mÀ¶ Imä v

kZmhnins¡m-ncnç¶Xpamb "\dh' F¶ \Kc¯nÂ

At±lw Ct¸mÄ kpμcnIfmb bphXnIfpsS ]m«pw

sIm«pw B«hpw I-pcknçì³Umhpw""

(]Xnäp] v þ 6þ10)

C{Xbpw D²cn¨Xv \ud {]mNo\Ncn{X¯nsâ Hê kz]v\ qanIbmsWì

t_m[ys¸Sp¶Xn\mWv. AtimI³ hc¨pshç¶ \ud Cu {]mNo\ \KcaÃ.

AXp {]mNo\Xsbbpw hcm\ncnç¶ Imes¯bpw kz]v\wsIm-p

ka\zbn nç¶XmWv. \n¶\nÂ]nÂ AXv B«psIm«p]m«pemXt\mfw ]gæ¶Xpw

hÀ¯am\¯nsâbpw `mhnbptSbpw k¦oÀWXIfntfç Nn¶n¨nXdp¶Xpw

19-25 Santhosh Manicheri


ImWmw. \udsb¶ `mh\mØe¯nsâ krãnbneqsS bmYmÀ°yhpw

AbYmÀ°yhpw k½nfnXamæ¶ BJym\¯nsâ Hê CS\mgn krãn¡s¸Spì.

aebmfn k©cn¨ Zqc§sfÃmw cq]amä§tfmsS Cu CS\mgnbnÂ

sNìtNêì. Ncn{X¯nsâ Cê«nsehnsS\nt¶m BWv Cu CS\mgn

Bcw`nç¶Xv.AXp \½psS hÀ¯am\s¯ qXIme¯nsâ êNnbpÅXm¡n

amäpì. "\ud' sb¶ XpdapJ\Kcw Cu CS\mgnbpsS cq]ImßIamb

t]cmbn¯oêì.

\udbnÂ \ne\nÂç¶ ASp¡fIfpsS KXnbmsI amäpIsb¶

e£yt¯msS A¸¡qSpImc\mb inh³ Bcw`nç¶ ]pXnb kwcw`w þ F

^pUv tImÀ«v C³ tImÀs¸mtdj³. lrZbw IWç êNn¡mhp¶ A¸amWv

inhsâ e£yw. A¸IqSpImcsâ _lpkmaÀYy§fpw hnå\m]mShpamWv

AbmfpsS BZÀiw. \udbnse hnhn[ êNnIfpsS an{iWhpw AXnsâ

I¨hShpamWv. AbmÄ Hê KthjI\mbpw IqSpamdpì- v . \udsb

hnhn[Ime§fnÂ hnhn[tZi¡mcmb a\pjyÀ hnhn[êNnIfnemWv

FgpXnbn«pÅXv. AhcnÂ sshtZinIcmb hWnçIÄ, \ncq]{ZhnIfmb

k©mcnIÄ, KthjIÀ, {Iqccmb tkzÑm[n]XnIÄþ FÃhêap-v. FÃhêw

\udsb êNnsIm-v ]pXp¡n¸WnXp. êNnbpsS Cu Ncn{Xw \udbnÂ CgtNÀì

InSç¶Xv C{μnb§ÄsIm-v Aë`hnçIbmWv inhëw klmbnbmb

aÃnIbpw.

"hni¸ns\ iÐsaìw £Ws¯ \niÐXsbìw hnfn¨nê¶ Imew

\udbnÂ ]sS Ahkm\n¨ncnçì'

hni¸ns\ `bt¯msS hÀWn¨nê¶ Imew \udbnÂ

Ahkm\n¨ncnçì. BlmcanÃm¯ ImeaÃnXv. `£W¯nÂ\nì hni v

thÀs]«ncnçì. inh³ ]dbp¶Xpt]mse ""kar²nbpsS temI¯v

hni¸nÃmbvabpw hni¸pw tcmKamWv. Hê ¢n\n¡Â \}{Sojy\v t`Zam¡mhp¶

tcmK§Ä”. hni¶ icocw B\μ¯nsâ sshhn[y§fnteç Xpd¡s¸Spì.

hni v bclnXamb Hê kzmØyhpamWv. hcm\ncnç¶ B\μ§fpsSXmb

Hê kzmØyw. \udbnÂ hni v Ahkm\n¨ncnçìsh¶ hmIyw aebmfnbpsS

hÀ¯am\s¯ {i²bnteç sIm-phêì-v. hni¸ns\ AXnPohn¡mëÅ



kac§tfbpw hni¸p {]tabambnê¶ Fgp¯pIme§tfäpw HmÀ½n¸nçì-v.

hni v Hê {]tabw t]mepaÃm¯ \ud BêsS tZiamWv?

HmÀ½-bpsS AI-¼Sn-bpÅ {SoäpIÄ

“tIÄhn¡nsS hmgbnebnÂ Xnc¨ps]mXnª tdmÄ

inh³ ]mXn AI¯m¡n. AXv AXnsâ t]êt]mse

HmÀ½bpsS AI¼SnbpÅ {Soämbnêì”

Hmtcm êNnbpw Nne HmÀ½Isf¡qSn B\bnçì-v. akvXnjvIw

AXnsâ hmXnepItfmtcm¶mbn Xpdç¶Xv C{μ nb§fpsS

\nc´ckwthZ¯neqsSbmWv. inh\v HmÀ½bpsS {Soäv k½m\nç¶ _\m\

amkvIv (inh³ A§s\bmWv Ahsc hnfnç¶Xv) \ãs¸«pt]mb êNnbpsS

temIw Xncn¨p]nSn¡m\mbn \udbnÂ KthjW¯nteÀs¸«v \udsbmsSm¸w

{]mbamb kv{XobmWv... \udbpsS hni¸nsâ AÀ°w aänsbgpXnbhÄ... cXnbpw

Xoäbpw H¶n¨p tNêt¼mÄ hni¸nsâ AÀ°w amdmsX h¿. HmÀ½bpw cXnbpw

Xoäbpw CSIeÀ¶v \udbnse Hmtcmê¯êw icocnbmbn¯oÀì.

""I¯p¶ Fcnhmbncnçw AXn\v . aÃnIív

Is®cnªp. inh\v aq¡neXp XpfªpIbdn.

Xpdìsh¨ henb IÂ¯«pIfnÂ apfæs]mXnª ao³

F®bnÂs]mcnªp.

tdmUnsâ Cê]pdhpw \ncbmbn ao³ ÌmfpIfmWv.

an³ IdnbpsS GXShpw ChnsS Ft¸mgpw In«pw. AfpIÄ

AXnë am{Xambv ChnsS Zqcw k©cns¨¯pì. ao´oäív

Fìw XncçÅnSw.”

I¯p¶ Fcnhpw Xnfç¶ êNnbpw C{μ nbt_m[y§fpsS

]camh[nbmWv. \m¡nsâ BZnahmk\Ifnte¡v HmÀ½bpw Ncn{Xhpw

hÀ¯am\hpw ]mIs¸« hninã t`mPy§fmw tNêì. t]êw s]mêfpw ]gbXpw

]pXnbXpamhp¶ apt¶ä§Ä \mw A£c§fneqsS êNnçì.

""Bfnepw Xc¯nepw Ncn{X¯nsâ hnXm\§Ä amdpì.



ASps¯¯pt´mdpw AXp Xp-pIfmbn apdnbpì.”

Xp - pIfmbn apd nbp¶ Ncn {Xw cpNn¸nç¶Xv D¸nsâbpw

a[pc¯nsâbpw \nba§Ä am{XamhnÃ. Ibv¸pw NhÀ¸pw XpS§n

A\yêNnIsfÃmambncnçw. Xp - pIfmbn apdnbp¶ Ncn{X¯nsâ

]Ým¯e¯nÂ Hê kp{]`mX¯nÂ tIhew icocnIÄ am{Xambn¯oê¶

aëjyÀ ]nfÀ¶ hm sIm-v Xo{hamb êNnIfneqsS Pohn¡m³ {ianç¶Xnsâ

Nn{XamWv \udbpsS BJym\w \apç ap¶nÂ sIm-phê¶Xv.

\udsb t\mhenÌv ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶Xp t\m¡q...

""c-p mK¯pw PbnepIÄ. At\Iw Bip]{XnIÄ,

kv{XoIÄçw ]pêj·mÀçambn F³]Xne[nIw

PnwJm\Ifpw slÂ¯v ¢ºpIfpw. XpSÀ¨bmbn

{]kn²nIcn¨psIm - nc næ¶ ]Xn\mdp slÂ¯v

am\zepIÄ.. D¸pw a[pchpw sImgp¸pw h\yêNnIfnÂ

In«p¶ dpkvddnIv tjm¸pIÂ ... Adp]Xne[nIw

ioXoIcn¨ Cd¨n¡SIÄ.. A¨mdpIÄ, Idn¡q«pIÄ

F¶nhíp am{Xambn At\Iw CS§Ä. FâÀsSbv\nwKv

_nkn\Ênsâ `mKambn hntZiêNnIÄ am{Xw In«p¶

]Xn\mep Ubäv C³Ukv{SoIÄ.”

Hê icockaql¯nsâ (Somatic Society) e£W§fÃ \manhnsS

Imé¶Xv. hntamNn¡s¸« icocamWv icockaql¯nsâ apJap{Z. icocw

kwkvImcant¶hsc AXnëtaÂ sh¨psI«nb AÀ°`mc§fgn¨p

hntamNnXamçIbpw Hê ]pXnb kwkvImcw cq]s¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶Xcw

kaqlamWXv. icocw [À½hyhØbpsS kp{][m\amb GIIambn¯oê¶

kaqlw. kz]v\mßIamWXv. F¶mÂ \udbnÂ icocw Hê _m[bmWv.

Cê]¯n\mepaWn¡qdpw icocs¯çdn¨pam{Xw BtemNn¨psIm-ncnç¶

HcnSw.icncw Xo{hamb hnjbamWnhnsS. C{μnb]cn{iawsIm-p icnc`bs¯

Hfn¸n¡msa¶ hymtaml¯nem - p Pohnç¶hsc t\mhenÌ v

hc¨psh¨ncnçì.



hmçIfpsS êNn sXän¨pÅ hmb\

""ssewKnImhbh¯nsâ BIrXnbpÅ A¸¯nsâ

hn]W\sa¶Xv inh\v Dt¯PIambn. A¯csamê

hn]Wn XpdìXê¶ hnäphchv sNdpXmbncn¡nsÃ¶v

inh\qln¨p. AXp am{XaÃmsX Bhiy¡mÀ¡v

Imf¡qä·mêsStbm A¯cw P´p¡fpsStbm enwKhpw

h r j W h p a p - m ¡ n h n Â ç ¶ X n ë w

æg¼p-mç¶Xns\bpw Nnń¨p.”

inhsâ Hê kz]v\w..!

""........ DbÀìh¶ A¸¯nsâ aXnÂ inhs\

Igp¯äwhsc aqSn. A]¯nsâ kar²nbnÂ iohë

hniì. Xpdì]nSn¨ hmípapIfnÂ NndsISp¯p

]dìbÀ¶ A¸§fpsS ækrXn¡fn;

Blcn¡m\ëhZn¡m¯ AhbpsS [n¡mc§Ä...”

a\Êpw icochpw {]XnZzμznIfmbn \nìsIm-nê¶ Hê Ime¯nsâ

A\ćêamWv taÂ¡mWn¨ Nn{X§Ä. aqe[\hym]\¯nsâbpw

BtKmfoIcW¯nsâbpw efnXbpànIÄ Ncn{X¯nsâ kq£vaamb

CgIsf¯s¶bmé sXmSp¶Xv. aebmfnbpsS imcocnIhpw [mÀ½nIhpamb

{]XnkÔnIsf A¸¡qSpImcsâ BJym\w Bg¯nÂ A`napJnIcn¡pì-v.

""]£nbpsS I«]nSn¨ càw sIm-p -mç¶ Hê

Xcw ]msÌbpsS êNn Ah\v ]cnNbamç\Xns\

BtemNn¨v inh³ t]mbImes¯sbmê æ¡v_p¡v

]pds¯Sp¯p. Zn BÀ«v Asâ anÌdn Hm v æ¡dn.

inh³ ]pkvXIt¯mSp ]dªp. XoÀ¨bmbpw CXh\v

CXphsc Adnbm¯ Dt¯P\w sImSpçsaìÀ¸mWv.

I« ]nSnç¶Xn\mbn H¶mas¯ ]£nbpsS NpSp

tNmc inh³ ]fpètem¸bnteç ]IÀì. \nKqVamb


Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013 / 2519-25 Santhosh Manicheri

B{Kl§sf AXnsâ Acnªn« lrZbt¯msSm¸w

æg¨p tNÀ¯p.”

C§s\ \ã êNnIsf Xncnsb hnfn¡m\mbn ckmb\ hnZy¡mc\mbn

amdp¶ A¸¡qSpImc³ kz´w icoc¯nte¡v B-m-pt]mæ¶ \½Ä

Xs¶btÃ? a\Ênsâ am\ZÞ§Ä am{Xw ioen¨ aebmfn¡v icocw Hê

_m[bmWv. hmWn`hpw ]oU\hpw D]t`mKhpambn Hê anYymS\w.

[À½\nÀhlW¯nëÅ D]m[n icocwXs¶bmbn¯oê¶ icockaqlaÃ

icocw Hgnbm_m[bmbn¯oÀ¶nê¶ Hê kaqlamWv \½ptSXv. Hê ]t£

Hê henb ]cnhÀ¯\¯nsâ XpS¡ambncnçw Cu ægadn¨nÂ. GXmbmepw

sshê²y¯nsâ taf\amb Cu kaql¯nsâ A\ym]tZiamWv BJym\hpw

êNnbpw H¶mbv amdp¶ am{XnIXz¯neqsS AtimI³ hc¨psh¨ncnç¶Xv.

B[p\oIm\´c aebmf t\mhensâ KXn Cu BJym\¯neqsS

ASbmfs¸«ncnçì. temeImå\nIXbptSbpw KrlmXpcXbptSbpw

]cnthj§fnÃmsX hn{`maIamb mhntbbpw hÀ¯am\s¯bpw qXs¯bpw

æg¨ptNÀ v Hê ]pXnb tZiw \nÀ½ns¨Sp¯ncnçì. aebmfnbpsS ]mZ§Ä

Xs¶bmWv Cu tZi¯nÂ Bg¯nÂ ]Xnªncnç¶Xv.

Reference

The body and society: Exploration in Social theory, Brian . S. Turner, 1996-

Sage, Publication limited.


hb-\m-S³ ]pe-b-cpsS Xpem- v

kn\p-tamƒ tXmakvae-bm-fw- hn- mKw

Kh: {_Æ≥ tImtfPv, Xe-t»cn

tIc-f- nsâ {]mNo\ BNm-cm{Ia-§fnÂ hn-tij kvYm\w Iev]n¨n-

cp¶ Zn\-§-fnÂ H¶mWv Xpemw amkw -]¯mw XobXn. Xpem-¸-¯v F¶v

s]mXphnÂ Adn-b-s -«n-cp¶ Cu Zn\w ImÀjnI kwkvIr-Xn-bp-ambpw \mbm-«p-

ambpw _Ô-s¸«v {i²-bmIÀjn¨n-cp-¶p.

FÃm BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-§fpw khn-tij {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ Znh-k-§-

fnÂ H¶m-Wv CXv. hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bsc kw_-Ôn¨pw CXn\v amä-an-Ã. Cu tKm{X-

P-\-X-bpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« H¶mWv Xpem- - v.

FÃm-hÀjhpw Xpemw amkw Ch-cpsS mj-bnÂ XvemRmdv 9þmw XobXn hb-\m-

S³ ]pe-bÀ hb-\m-«nse c-p Øe-§-fn-embn H¶n¨p IqSp-Ibpw \mbm-«n\p

th- Hcp-¡-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]Sn-ªm-d-¯d ]©m-b-¯nse t]cm-

en-\-Sp¯ tXdp-½Â F¶ Øes¯ s\Sn-sbmWp¡pw IpSn-bnepw s]mgp-X\

]©m-b- nse Bt\m v tImf-\n-bnse \sÃym-Sp¡pw IpSn-bn-ep-am-bmWv hb-

\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ H¯p-tN-cp-¶-Xv.

\mbm-«n\v, hb-\m-S³ ]pe-b-cpsS Po-hn-X¯nÂ hf-sc-b-[nIw Øm\-ap-

-v. \mbm-«n\p t]mIm-\pÅ XpS-¡-sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv Hmtcm Xpem- ¯pw ChÀ¡v

{][m-\-s¸« A\p-jvTm-\-ambn amdn-bXv . \mbm«v Cu P\-X-bpsS {][m-\-s¸« hnt\m-

Z-§-fnÂ H¶m-bn-cp¶p. "Bbncp¶p' F¶p ]d-ªXv C¶v NS-§n-\p-th-n am{X-

am-Wn-hÀ Xpem-¸¯v sIm-m-Sp-¶Xv F¶-Xp-sIm--mWv. Xpemw H³]-Xn\v H¶n¨p

IqSp¶ hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ {]tXy-I-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Äs¡m-Sp-hnÂ \mbm-

«n-\mbn Im«n-te¡v bm{X-bm-hp-¶p.

26-30 Sinumol Thomas


hb-\m-S³ ]pe-b-cpsS hnti-j-s¸« arKamWv \mb. Xpem- - nsâ Bcm-

[-\-bnÂ \mbbv¡v khn-ti-j-amb Øm\-ap--v. \mbsb Ipfn-¸n¨p Ib-äpI

Fs¶mcp NS-§p--v. CXn-s\- p-SÀ¶mWv Bcm-[\ \S- p-¶-Xv. Xpemw H¼-Xn\p

cm{Xn \mbsb Ipfn- n¨p tIäpw. AXn-\p-tijw A¶p cm{Xn-bnÂ Xs¶ Xnd \S-

¯pw. \mbm-«n\p apt¶m-Sn-bmbn am{Xw \S- p¶ Xndbv¡v \mSym\ F¶mWp

t]cv. \mbm«v kar-²-am-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-th-n ssZhs¯ {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv Cu

Xnd \S- p-¶-Xn-eqsS e£y-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

\mSym\bv¡p tijw cm{Xn-bnÂ IÄs¸«v ]mSp¶ NS-§p--v. cm{Xn apgp-

h³ Dd-¡-sam-gn-ªn-cn-¡pI \nÀ_-Ô-am-Wv. Dd-¡-a-I-äm-\mWv XpSn-sIm«n IÄs¸«v

]mSp-¶-Xv. km[mc-W-bmbn \m«pIÄs¸«v ]mSp¶ Znhkw IqSn-bmWv CXv. Xncy-

¡p-I-fpsS If-s -«mWv \m«pIÄs¸«v. Hmtcm Xncy-¡p-I-fp-sSbpw DÛ-h-s -¡p-

dn¨v ]m«p--m¡n hmsam-gn-bn-eqsS Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te¡v ssIamäw sN¿p¶ ]Xnhpw

hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ¡p-v. hb-\m-S³ ]pe-b-k-ap-Zm-b- nse ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡p am{Xw

]mSm\pw ]Tn-¡m\pw am{XaÃ tIÄ¡m³ t]mepw Ah-Im-i-apÅ ]m«p-I-fmWv

\m«p-I-f-s¸«v. Cu If-s¸«v ]mSp-t¼mÄ kv{XoIsf ]s¦-Sp- n-¡m-dnÃ F¶Xv C¶pw

]n´p-SÀ¶p t]mcp¶ BNm-c-co-Xn-bm-Wv. FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§-sfbpw Ipdn v ChÀ

]m«p sI«n D-m-¡n-bn-«p- - v. tImgn-I-f-s¸«v, apbÂI-f-s¸«v XpS-§nb t]cp-IÄ

CXn-s\-bmWv kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hä-I-f-s¸«v F¶Xpw Cu hn`m-K- nÂs -Sp-¶p.

R-nsâ DÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ R-vI-f-s¸«pw Hä-I-f-s¸-«nÂ DÄs¸-

Sp-¶p. Xpem - n-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn v Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶Xv C¯cw \m«p-I-f-s -«m-Wv.

kap-Zm-b- nse ]pcp-j--·mÀ am{Xw ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ A\p-jvTm-\-amWv Xpem - nse

\mbm-«v. CXnsâ apt¶m-Sn-bm-bmWv \m«p-I-f-s¸«v ]mSp-¶-Xv. Hcp-]t£ \mbm-Sm³

t]mIp-¶-Xn\v ap¼mbn \mbmSn In«p¶ arK-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Ah-bpsS Dep v (DÂ -

¯n) kw_-Ôn¨pw kap-Zm-bw-K-§Ä¡v icn-bmb [mcW \ÂIm-\mIpw \m«p-I-

f-s¸«v ]mS-W-sa¶ \nÀ_-Ô-ap- -m-b-Xv. shfp-¸n\v ho-pw \mbsb Ipfn-¸n¨v

tIäp-¶p. CXn\v {]tXy-I-am-sbmcp tImep-- v. Cu tImep-sIm--mWv \mbm-«n\p

t]mIp-¶-Xv. ]ym\ (ssZ-hw) bpsS I¿pw Imep-sams¡ ]nSn v A\p-{Klw hm§n-

bmWv \mbm-«n\p t]mIp-¶-Xv. ]ym\bv¡v dm¡v (Nm-cm-bw) \ÂIn {]km-Zn- n-

¨mWv A\p-hmZw hm§p-¶-Xv.



\mbm-«n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ FÃm hn`m-K¡mÀ¡nS-bnepw Hmtcm

B-nepw \mbm-«nsâ Bcw`w Xpem-¸-¯n\mbn-cp-¶p-sh¶v hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xncn

Nq-n -¡m-«p-¶p- - v . \mbm-«pImÀ¡v kt½-fn-¡phm³ {Kma§Ä tXmdpw D-m-bn-

cp¶ DuÀ -Ån-IfnÂ sh v \S- p¶ {]tXyI ASn-b- -c-§Ä¡pw {]m°-\-

IÄ¡pw tijamWv \mbm-«n\mbn Ch ImSp-I-fn-tebv¡v t]mbncp¶sX¶pw

At±lw ]cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p-- v(2010 .]pdw. 511)

FÃm BZn-hmkn kap-Zm-b-s¯bpw t]mse hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ¡n-S-bnepw

Xpem- - nepw XpSÀ¶v \mbm-«nepw BWp-§Ä am{Xta ]s¦-Sp-¡q. ChÀ Hcp

kwL-am-bmWv t]mIp-¶-Xv. kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb sFIyw {]I-S-am-¡p-¶ Hcp NS§p

IqSn-bmWv Xpem- - n-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn- pÅ \mbm-«v. km[m-c-W-bmbn \mbm-Sn- In-

«pI apb-en-s\bpw ]¶n-sb-bp-am-Wv.

Xpem-¸-¯nsâ \mbm-«n -\p-th-n {]tXyIw Bbp-[-§-fp- - v . Ch a- -§-

fnÂ {]tXy-I-ambn kq£n-¡p-¶p. FÃm tZi¯pw FÃm a-§-fnepw CXv kq£n-

¡m-dn-Ã. {]tXyI BNmc kan-Xn-bp-Ån-S- mWv Bbp-[-§Äkq£n-¡p-I. Xpem-

- n\v t\XrXzw sImSp-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw hÃn-b-c-Ss¯ F¶ Ipe- nsâ

apâmÄ¡m-Wv. Cu Ipe- n\v {]tXyI Øm\-ap-ÅXpw Cu Ipe- nÂ Xs¶

bmSv (\m-bm-«v) DÅS- pamWv Bbp-[-§Ä kq£n-¡p-I. t]cmepw Bt\m- p-

amWv Cu BNm-c-k-an-Xn-bp-Å-Xv. ChnsS am{X-amWv Cu A\p-jvTm-\- -S§v \S-

¯m-dp-ap-Å-Xv.

Xpemw H¼-Xn\pw ]¯n-\p-ambn \S-¡p¶ Cu kap-Zm-b-Iq-«m-bva-tbm-S-\p-

_-Ôn v Ipe-¡m-c-W-h--·m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz- nÂ \c-_-en-bÀ¸n-¡p¶p. \c-_en F¶

k¦-ev]- nÂ _en-bÀ¸n-¡p-¶Xv s]ân (]-¶n) sbbm-Wv. s]ânsb aq¶q-än-

sbm¶v AsÃ-¦nÂ \qän-sbm¶v HmXn (]-¦v) shbv¡p-¶p. CXv FÃm Poh-Pm-e-

§Ä¡pw sImSp-¡p-¶p. Cu HmXn-sh¨ ]¦v FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw sImSp-

¡pI F¶Xv C¶pw \nÀ_-Ô-am-Wv.

\mbm-«p-Ig-n-ª v Xncns¨¯nbm-Â ]s¦Sp- hÀ¡pw AhnsS h¶pIqSn-

bhÀ¡pw amwkw tZhXm{]kmZambn ]¦nSp-¶Xns-\--¡p-dn v t^mIvtemÀ \nL-

-phnepÅ ]cm-aÀiw CXp-ambn tNÀ¶p t]mIp¶ps-¶pImWmw (2010 .]pdw.

511).



\mbm-«p-\-S-¯p¶ t]cm-enepw Bt\m-¯p-apÅ FÃm IpSn-I-fnepw

shbv¡p¶ tNmdv D¨bv¡v AXmXp a-- nse s_entbm(h-en-b-ho-Sv)fntebv¡v

sIm-p-h-cp¶p. FÃm hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bcpw H¯p-Iq-Sp¶ s]mXp-Ø-e-amb s_en-

tbm-fnÂ sh v FÃm-hÀ¡pw kZy \S- p-¶p.

Xpemw-]- n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {][m\ Bbp-[-§Ä s]ân-tXä (]-¶n-t -

ä), Ip´w, tImÂ, A¼v, hnÃv F¶n-hbm-Wv. Cu Bbp-[-§Ä FÃm-bvt¸mgpw

ImWm³ km[n-¡n-Ã. Xpemw H¼-Xn\p am{Xta Cu Bbp-[-§Ä ]pd-s -Sp-¡q.

A¶p-am-{Xta ImWm\pw ]mSp-Åq. C¶pw CXn\v bmsXmcp amä-hp-an-Ã.

Hcm-gvN-tbmfw \o-p-\nÂ¡p¶ {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä Xpem- - n\p apt¶m-

Sn-bmbn ChÀ A\p-jvTn-¡m-dp--v. \mbm-Sn-¡n-«p¶ FÃm- cw Cd- n-Ifpw ChÀ¡v

`£y-tbm-Ky-amWv. aäv BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-§-fmb Ipdn-Nycpw]Wn-bcpw Xpem- v

\S-¯m-dp--v. BZy-Imew apXÂ Xs¶ Xpem-¸¯v BtLm-j-ambn \S-¯p¶ Hcp

tKm{X-P-\-hn- m-K-amWv hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ. ]pcp-j--·m-cmb hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ Xpem-

- nepw \mbm-«nepw Xmev]-cy-ap-Å-h-cm-Wv. \mbm«v \ntcm-[n- n-«p-Å-Xn-\mepw Im«p-

ar-K-§sf \mbm-Sp-¶Xv in£bv¡v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶-Xn-\mepw CXv Cs¶mcp NS-

§mbn amdn -bn -«p - - v .

Xpem- - n-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn v km[m-c-W-bmbn \S- p¶ asämcp NS§p IqSn-

bp - - v . Ip« --·msc aqcn-I-fm¡n amäp-¶Xv Xpemw-]- n-\m-Wv. CXn-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ¡mWv F¶v AhÀ Ah-Im-i-s -Sp-¶p. hcn-bp-S-bv¡pI F¶mWv

CXn\v km[m-c-W-bmbn ]dªp hcp-¶-Xv. Hcp-Xcw hÔyw-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. CXn\v

hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ims¡-«Â F¶mW.v A-n DS-bv¡Â F¶v asämcp

t]cp IqSn ChÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-- v.

arK-§-fpsS hrjWw DS-bv¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw ]-p apXÂt¡ Cu

kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p--m-bn-cp-¶p. GXp arK-¯n-sâbpw Ims¡-«Â \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv

Cu kap-Zm-b-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p ht{X. C¶v C¯cw Imcy-§-sfm¶pw Bcpw {i²n-

¡m-dn-sÃ¶v hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-¶p.

Xpem-¸-¯nsâ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm\-§Ä C¶pw amä-an-ÃmsX XpS-cp-¶p--v.

BZy-Im-e v Xpem- v \S¯n ]n¶oSv btYjvSw \mbm«v \S- p¶ coXn-bmWv


Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013 / 3026-30 Sinumol Thomas

hb-\m-S³ ]pe-bÀ¡p--m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ch-cpsS Gähpw {]nb-s¸« hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ

H¶m-bn-cp¶p \mbm-«v. C¶m-Is« Xpem-¸-¯n\p th-n am{Xw Cu NS§v ChÀ

kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. shdpw BNm-c-ambn am{Xw. ]--s¯-t¸mse \mbm-«n\v C¶v

{]m[m-\y-sam-¶pan-Ã. ]e arK-§-sfbpw th«-bm-Sp-¶Xv \ntcm-[n¨n«pÅ-Xpw ChÀ¡-

dn-bmw. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-amb Hcp NS-s§¶ \ne-bn-te¡v CXv

amdn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw ]g-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Im¯p-kq-£n-¡m³

X¿m-dmb Hcp P\-X-bmWv hb-\m-S³ ]pe-b-sc¶v Cu NS§v \s½ HmÀ½n- n-¡p-

¶p. Xpem- v km[m-cW KXn-bnÂ FÃm hÀjhpw BtLm-jn-¡m-dp--v. F¶mÂ

\m«p-Im-c-W-htcm, kap-Zmb t\Xm-¡tfm acn- mÂ Xpem- v \S- m-dn-Ã. "\m«p-

Im-c-W-hÀ acn- mÂ \mSp-ap-«Ww' F¶m-Wn-hÀ ]d-bp-I.

{]mNo\Imes¯ Poht\--m]m[nbpw hockmlknI hnt\--mZhpambncp¶p

\mbm-«v. ]-pÅhÀ \mbm-«ns\ tIhesamcp thS[À½amtbm hnt\--mZambnt«m

am{XaÃ ] cnKWn¨n-cp-¶Xv. Hc-\p-jvTm\- nsâ ]cnthjw \mbm-«n-\p- Iev]n¨n-

cp¶p-. hb-\m-S³ ]pe-b-cpsS Xpem- v Cu A-\p-jvTm\[À½s¯ C¶pw \ne-

\nÀ¯nt¸mcp¶ps-¶Xv \nkvXÀ¡amWv.

klmbI{KÙ-§Ä

hnjvWp \¼q-Xncn, Fw.-hn. (tUm). t^mIvtemÀ \nL--p. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw :

tIc-f- mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, 2010

Bth-ZI kqNn

_me-Ir-jvW³ at¡m-«p-Ip¶p tImf\n ]Sn-ªm-d- d

{]Zo-]³ at¡m-«p-Ip¶p tImf\n ]Sn-ªm-d- d

{]`m-I-c³ Nmt¯m v s]mgp-X\


ssk_À temI¯v kv{Xo þssk_ÀtemIs¯ kv{Xo

PnkmtPmkvae-bm-fw- hn- mKw

Kh: {_Æ≥ tImtfPv, Xe-t»cn

\nÀÆN\§Ä¡pw NnÍÄ¡pw AXoXamb k¦oÀ®Xsb¶

apJhpctbmsS 1984 IfnÂ (hneyw Kn_vk¬) Cyber Space temI¯n\v Hcp

]cnNnXkwÚbmbn amdpt¼mÄ, ]cnhÀ¯\ hnt[bambXv IÀ¯rXzw/kzXzw/

icocw XpS§n FÃm kwkvImc ap{ZIfpamWv. Artificial reality F¶pw ]n¶oSv

Virtual reality F¶pw hntijn¸n¡s¸«, Iw]yq«dn\mÂ {]XoXam¡s¸«

Aćo£hpw Zriym\p`h§fpw Øe¯nsâ, kzXz¯nsâ B[nImcnIXbpw

AXncpIfpw XIÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p. GgphÀj§Ä¡ptijw 1990 IfnÂ Cyber

feminism F¶ ]Zw ]cnNnXamhp¶p. sân\nk¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bpw, kv{XoIfpsS

hyhlmctaJeIfnÂ Gähpw ImenIamb hnhckmt¦XnI hnZybpambpÅ

_Ôs¯ Ipdn¡p¶Xpamb Cyber feminism, Cyber Space se kv{Xo

CSs]SepIsf, Iq«mbvaIsf AhbpsS cmjv{Sobs¯, ZÀi\s¯ IrXyambn

]n´pScp¶p.

imkv{X kmt¦XnIXbpsS ]pcpj kz`mhs¯, Cyber Space se

]pcpjm[n]Xy¯nsâ kwkv¡mc ap{ZIsf A]\nÀ½n¡m³ Cyber feminism

{ian¡p¶p. kv{XoIfpw imkv{X kmt¦XnIXbpambpÅ _Ôw

A`mh¯ntâXpw, kμnKv[XbptSXpamWv. “kvss{XWaqey §sf”¶p kaqlw

hnebncp¯nbn«pÅ KpW§fnÂ AXpÄs¸Sp¶nÃ. hnhckmt¦XnIhnZybpsS

cwKs¯ ]pcpjm\pIqeamb cmjv{Sob [z\nIÄ kv{Xosb

{]XoXnbmYmÀ°y¯nsâ temI¯p\ns¶mgnhm ¡m³ {i²n¡p¶ps-¶pw

31-36 Jissa Jose


tXm¶mw. Iw]yq«dpambn _Ôs¸« \nÀ®mbIamb I-p]nSp¯§Ä¡pw

cq]s¸Sp¯epIÄ¡pw ]n¶nÂ \nch[n kv{XoIfp-mbncp¶psh¶XmWv

Gähpw sshcp²yamhp¶Xv. BZys¯ Iw]yq«À t{]m{KmaÀ AUm eusebvkv

(Ada lovelace) NmÄkv_mt_Pnsâ kl{]hÀ¯Ibmbncp¶, {]ikvX

am¯amäojy³ Bbncp¶p. temÀUv ss_d¬ sâ aIÄ IhnXbpsS ]mXbnÂ

\n¶p hfsc AIse k©cn¨p. COBAL t{]m{Kman§v emwtKzPv cq]s¸Sp¯nb

t{Kkv aptd tlm¸À, Eniac manual X¿mdm¡nb AtUÂ tKmÄUvkvän³, s_än

tlmÄs_À«³, CuUn¯v ¢À¡v XpS§n Cu ]«nI \o-XmWv. imkv{X

kmt¦XnI hnZybpsS ]ucpj{]IrXw Btcm]nXamsW¶pw kmwkvImcnI

t_m[¯nÂ A´Àeo\amb ho£WamsW¶pw kmcw.

1990 IfnÂ Iw]yq«À D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ kv{XoIfpsS iXam\w hfsc

]cnanXambncp¶psh¦nÂ 2000 se¯pt¼mÄ 50% kv{XoIÄ Iw]yq«À

km£cXbnte¡pbcp¶p. kvXokulrZ]camb sskäpIfpw, kv{XoPohnXw/

kwc£Ww/\nba]cnc£/BtcmKyw/XpS§n kv{XoIÄ¡mhiyapÅXv,

\ÂIp¶ Iq«mbvaIfpw ssk_ÀtemI v e`yamWv.

ssk_Àsân\nkw F v ?

Xpd¶Xpw {ZhmßIhpw kzX{´hpw BtKmf hnhc kmt¦XnI hnZybpsS

k¦oÀ® kmaqlnIXsb A`napJoIcn¡p¶Xpamb ]cnIev]\bmWv Cyber

feminism. tUmWmlcth ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nb cyborg Iev]\bpambn

kv{XoIfpsS Cu BJym\temIw _Ôs¸«p InS¡p¶p.“A cyborg manifesto:

Science Technology and Sociolist feminism in the late 20th century” F¶

]T\¯nemWv tUmtWm sskt_mÀKns\ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

bm{ńIXbpsSbpw ssPhnIX bpsSbpw k½n{iambn a\pjy³ amdpt¼mÄ

hoS v/tPmenØew, a\pjy³/b{´w XpS§nb Zzμ z§Ät¡m

sshcp²y§Ät¡m CSanÃmXmhp¶p. hnhckmt¦XnIhnZysb

kmaqlnI_Ô§fpambn kwtbmPn¸n¡p¶ cyborg kn²m´hpw {]tbmKhpw

kv{XoIÄ¡v hntamN\¯nsâ ]pXpkm[yXIÄ Xpd¶nSp¶Xmbn tUmtWm

Øm]n¡p¶p. Ima\sb hmÀs¯Sp¡m\pÅ kv{XobpsS A[nImcw, mh\sb

hntI{μoIcn¡m\pÅ kzmX{ýw AXneqsS A[nImcs¯, A\p`hs¯

31-36 Jissa Jose


kq£vaXtbmsS a\Ênem¡m³ AhÄ¡p Ignbp¶p. “Informatics of

domination” F¶mWv cyborg hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. aÀ±nXmhØIfpsS

kmaqlnI kmwkvImcnI ]Ým¯e§sf {]Xn\nÀ½n¡pIbpw X§sf

A]cam¡p¶ hyhlmc§sfbpw {]tbmK§sfbpw sNdp¯p

tXmÂ¸n¡pIbpamWXnsâ e£yw. AXnPoh\¯n\mbpÅ tijn

hos-Sp¡pI. X§sf tIhew icocambn/A]cambn ap{ZIp¯nb temIs¯

Xncn¨v ASbmfs¸Sp ¯m\pÅ ap{ZIÄ Is-¯pI. ChsbÃmw cyborg

kzXz¯nsâ mKambn tUmWmlcth hnebncp¯p¶p. cyber space se kv{Xo

A\p`hmhnjvImc§fpsS ASn¯dbpw {]Xntcm[mßI hyhlmc§sf¶p

]dbmw.

kv{XoIÀ¯rXzw/enwK]Zhn Ch {IaoIcn¡s¸Sm\pÅ CSambn cyber

temIs¯ kv{Xo D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶p. ]c¼cmKX aqeyLS\Isf ]mtS

\ntj[n¡msX Gsd¡psd kzX{ámbn, kpc£nXambn BßmhnjvImcw

\S¯m³ kv{XoIÄ¡p km[n¡p¶p. icocs¯¡pdn v, ssewKnIXsb¡pdn v

X\Xmb `mjy§Ä/ \nÀÆN\§Ä cq]s¸Sp¯m³ Ignbp¶ CSambpw

kv{XoIÄ cybde space s\ ImWp¶p - v . My space/twitter/Biog/orkut

XpS§nb social networking site IÄ Hm¬sse³ PohnX¯nsâ

km[yXIfnte¡pw hntamN\§fnte¡pw Ahsf sIm-p t]mhpIbmWv.

bYmÀ° temI¯v Hfn¨pw ]Xp§nbpw sNt¿-h, H¨ Xmgv¯n ]dtb-h

Hm¬sse\nÂ A\nb{ńXamb kzmX{ý {]Jym]\¯n\pÅ kqNnIIÄ

IqSnbmhp¶p. AhnsS H¨ Xmgvt¯-tXm Hfn¨p sNt¿-tXm AÃ H¶pw.

kzXz¯nsâ {]IS\obX (Pertermativity) ap¶n«p \nev¡pIbpw

enwK]Zhn/enwKkzXzw Chbpambn _Ôs¸« cmjv{Sobhpw aqeyhyhØIfpw

IogvtaÂ adnbp¶XpamWv cyber space se asämcp km[yX. imcocnI

kzXz¯nÂ \n¶pÅ tamN\w, Hfn¨ncn¡m\pw kzbw {]ZÀin¸n¡m\papÅ

CSw, bYmÀ° cq]¯nÂ \n¶pw amdn GXp {]Ñ¶cq]¯nepw

{]Xy£s¸Sm\pÅ kzmX{ýw ChsbÃmw

]pcpjm[njvTnXaqeyhyhlmc§fpsS A¨S¡¯nÂ izmkw ap«p¶

kv{XoXz¯nsâ hmKvZ¯ qanbm¡n cyber space s\ amäp¶p. Ima\IfpsSbpw

`mh\IfpsSbpw temIamWXv.

31-36 Jissa Jose


\nbaXamb cq]tam \ndtam CÃmsX hyXykvXkμÀ`§fnÂ

hyXykvXambns¡m-v, kzXz¯nsâ _lpeXsb {]Imin¸n¨psIm-v cyber

feminism AXnsâ {ZhmßI kz`mhw \ne\nÀ¯p¶p. IÀ¡iamb \nba§tfm,

IÀi\amb \njvTItfm AhnsSbnÃ. bYmÀ°w/]IÀ¸v XpS§nb

hnthN\§Ä¡v {]kànbnÃmXmhp¶p. HcmÄ Xs¶ ]ecmhp¶p.

`mjm]camb km[yXIfpw cyber space s\ BIÀjIam¡p¶p.

tcJobamb XpSÀÏfnÃmbvabmWv cyber space sâ khntijX. XpSÀÏfpw

ssiYney§fpw CSIeÀ¶ BJym\ssienbnÂ Hyber texuality Hmtcmhm¡pw

asäm¶nte¡pÅ kqNIamIp¶p. A]qÀ®§fmb, C\nbpw ]qcn¸nt¡-Xmb

i_vZ§fpw Nn{X§fpw Ne\§fpw `mjbpsS enwKkw_Ônbmb ]qÀÆ

\nÀ®b\§sf A«nadn¡pIbmWv. B¬`mj/s]¬`mj F¶n§s\

`mjbnÂ Btcm]n¡s¸«n«pÅ kvss{XWþ]ucpjaqey§sf XIÀ¡m\pw

ambv¨pIfbm\pw cyber space se `mjbv¡p Ignbp¶p- v. B¬/s]¬

AhØIsfbpw AXns\ Npän¸änbpÅ ]c¼cmKXaqeyLS\ Isf bpamWv

A]\nÀ½n¡m³ cyber space {ian¡p¶Xv. enwK]Zhnsbbpw

enwK]Zhnbne[njvTnXamb kmwkvImcnI hyhlmc§sfbpw amänsbgp Xm³

cyber temI v {InbmßIamb CSs]SepIfneqsS kv{XoIÄ¡p km[n¡p¶p.

_lpXzs¯ ZanXam¡pt¼mgpw At\IX, AS¡anÃm¯ Hgp¡pIÄ,

H¶nÂ\n¶p ]eXnte¡pw ]e]eXnte¡papa XpSÀ¨ F¶n§s\ kvss{XW

`mjsb¡pdn¨p eyqkv CdnKsd ]dbp¶p. kmwkvImcnI {]Xntcm[hpw

]pcpjm[nImc¯ns\Xncmb coXn imkv{Xhpambn X§fpsS `mjbpsS

km[yXIsfbmWv kv{XoIÄ cyber space Â D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

aebmf¯nse ssk_À A\p`h§Ä

kv{Xo A\p`h§fpw kwhmZ§fpw hymJym\§fpw klPambn,

iàambn \nesImÅp¶ ssk_Àþkv{Xo cN\IÄ aebmf¯nep-m hp¶p-v.

s]mXp CSw/kzImcy CSw F¶o thÀ XncnhpIfnÃmsX, FÃm¯cw

kmaqly{]iv\§tfmSpapÅ {]XnIcWw kzImcym\p h§Ä, \ne]mSpIÄ,

hntbmPn¸pIÄ, Iq«mbvaIfpsS cq]oIcWw XpS§n aebmf¯nse blog kv{Xo

cN\IÄ kPohhpw NSpehpambncn¡p¶p. IrXyamb ZÀi\w, kzX{ámb

31-36 Jissa Jose


\ne]mSpIÄ ssewKnIX, B¬ s]¬ _Ô§fpsS ]e AScpIÄ,

Xo£Wamb A\p`hNn{X§Ä, _nw_hÂ¡cWs¯ XSbp¶ `RvPI

km[yXbpÅ Bß Nn{X§Ä ChbneqsS cyber space s\ kv{Xo

PohnXmhØsb hniIe\w sN¿p¶ _u²ntIm]IcWam¡n amäm³

kv{XoIÄ¡p km[yambn«p- v .

“hoSpw kocnbepw ]m{X§fpw

kmcnIfpw \pWIfpw kaw \o

F¶p kahmIyap-m¡n Fsâ

DÅw ssI¿nÂ tImdnbn«p ckn¡cpXv”

F\n¡v Xm¡oXv \ÂIm³, GIoIrXamb ]pcpjIÀ¯rXzs¯

A]\nÀ½n¡m³ AhÄ¡p ]e hgnIfp - v . Bß]cnlmk¯nsâ,

hmNmeXbpsS, KÀÆ¯nsâ, hne¡p]Z§fpsS ]pÑ¯nsâ, au\¯nsâ, ]e

ØmbnIfneqsS kv{Xo BJym\§Ä hyhØm]nX Úm\t¯mSpw

A[nImct¯mSpw Ieln¡p¶Xv cyber space Â ImWmw. enwK]Zhot`Z§sf

{ZhoIcn¡p¶ enJnX/Zriy hn\nab§ fnse bmYmØnXnI B¬

tImbvamhyhlmc§fnÂ \n¶pÅ hntamN\ambpw. kv{XobpsS ssk_À

{]Imi\§sf hmbns¨Sp¡m \mhpw.

ssk_À temIs¯ kv{Xo

Cyber feminism, Deconstructive Bbncn¡pt¼mÄ¯s¶,

\ne\nev¡p¶ ]pcpjm[n]XyLS\Isf ]p\À\nÀ½n¨v “kvss{XW CSw”krjvSn¡Â AXnsâ e£yambncn¡pt¼mÄ¯s¶ ssk_À space Â

kv{XoIÄ F§s\bmWv Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw {i²nt¡-XmWv. s]mXp

CS§fnse B{IatWmÂkpIX cyber space epw H«pw IpdhÃ. Adnhnsâbpw

{]XnIcW¯nsâbpw bm{´nIamb hn\nab§Ä, B¬Ip¯I,

aqeyt_m[¯nsâ Cc«apJw Ch oIcambn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ taJe IqSnbmWv

FB, UTube apXembh. ]pcpjm[nImc¯nsâ _o`Õamb Nn{X§Ä kv{Xosb

ssewKnIhÂ ¡cn¡p¶p. kzXzmhnjv¡mc¯nsâbpw kzmX{´y¯nsâbpw

cwKambn cyber space s\ kv{XoIÄ BtLmjn¡pt¼mgmWv asämcphi¯v

kv{Xosb t`mKhkvXphmbn/ssewKntIm]IcWambn am{Xw hnebncp m\pÅ

31-36 Jissa Jose


{ia§fp-mhp¶Xv. \nba]meIcpsS, \ymbm[n]·mcpsS t\m«hpw ]ckyamb

in£Ifpambn kZmNmc]p\Øm]\¯n \nd§n ¯ncn¨hcpsS IaâpIfpw

satÊPpIfpw ZanXamb hm©IfpsS A\nb{´nXhpw AÇoehpamb

Ips¯mgp¡mWv. kv{XoIfmb sken{_nänIfpsS PohnX¯nte¡pw

icoc¯nte¡papa Hfnªp t\m«§fpw \nμyamb IaâpIfpw cyber space

s\ kv{Xo hncp²am ¡p ¶Xp ImWmXncp¶p IqSm. bYmÀ° temI¯v CSw

In«m¯Xpw hfsc apt¼ {]_p²temIw \ncmIcn¨Xpamb {]hWXIfmWv

BtKmfhym]\ kz`mht¯msS cyber space Â {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv.

31-36 Jissa Jose

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013 / 3737-41 T. Ravindran

PHOTOCURRENT ACTION SPECTRUM OF POLYDIACETYLENE

FILM

dx

Photoconductivity action spectrum shows a peak in the low energy

tail of absorption spectrum and is interpreted based on DeVore model.

Band gap of polymer is 2.22 eV. Peak in the absorption spectrum is due

to singlet exciton of the polymer back bone.

Experimental set up for photoconductivity measurement is shown

in figure 1. Photoconductivity action spectrum was measured in the wave-

length range of 400-1000 nm. 50 W tungsten lamp in combination with a

monochromator was used. Beam was chopped at a frequency of 20 Hz

and signal across 1 MΩ resister in series with the sample was recorded by

a lock-in detector. Gold electrodes were deposited on either side of cast

film of thickness 10

μ

m. Measurements were done in a vacuum of 10-4

torr[1].

T. RAVINDRAN

Department of Physics

Government Brennen College, Tellicherry

Fig. 1. Experimental setup for photoconductivity action spectrum.

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 8 2013 / 38 37-41 T. Ravindran

=

In the steady state condition =0

Fig. 3. Sandwitch geometry

σσσσσph( )=

Figure 3 shows sandwich geometry of the sample. Figure 4 shows

photoconductivity action spectrum and absorption spectrum of the sample.

photocurrent has a peak at 1.9 eV in the low energy tail of absorption spec-

trum. Then photocurrent starts to rise above 2.4 eV. Absorption spectrum

starts to rise above 2 eV.

When light incident on the surface of the sample carriers are gen-

erated at the rate determined by [2]

Solution of the differential equation gives the expression for pho-

toconductivity.

Fig. 2. Chemical structure of thepolymer PDA-BPOD.

Where t is the thickness, is the ratio of surface to volume recombinationrates and δ =t/(D

τ

)1/2 ,D is the diffusion constant.

Polymer ((8-butoxy carbonyl) methyl urethanyl)-1-(5-pyrimidyl)-

octa-1,3-diyne (PDA-BPOD) was prepared by -irradiation of monomer.

Chemical structure of the polymer is shown in figure 2.

γ

Where n is the concentration of carriers, I is the intensity of light, τ is the

volume recombination life time and is the absorption coefficient. First

term is diffusion second due to the generation term and third is

monomolecular recombination.

ξ


Fig. 4. Photoconductivity action spectrum and absorption spec-trum. Electric field=1,40,000 V/cm, I=0.033 mW/cm2, T= 295 K, -----data fitted to DeVore model.

Absorption coefficient below the band gap of the semiconductor in

the low energy tail, Urbach tail , follows exponential law. Above exponen-

tial tail absorption coefficient obey the relation [4]

α

=

where A is a constant exponent m depends on type of transition. m=1/2,

Photogenerated carriers undergo bulk recombination as well assurface recombination. Weakly absorbed light can penetrate througout

the sample and can produce carriers throughout, hence photocurrent en-

hances. As the absorption coefficient increases most of the carriers are

generated near the illuminated surface approximately 30nm, remaining

region resistive hence photocurrent falls [3]. For relatevely thick sample

photocurrent peak exist in the low energy tail of absorption spectrum. Ac-

cording to DeVore model, when surface recombination is large compared

to volume recombination there will be a peak in photoconductive response

corresponding to t= 10

μ

m. Data is fitted to DeVore model.

m


Fig. 5. Plot of (α h

ν

)2 vs photon energy.

Fig. 6. Plot of (ih

ν

)1/2 vs photon energy.

2, 3/2 and 3 correspond to direct, indirect, forbidden and forbidden indi-

rect transition respectevely. Figure 5 shows the plot of (α h

ν

)2

vs photon energy( h

ν

). Optical band gap ( Eg)2.02 eV is determined byextrapolating the straight line.

Photocurrent action spectrum is used to determine band gap of

the material [5].Figure 6 shows the plot of (ihν )1/2 vs hν .

( ih

ν)1/2 = B (h

ν- Eg)

where B is a constant and i is the normalised photocurrent. A plot of

( ih

ν

)1/2 vs photon energy is shown in figure.By extrapolating the straight

line to h

ν

axis band gap 2.22 eV is determined.


Reference

1. T. Ravindran, W. H. Kim, A. K. Jain, J. Kumar and S. K. Tripathy Syn. Met.

66 1994 203

2. H. B. DeVore Phys.Rev. 102 1956 86

3. M. G. Harrison, J. Gruner, and G. C. W. Spencer Phys.

Rev. 55 1997 7831

4. J. Sharma, G. Singh, A. Thakur, G. S. S. Saini, N. Goyal and S. K. Tripathy

Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials 7 2005 2085

5. K. J. Donovan, K. Scott, S. Spagnoli and J. Berrehar Chemical Physics

250 1999 61

Photocurrent peak at 1 eV in the low energy tail of the absorption

spectrum is interpreted based on DeVore model. Band gap of the poly-

mer determined from action spectrum is 2.22 eV. Peak of the absorption

spectrum at 2 eV is due to π-π * transition.


INTRODUCING TENSORS TO PHYSICS STUDENTS

K.M.UDAYANANDAN

Department of Physics

Nehru Arts and Science College, Kanhangad

Introduction

In physics we have large number of physical quantities. Tensor is

the mathematical tool used to quantify these physical quantities. A physical

property that can be quantified is a physical quantity. The important

property of a physical quantity is that it can be measured and expressed

in terms of a mathematical quantity. For example, “length” is a physical

quantity that can be expressed by stating a number of some basic

measurement unit such as meters, while “anger” is a property which is not

possible to be described with a number or any other mathematical quantity.

Hence we cannot call ‘anger’ or ‘happiness’ a physical quantity. The physical

quantities so far identified in physics are given below. They are- absorbed

dose rate, acceleration, angular acceleration, angular speed, angular

momentum, area, area density, capacitance, catalytic activity, chemical

potential, molar concentration, current density, conductivity, dynamic

viscosity, electric charge, electric charge density, electric displacement,

electric field strength, electrical conductance, electric potential,

electrical resistance, energy, energy density, entropy, force, frequency,

half-life, heat, heat capacity, heat flux density, illuminate, impedance, index

of refraction, inductance, irradiance, linear density, luminous flux,

42-56 K.M.Udayanandan


magnetic field strength, magnetic flux, magnetic flux density,

magnetization, mass fraction, (mass) Density, mean lifetime, molar energy,

molar entropy, molar heat capacity, moment of inertia, momentum,

permeability, permittivity, polarisability, power, pressure,

(radioactive) activity, (radioactive) dose, radiance, radiant intensity,

reaction rate, speed, specific energy, specific heat capacity, specific volume,

spin, stress, susceptibility, surface tension, thermal conductivity, torque,

velocity, volume, wavelength, wave number, weight and work. Every

physical quantity must have a mathematical representation so that detailed

study of these is possible. Hence we have mathematical tools like theory of

numbers or vectors with which we can handle large number of physical

quantities.

Scalars or Vectors?

Among the above physical quantities small bold faced quantities

are vectors and un bold are scalars. Generally we say quantities with

magnitude only as scalars and with magnitude and direction as vectors.

But there are some quantities which are given in large font which are not

scalars and vectors. If they are not scalars and vectors what are they?

What is special about these quantities? Let us have a look at it. One quality

of the above mentioned odd members is that they sometimes behave as

scalars and sometimes not. The above mentioned physical quantities like

mass, susceptibility, moment of inertia, permeability and permittivity obey

very familiar equations like

F = ma, P = χE, L = Iω, B = μH, D = εE, F = TA, J =r r ur ur ur ur ur ur ur ur r ur ur



from which we can write

Fm = a

Pχ = ELI = ω

r

r

ur

ur

ur

ur

etc. Consider the last case. Let ˆ ˆ ˆL = 5i + 5j + 5kuur

and

ˆ ˆ ˆω = i + j + k.ur

If you find

moment of inertia in this case you will get it as 5. But if

ˆ ˆ ˆL = 9i + 4j + 11kur

and

angular velocity is not changed we will not be able to divide

Lur

with

ωur

and

get the moment of inertia. Why this happen? What mathematical quantity

is mass, susceptibility or moment of inertia? To understand this we must

have a look at the concept of vector division once again.

Vector Division

Consider a ball thrown vertically downwards into a liquid with a

velocity

ˆυ = 6kr

After entering the liquid the velocity is decreased but the direction is not

changed. Then the new velocity may be

ˆυ = 3k = 0.5 υ′r r

Thus we transform the old velocity to a new velocity by a scalar multiple.

But this is not true in all cases. Suppose the ball is thrown at an angle then

the incident velocity may look like

ˆ ˆ ˆυ = 5i + 6j + 8kr 3 0 0

53 512 = 0 0 63

5 850 0 8

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟

⎛ ⎛⎜⎞ ⎞⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎝⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎠⎝


We have


or

or

etc depending upon the properties of the liquid. Consider the first case.

The components of the final vector (3, 2, 5) can be obtained in different

ways. Among them some are given above.

Thus a 3x3 with all elements non-zero can also be used to transform the

old velocity to new one. In general the final velocity can be represented

as

11 12 13x x

y 21 22 23 y

31 32 33z z

υ υ υυ υυ = υ υ υ υ

υ υ υυ υ

′⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟′⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟′ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

This is the most general matrix which can be used to transform the

incident velocity to the new velocity. This shows that any vector can be

transformed to a new vector in general only by a 3x3matrix in 3D. If the

matrix is diagonal and if the diagonal elements are same it becomes a

scalar multiple. We had seen that all our odd physical quantities always

3 0 053 522 = 0 0 65

5 85 0 06

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟

⎛ ⎛⎜⎞ ⎞⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎝⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎠⎝

3 6 -1 5 832 82 = -15 6

5 61 1 -8

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟

⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠



transform one vector to a new vector. Hence the general form of these

transforming quantities must be a matrix with 9 components. Let us check

whether this is true with a specific example. For this let us find out what is

the exact nature of moment of inertia.

Moment of inertia

Finding the components of moment of inertia is the simplest example

given in many textbooks for introducing a nine component physical quantity.

We repeat it here for the simplicity and also for students who may be new

at such derivations. Consider,

L = Iωur ur

In terms of

rr

and

pur

L = r x pur r r= r x mυr r

=r x m (ω x r)r ur r

= mr x (ω x r)r ur r

We’ve

mr x (ω x r) = m (r.r) ω - mr (r.ω)∴r ur r r r ur r r ur

2= mr ω - mr (r.ω)ur r r ur( ) ( ) ( ) (2 2 2

x y z x yˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ= m x +y +z ω i+ω j+ω k -m xi+yj+zk xω +yω +⎡ ⎤ ⎡

⎣ ⎦ ⎣

Then the three components of Lur

are as follows,

( )2 2x x y zL = m y +z ω -mxyω -mxzω

2 2y x y zL = - myxω + m (x +z ) ω - myzω

2 2z x y zL = - mzxω - mzyω + m (x +y )ω


A x (B x C) = (A.C) B - (A.B) Cur ur ur ur ur uur ur ur ur


x xx x xy y xz zL = I ω + I ω + I ω

y yx x yy y yz zL = I ω + I ω + I ω

z zx x zy y zz zL = I ω + I ω + I ω

where

2 2 2 2 2 2

xxI = m ((x + y + z ) - x ) = m (y + z )

2 2 2 2 2 2

yyI = m ((x + y + z ) - y ) =m (x + z )

Thus = IL ωur ur

can be written in the matrix form as

Thus I is a physical quantity with nine components.

xx xy xzx x

y yx yy yz y

z zx zy zz z

I I I L ωL = I I I ω

L I I I ω

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎛⎞ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎝⎠⎝

xx xy xz

yx yy yz

zx zy zz

I I I

I = I I I

I I I

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎠⎝

xy yzI = - mxy = I


yz zyI = - myz = I

zx xzI = - mzx = I

2 2 2 2 2 2zzI = m ((x + y + z ) - z ) =m (x + y )


11 12 13

21 22 23

31 32 33

I I II = I I I

I I I

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎟⎜ ⎠⎝

Thus

2 22 3 1 2 1 31 1

2 22 2 1 2 3 2

2 23 33 1 3 2 1 2

(x + x ) -x x -x xL ωL = m -x x (x 1 + x 3) -x x ωL ω -x x -x x (x + x

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎛⎞ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎜⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎝⎠⎝

We will go for another example.

Conductivity and Resistivity Tensor in the presence of electric and

magnetic field

The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by

Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in metals. From

Drude theory we know that

2 2x x

2 2y y

2 2z z

m (y +z ) -mxy - mxzL ωL = - myx m (x + z ) - myz ω

- mzx - mzy m (x + y )L ω

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎛⎞ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎝⎠⎝



J = nqv

and the mobility

eτμ = m

When q = - e

J = - nev

Drude theory gives a scalar definition of conductivity in the formulation

of Ohm’s law as

2ne τ = m

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

J E

0 = σJ EHere 0σ is the scalar conductivity which is given by

2

0ne τσ = m

We can now show that in the presence of magnetic field the scalar

conductivity change into tensor conductivity of rank two. According to

Drude model the momentum is given by

p=F

and if there are electric and magnetic field acting on the electrons then

For stationary case

0 = qE + qvxB -

Rearranging

qE = - qvxB +

Replacing v by J

-ne and substituting for μ we get

ma = qE + qvxB -


ττ


E = (J-μBxJ)

Let us assume that magnetic field is applied in the z direction with

zˆB = B K

.

Then the above equation for electric field becomes

( )( )x y z x y z z x y zˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Ê i + E j + E k = J i + J j + J k - μ B k x J i + J j + J k

x y z x y z z x z yˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Ê i + E j + E k = J i + J j + J k - μ (B J j - B J i)

Rewriting with B = Bz

x y z x y y x zˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Ê i + E j + E k = (J + μBJ )i + (J - μBJ )j + J k

In matrix format we can write this as

x x

y y

z z

E J1 μB 01E = -μB 1 0 Jσ0

0 0 1E J

⎛ ⎛⎞ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎟⎜ ⎜⎜⎟ ⎟⎠⎝⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎝

Thus

1 -μB 02 2 2 21+μ B 1+μ BμB 1σ = σ 00 2 2 2 21+μ B 1+μ B

0 0 1

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎟⎜ ⎠⎝


E = ρ J

where

ρ

is the resistivity tensor with nine components. The conductivity

tensor is given by the inverse of this and is given by


Maxwell Stress Tensor

Now we can go for a very interesting example- the tensor nature of

stress. It can be shown that the stress produced by magnetic field will be a

tensor. This was shown by Maxwell for the total electric and magnetic field

while establishing his Maxwell’s equations. Starting with the Lorentz force

law

= q( + x )F E v Bur ur r ur

the force per unit volume for the charge distribution is

= ρ + x f E J Br ur r ur

For simplicity let us find the stress on anybody by the magnetic field alone.

For charges moving in magnetic field we have

= x f J Br r ur

Using Ampere’s law without Maxwell correction (here we are not interested

in the electric field contribution in the stress)

( )0

1= x x μ

∇f B Br ur ur( )

0

1 = - x x μ

⎡ ⎤∇⎣ ⎦f B Br ur ur

Using the vector identity

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )A.C = A x x C + C x x A + A. C + C. A∇ ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇ur ur ur ur ur ur ur ur ur ur

( ) ( ) 2

0 0

1 1f = .B B + B. B - Bμ μ

⎡ ⎤∇ ∇⎣ ⎦r ur ur ur ur

It can be written more compactly by introducing the Maxwell stress

tensor,

2i j i j ij

0

1 1T B B - δ Bμ 2

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

f = .∇ Tr

where

ijδ

is Kronecker’s delta. The force is now given by



F = . dV∇∫ Τ

Using Gauss’s divergence theorem this can be written as

F = . ds∫Τ

Thus T represents the force per unit area for the magnetic field and hence

called stress tensor.

Polarisation

When a neutral atom is placed in an electric field the nucleus will be

pushed in the direction of the field and the electrons will move in the opposite

way. The atom now has a tiny dipole moment which points in the same

direction as E. In fact this induced dipole moment is approximately

proportional to the field.

P = αE

The constant of proportionality ± is called the atomic polarization.

Its value depends on the detailed structure of the atom in question. Consider

a primitive model for an atom consisting of a point nucleus (+ve)

surrounded by a uniformly charged spherical cloud (-ve) of radius a. In

the presence of an external field E, the nucleus will be shifted slightly to

the right and the electron cloud to the left . Then for equilibrium

30

1 qdEe = 4πε a

30qd = 4πε a eE

30P = 4πε a E

ur ur

P = αEur ur

The atomic polarization is therefore

30 0α = 4πε a = 3ε V



where V is the volume of the atom. For single Hydrogen atom α is a constant,

or

α

is a scalar. If we apply electric field for any atom which is spherical in

shape then

α

will be scalar.But for a completely asymmetrical molecule

like carbondioxide an electric field in the x-direction will produce a

polarization P with x, y and z components: we can write

x xx x y yx x z zx xP = α E , P = α E , P = α E

and the equation ( )P = αEur ur

takes the form of the most general linear

relation of

Eur

and

Pur

.

x xx x xy y xz 2P = α E + α E + E α

yx x yy y yz 2P = α E + E + E y α α

zx x zy y zz 2P = α E + E + E z α α

and we can write it as

xx xy xz x

yx yy yz y

zx zy zz z

α α α EPxPy = α α α EPz α α α E

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎟ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜⎠⎝ ⎠⎝⎠⎝

This shows that polarization is a tensor with 9 components.

Electromagnetic field Tensor

We will now find the components of a tensor in 4 dimensional

world. We know that the magnetic field Bur

is given by

1 2 31 2 3

1 2 3

i j k

ˆ ˆ ˆB i + B j + B k X X X

A A A

∂ ∂ ∂=∂ ∂ ∂



B = x A∇ur ur

and the dynamic electric field

Eur

is given by

AE = - - t

φ ∂∇

∂

urur

whereφ is the scalar and

Aur

is the vector potential. Expanding

Bur

3 3 32 1 1

2 3 3 1 3 1

A A AA A Aˆ ˆ ˆ= i - + j - + k -X X X X X X

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞∂ ∂ ∂∂ ∂ ∂⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Hence

3 21

2 3

A AB = X X∂ ∂

−∂ ∂

312

3 1

AAB = X X

∂∂−

∂ ∂

313

3 1

AAB X X

∂∂= −∂ ∂

Now let us find the components of electric field. We have

AE = - t

φ ∂∇ −

∂

urur

( ) 31 21 2 3

1 2 3

AA Aˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆE i+E j+E k = i +j +k i +j +kX X X t t tφ φ φ⎛ ⎞ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ⎞− −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠∴We can write,

11

1

AE = X tφ ∂∂

− −∂ ∂

Multiplying throughout by ic and rearranging we will get

1 1 4

4 1

iE A A c X X

∂ ∂= −

∂ ∂2 2 4

4 2

iE A A c X X

∂ ∂= −

∂ ∂3 3 4

4 3

iE A A c X X

∂ ∂= −

∂ ∂

Here, Aur

and

icφ

form a four vector with

4iA = cφ

. Thus

Bur

and

icEur

together

make up the four dimensional curl of A. Hence we define the components

of the electromagnetic field

Fr

by the expression.

μνμν

μ ν

AAF = X X

∂∂−

∂ ∂



Here 11 22 33 44F = F = F = F = 0,

2 112 3 21

1 2

A AF = B FX X∂ ∂

− = = −∂ ∂

3 113 2 13

1 3


− = = −∂ ∂

4 1 114 41

1 4

A A iEF = FX X c∂ ∂

− = − = −∂ ∂

3 223 1 32

2 3


− = = −∂ ∂

4 2 224 42

2 4

A A iEF = FX X c∂ ∂

− = − = −∂ ∂

3 3434 43

3 4

A iEAF = FX X c

∂∂− = − = −

∂ ∂In matrix form electromagnetic field is a sixteen component physical

quantity and it can be represented in matrix form as

iE1 0 B3 -B2 -c

iE2 -B3 0 B1 -cF=

iE3 B2 -B1 0 -c

iE1 iE2 iE3 0c c c

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎠⎝

It has 16 components since it is in the 4 dimensional space.

Conclusion

Now we had some ideas about the nature of a tensor and hence we

can give a classification of the tensors. We know the scalars has

30components, vector has 31 component. We found some physical quantities

with 32 components. Hence these all physical quantities can be considered

to belong to a family. In this family the members must have Nn components

where N is the dimension and n is 0,1,2,3,……When n is zero we call the

member scalar, when n is 1 we call the member vector and when n is 2 we



call the member a tensor or a tensor of rank 2. Generally all these are

called tensors with rank 0, 1, 2 etc.

References

1. Maxwell, J. C. 1865 A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field,

vol. 1 (ed. W. D. Niven), pp. 526-529. (Reprinted by Dover Publishing,

2003).

2. Maxwell, J. C. 1867 Comments on ‘On the theory of the maintenance of

electric currents by mechanical work without the use of permanent

magnets’. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 15, 397-402.

3. Introduction to Electrodynamics(3rd Edition) [Hardcover] David J.

Griffiths Addison Wesley.

4. Mathematical Methods for Physicists International Student Edition

[Paperback] George B. Arfken (Author), Hans J. Weber Academic Press;

6 edition (June 3 2005).



RATIONAL ACCOUNT OF CONSCIOUSNESS ANDEPISTEMIC CIRCULARITY

E. RAJEEVAN

Department of Philosophy

Government Brennen College, Thalassery

“There is one thing of which one can say neither that it is

one metre long, nor that it is not one metre long, and that is

the standard metre in Paris.” 1- Wittgenstein.

What forces Wittgenstein to give a special status of epistemic

uncertainty to the length of standard metre in Paris is its role in the

measurement of length. The original international prototype of the metre

was a platinum-iridium alloy bar (90% and 10% respectively) kept in Paris.2

Now, ‘one metre’ is defined as the length of that bar. If we say that ‘the

length of the bar is one metre’, then it amounts to saying that ‘the length of

the bar is the length of the bar’, which essentially is saying nothing at all

(Baker 199).

The relevance of the problem here is: Can a standard, which is the

precondition of evaluation, itself be subjected to evaluation? The above

example shows that it cannot be so. If so, can ‘consciousness’, which is the

precondition for knowledge, be an object of knowledge?

‘Consciousness’, being the necessary precondition for knowledge,

has a unique status among the avenues of human knowledge. Can

consciousness be studied as other branches of knowledge? This article is

57-63 E. Rajeevan


intended to examine the circularities involved in consciousness studies and

to explain their impact on the objective study of consciousness. The problem

of epistemic circularity begins from the very attempt of defining

consciousness.

On Defining Consciousness

Any specific definition of consciousness is objectionable from one

or the other standpoint since any such definition fails to account for all

aspects of consciousness. Any objective or third person3 account of

consciousness evades the very nature of consciousness which is subjectivity.

Thomas Nagel in his famous article “What it is Like to be a Bat” describes

the essential nature of consciousness to be subjective. The conscious state

as what is felt remains beyond the realm of the objective explanations. Even

a subjective account of consciousness is forced to commit the fallacy of

petitio principii4 since it is impossible to have such an account without

putting some terms synonymous to consciousness in it.

What is standardly meant in ordinary usage by the word

“conscious”? One use of “conscious” is applied to a person’s total

state. A person is conscious, in this sense, if he or she is in a

generalized condition of alertness or arousal: being awake rather

than asleep or in a coma. This sense of “conscious”, however, may

be derivative from a primary or core sense of “conscious” in which

it applies to partial psychological states (or perhaps processes or

representations), such as individual beliefs, plans, or emotions. A

partial psychological state is conscious if and only if it involves

phenomenal awareness, i.e., subjective experience or feeling...

Let us concentrate on the core sense of “conscious.” The

definition suggested above seems reasonably accurate but not

terribly illuminating. “Awareness” is just an approximate synonym

of “conscious,” and so is “phenomenal.” Not much progress is made

57-63 E. Rajeevan


by providing these synonyms. Is there a definition that gets outside

this circle of unrevealing synonyms, while still confining itself to the

ordinary grasp of the concept (rather than shifting to the

psychological mechanisms of consciousness or its neurological

basis? (Goldman)

This circularity in definition, of course, is not due to any limitation on

the part of those who try to describe it. Such circularity can be seen as the

explicit expression of the circularity implicit within the notion of

consciousness. While every object of this world is experienced, while every

mental conception is an instance of conscious experience, consciousness

as such is not experienced. Consciousness is what is inferred from all such

experiences. It is the prerequisite for the experience to take place and is

the mode in which experiences do exist. So consciousness in itself cannot

be experienced. Every object and conception are objects of experience.

Consciousness is the subject. Even for any conceptual account of

consciousness, in the process of being conceived, consciousness must act

as a subject. It is the attempt to drag consciousness from the realm of

subjectivity to that of objectivity which causes the essential circularity in

any analysis of consciousness. Even in cases in which subjective knowledge

is considered, perceptual consciousness or phenomenal consciousness,

which is called qualia, remains an object to consciousness.

On Objectifying/ Describing Consciousness

Consciousness is the epistemic necessity of any experience.

Experiences in general are centred around the subject- object relationship.

The fundamental subjective necessity of any experience is consciousness.

So what happens when consciousness is treated as an object of

consciousness?

57-63 E. Rajeevan


Merleau Ponty sees consciousness as always agency embodied and

the embodiment is the centre of experience. Or else, consciousness is

always a consciousness of something and is expressed as an intentional

state (Ponty 6). So, in general, consciousness is not experienced as other

objects are experienced. It is inferred from the consciousness of objects. A

disembodied consciousness/ contentless consciousness/ pure consciousness

cannot be an object of experience. In explaining consciousness, the

essential nature of consciousness inferred from experiences, is subjected

to analyses using consciousness.

The fundamental paradox in such analyses is that, what is being

analysed and what is analysing are the same. A concept, when referred to

itself, must end up in contradiction or tautology. It ends up in contradiction

as far as it is being referred to itself negatively. A logical expression of

such an instance can be seen in Wittgenstein.

No proposition can say anything about itself, because the

propositional sign cannot be contained in itself (that is the “whole

theory of types”) (Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus

3.332).

The same thing happens in case of semantic antinomies or that of

liar’s paradox. An example of semantic antinomy goes like this:

[The sentence given in square brackets in this page is false] now, if

we start by assuming this sentence to be true, it turns to be false on analysis

(by its content sense). And if start by assuming this sentence to be false

then it turns out to be true since its content denies its expression.

Somewhat similar in the opposite direction takes place when a

concept asserts itself. When a part of a proposition asserts its other part or

when the whole sense of a proposition refers back to the proposition

affirmatively, it is necessarily tautological. In such cases there exists no

57-63 E. Rajeevan


criteria nor are any other criteria required for further analysis of the

proposition.

It is the first methodology (the contradictory one) that is used by

Descartes to form his famous dictum- cogito ergo sum. The possibility of

denial of self here is taken negatively as such an attempt will necessarily

lead to contradiction. So, in order to avoid such contradiction, Descartes

accepted the existence of ‘I’. This analysis presupposes the non-existence

of contradiction. Here Descartes forgot to doubt the non-existence of

contradiction or the meaningfulness of contradiction. Whenever yield is

made out of contradiction or tautology, we must be aware of the caution

that Wittgenstein has put forward.

The proposition shows what it says, the tautology and the

contradiction that they say nothing.

The tautology has no truth-conditions, for it is unconditionally true;

and the contradiction is on no condition true.

Tautology and contradiction are without sense. (Like the point from

which two arrows go out in opposite directions). (Wittgenstein,

Tractatus 4.461).

On Rational Account of Consciousness

Rationality may be seen as that which is ‘coloured’ by consciousness.

It is mirrored in rational acts and not projected by rational acts. Then it

follows that consciousness must be either the source of rationality or which

is prior to rationality. ‘Consciousness’, in conscious experience takes a status

analogous to the ‘logical form’ in Tractatus (2.172). Any rational account

or objective account of consciousness, then, must be an impossibility. Hence

the knowledge about consciousness must be differentiated from all other

avenues of experiences.

57-63 E. Rajeevan


There must be some uniqueness about consciousness. This

uniqueness warns us of treating consciousness at par with other objects of

knowledge. Any rational attempt to explain consciousness must end up in

epistemic circularity which, then, is no more an explanation.

Notes:

1 Wittgenstein, Philosophical investigations. 3rd Ed. Trans. GEM Anscombe

# 50.

2 Wikipedia (International Prototype Metre)

3 The first person and third person perspectives of consciousness

corresponds to the subjective account of conscious experience and the

behavioural account of the subject’s experience. By virtue of being the

subject, the first person account is a direct experience of the mental states.

The third person account on the other hand conceives the mental states

from the obvert behaviour of the experiencing person.

4 `Petitio Principii : (circular reasoning, circular argument, begging the

question) is the fallacy of assuming the truth of what one seeks to prove in

conclusion, in the premise itself. See (Copi 159)

Works Cited:

Baker, GP and PMS Hacker. Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning,,

Volume 1 of An Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical

Investigations: Part II: Exegesis §§1-184 2nd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell

Publishing, 2005. English.

Copi, Irving M. Introduction to Logic . 11th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,

2001.

Goldman, Alvin I. “Consciousness, Folk Psychology and Cognitive Science.”

Consciousness and Cognition 2 (1993): 364-382.

“International Prototype Metre.” 21 August 2013. Wikipedia. English. 01

September 2013.

Nagel, Thomas. “What it is Like to be a Bat.” Ed. Warburton, Nigel.

Philosophy: Basic Readings . New York: Routledge, 1974. 422-33.

57-63 E. Rajeevan


Ponty, Merleau. Phenomenology of Perception Trans: Colin Smith . London:

Routledge, 2002. English.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical investigations. 3rd Ed. Trans. GEM

Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967. English.

—. Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus. Trans. C.K Ogden. New York: Barnes &

Noble Publishing, Inc., 1922-2003.

57-63 E. Rajeevan


BODY MASS INDEX AND CHRONIC ENERGYDEFICIENCY AMONG TRIBAL WOMEN OF KERALA

N. J. SALEENA AND K. SUMA

Department Of Economics

Nirmalagiri College, Kuthuparamba

In India, children and women are at greater risk of suffering the

adverse effects of poor health and consequent malnutrition. Although Kerala

heads the table in major human development indicators, sharp disparities

exists across sectors and societies. One of the drawbacks in tribal policies

of the state has been the lack of integrated, cohesive and analytical

approaches towards the existential problem of tribal communities. While

economic development and development in some social sectors have played

a major role in improving the quality of life of nontribal people, the ground

reality is that adivasis in Kerala are ignored by and large. It is true that

government has introduced so many development programs for the tribes

in Kerala, this paradigm swing in policy has not helped in reducing illiteracy,

unemployment, hunger and malnutrition among these people.This article

is an attempt to analyze the problem of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED)

among the tribes. It is based on the data set of the Major Project funded by

the UGC, entitled, “The Problem of Hunger and Malnutrition -A study among

the Tribes” conducted among 1000 households of Wynad and Kannur

districts of Kerala state. The study finds that in Wynad district 22 per cent of

Kadar, 28 per cent of Kattunaika and 19 per cent of Paniya suffer from severe

form of CED while and at the same time 25 per cent of Paniyas and 26 per

64-76 N. J. Saleena and K. Suma


cent of Mavilas are in the group of CED I form of malnutrition in Kannur

district. This may be due to poor diet intake, ignorance, early marriage, and

high morbidity due to unhygienic practices and surroundings.

Key words: height, weight, body mass index, chronic energy Deficiency

INTRODUCTION

It is fascinating that about a half of the indigenous people of the

world is living in India. Tribes constituted 8.2 per cent of the total population

of India. There were about 635 tribal groups and subgroups including 75

primitive communities who have been designated as ‘primitive’ based on

pre-agricultural level of technology, low level of literacy, stagnant or

diminishing population size, relative isolation from the main stream of

population, economical and educational backwardness, extreme poverty

etc. India remains one of the poorest countries in the world, with a population

of over one billion and fertility rate well above replacement level (World

Bank 2000). Moreover, improvements in the nutritional status of the

population during the last two to three decades have not been impressive

(Griffiths and Bentley, 2001). More than half the world’s undernourished

populations live in India (Krishna swami, 2000). In general, tribal

populations of India are recognized as socially and economically vulnerable

(Ghosh and Bharati, 2006).

Health status of Kerala

India ranks 119 among 169 countries on the 2010 Human

Development Index (HD Report 2010). The country has made considerable

progress since independence. On the health status map of India, Kerala

stands first as the best performing state on the major social indicators like

life expectancy, literacy and other health parameters. In 2011, life

expectancy at birth in Kerala was 74 years against the national average

63.5 respectively. The birth rate, death rate and IMR in Kerala were 14.7,

6.8 and 13 respectively against 23.80, 7.60 and 58 in India. Maternal



mortality rate in Kerala was 110 as against the national average of 300

per lakh live births. Kerala’s remarkable achievements in health care were

to a large extent based on its vast net work of public health institution which

enabled her to earn the frame of Kerala model of health with emulating

even by advanced countries. The hall of this model was the lowest cost of

health care, universal accessibility and availability to the poor sections of

society.

Tribal health culture

Though Kerala has achieved outstanding progress in human

development, our experience, however, is that all areas, all sectors and

sections of people have not evenly experienced the gains accruing from

this progress. The Scheduled Tribes (STs) have historically been the victims

of the uneven distribution and among them women and children are the

worst affected. Poverty and consequent nutritional deficiencies places a

heavy burden on the country’s resources. In India 46.6 per cent of ST women

and 41.3 per cent of men are suffering from chronic energy deficiency

and 70 per cent of tribal women are suffering from anemia (Sunny Jose,

2011). According to NFHS-3 42.6 per cent of ST women in Kerala are

severely malnourished and 64.5 per cent are live below poverty line and

only 23.03 per cent were literate. Low BMI and high levels of under nutrition

(based on BMI) are a major public health problem especially among rural

underprivileged people of developing countries (WHO, 1995). According

to 2011 Kerala Survey there are 4614 landless tribal families in the State.

More than 55 per cent live in dilapidated houses. In all, 39,850 houses do

not have kitchen and 49 percent does not have toilets. Half of the population

deprived of pure drinking water and 1252 tribal hamlets are not electrified.

Many of the families do not have any access to medical care. Among them

4,036 are differently-abled and 2386 are mentally-challenged. The

community has 40,323 chronic patients (The Hindu, December 1, 2011).



The BMI is most widely used anthropometric indices for assessing

nutritional status because its use is simple, inexpensive, safe and suitable

for large scale surveys (James et al., 1994; Lee and Nieman, 2003). A BMI

< 18.5 kg/m2 is widely used as a practical measure of chronic energy or

hunger deficiency (CED). CED is caused by inadequate intake of energy

accompanied by high level of physical activities and infections (Shetty and

James, 1994). It is associated with reduced work capacity, performance

and productivity increased morbidity due to suppressed immune function

and behavioural changes (Kusin et al., 1994). It well established that

undernourished women are more prone to have low birth weight (weight

at birth <2.5 kg) babies and to have adverse pregnancy outcome (Bisai,

2004). Birth weight is an important parameter, which could be indicative

of the immediate viability of the neonate and the state of maternal health

and nutrition during pregnancy (Gopalan, 1996). The survival of infants

and their post natal growth and development largely depend on birth

weight (WHO, 1984). Women among developing countries like India are

undernourished (Samuel et al., 1992), and their dietary energy intake is

not adequate to compensate their heavy physical workload. In these

countries most women were found to weigh below the 55 kg norm used by

world health organization. For instance data from several studies in Asian

and African countries reported the average weight of non pregnant and

non-lactating young women to be in the range of 40-50 kg (Kisanga, 1990).

METHODS

The study highlights the problem of chronic energy deficiency

among the tribes. The area of study is confined to Wayanad and Kannur

districts of Kerala state. Wayanad, the hilly region situated on the Western

Ghats, ranks first in tribal population among the districts of Kerala. Thirty

seven per cent of the total tribal population of the state is living here. Kannur

ranks sixth among the districts of Kerala in tribal population with 6 per



cent (2001census). The study is based on primary data collected through

interviews with females of one thousand tribal families, six hundred from

Wayanad and four hundred from Kannur. Eight tribal groups namely, Adiya,

Kadar, Kattunaika, Mullukuruma, Urali, Thachanadan Moopan, Paniya and

Kurichiya were selected from Wayanad district and four castes namely

Paniya, Kurichiya, Mavila and Karimbala were selected from Kannur district

BMI computed using the following standard equation: BMI = Weight

(kg) / height (m2). Nutritional status was evaluated using internationally

accepted BMI guidelines (WHO, 1995). The following cut-off points were

used:

CED BMI <18.5

Normal: BMI = 18.5 – 24.9

Overweight: BMI ≥ 25.0

We followed the World Health Organization’s classification (1995)

of the public health problem of low BMI, based on tribal population. This

classification categorises prevalence according to percentage of a

population with BMI < 18.5.

RESULTS

The most underprivileged group is the tribal communities both in

terms of socio economic conditions as well as nutritional status. Kerala

comprises of 1.14 per cent of total tribal population of the country (Census

of India, 2011) and half of them is living below the poverty line. Poverty

leads to malnutrition and deficiencies in energy in take. Chronic Energy

Deficiency (CED) is defined as a “steady state” where an individual is in

energy balance, i.e. the energy intake equals the energy expenditure,

despite the low body weight and low body energy stores. Thus, by never

growing to a normal size or having experienced one or more stages of

energy deficiency, the individual has arrived at a reduced body weight

with possibly limited physical activity, which have allowed the energy


≥


demands of a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) and reduced amounts of

activity to balance the lower intake. Economic and modern life style force

them to get mixed with the new generation, but they did not get proper

attention and respect to their earlier lifestyle and hence most of them still

live below the poverty line. Changes in food habits lead to high prevalence

of chronic energy deficiencies among tribal communities. Following table

shows the distribution of different tribal groups according to their height.

Table-1 Distribution of Height of Tribal Women

Source : survey data


CasteHeight of mother

<145 cm. 145-150 cm. >150 cm. T

Wynad

Adiya 3(6) 14(28) 33(66) 5

Kadar 33(66) 9(18) 8(16) 5

Kattunaiken 32(64) 7(14) 11(22) 5

Mullu Kurumar 15(30) 19(38) 16(32) 5

Thachanadan Moopan

19(38) 8(16) 23(46) 5

Urali 13(26) 22(44) 15(30) 5

Kurichya 47(31.33) 57(38) 46(30.7) 1

Paniya 65(43.3) 54(36) 31(20.7) 1

Total 227(37.8) 190(31.7) 183(30.5) 6

Kannur

Kurichya 29(19.3) 76(50.7) 45(30) 1

Paniya 43(28.7) 68(45.3) 39(26) 1

Mavilan 11(22) 12(24) 27(54) 5

Karimbalan 14(28) 11(22) 25(50) 5

Total 97(24.25) 167(41.75) 136(34) 4

Grand Total 324(32.4) 357(35.7) 319(31.9) 1


If <145 cm is taken as a cut-off point for short stature then 32.4 per

cent of the tribal women of this study can be termed as short statured (Table

1). Sixty six percent of Kadar, 64 per cent of Kattunaika and 43 per cent of

Paniya are short statured in Wynad district and 28.7 per cent of Paniya

and 28 per cent of Karimbalan are short statured in Kannur. Insufficient

and poor nutritive foods may lead to this type of nutritional deficiency.

Similarly if <38 kg is taken as a cut-off, then 33 per cent of the tribal women

from this study could be termed as low weight (Table 2).

Table-2 Distribution of weight of Tribal Women

Source : survey data


CasteWeight ofmother

<38 kg. 38-45 kg. >45 kg. Total

Wynad

Adiya 14(28) 22(44) 24(48) 50

Kadar 24(48) 11(22) 15(30) 50

Kattunaiken 15(30) 13(26) 22(44) 50

Mullu Kurumar 9(18) 19(38) 22(44) 50

ThachanadanMoopan

12(24) 22(44) 16(32) 50

Urali 23(46) 13(26) 14(28) 50

Kurichya 55(36.7) 54(36) 41(27.3) 150

Paniya 64(42.7) 63(42) 23(15.3) 150

Total 206(34.3) 217(36.2) 177(29.5) 600

Kannur

Kurichya 45(30) 54(36) 51(34) 150

Paniya 58(38.7) 66(44) 26(17.3) 150

Mavilan 9(18) 21(42) 20(40) 50

Karimbalan 11(22) 9(18) 30(60) 50

Total 123(30.8) 150(37.5) 127(31.6) 400

Grand Total 329(32.9) 367(36.7) 304(30.4) 1000


Tribal Women and Chronic Energy Deficiency

Nutrition and health were the most important contributory factors

for human resource development in the country. Tribes were one of the

excluded groups who did not significantly benefit from the remarkable

Kerala experience. Eliminating hunger and malnutrition is one of the most

fundamental challenges facing the tribal society. Nutritional deficiencies

result from the failure to consume adequate energy, protein and micro-

nutrients to meet basic requirements for body maintenance, growth and

development.Gender inequality in nutrition is present from infancy to

adulthood. For social and biological reasons, women in reproductive age

are amongst the most vulnerable to malnutrition. Women never reach their

full growth potential due to nutritional deprivation. Malnutrition in women

is related to poverty, lack of development, lack of awareness and illiteracy.

Women suffer from a dual burden of malnutrition with nearly half of them

being either too thin or overweight. Following table shows the distribution

of respondents according to their chronic energy deficiency.



Chi-square =23.15, df = 12, P=0.0265

Source: Survey data.

The gradation of BMI is significantly (p<0.001) distributed

according to these 10 tribal communities (Table 3). Test statistics suggests

significant difference in the proportion of BMI in various tribal communities

in both districts. In Wynad district 22 per cent of Kadar, 28 per cent of

Kattunaika and 19 per cent of Paniya are suffering from severe form of

CED and at the same time 25 per cent of Paniyas and 26 per cent of Mavilas


Table-3 Distribution of BMI (%) According to Chronic Energy

Deficiency

Total


are in the group of CED I form of malnutrition in Kannur district. This may

be due to poor diet intake, ignorance, early marriage, and high morbidity

due to unhygienic practices and surroundings. Insignificant literacy fails

them to understand the situation in proper perspective in health conditions.

This pushed them in less productivity and ill health. The studies done by

James et al. (1988) using BMI <18.5 as the criteria for Chronic Energy

Deficiency (CED), 71.2 percent of the women are found to suffer from

various degrees of CED. Among them 9.5 per cent are found to suffer from

CED Grade III (<16.0, severe), 17.1 per cent from CED Grade II (16-17

mild), and 44.6 per cent from CED Grade I (17-18 moderate) form of

malnutrition. According to the studies of Shetty and James (1994) and Shetty

et al. (1994) the main reason for the chronic energy deficiency is inadequate

intake of energy accompanied by higher level of physical activities and

infections. It is associated with reduced work capacity, performance and

productivity increased morbidity due to suppressed immune function and

behavioural changes.

The findings of the study reveal that the tribal women of Wayanad

district were highly undernourished compared to Kannur district. The

present study reported 32.4 per cent tribal women as having height <145

cm and 33per cent having weight <38 kg. This is quite high when compared

to studies reported from other parts of India.



On the basis of 18.5 kg/m2 BMI values as the cut off point for

screening normal and CED groups, the levels of CED among different tribal

communities are presented below (Fig.1)

The above figure shows that the prevalence of CED (<18.5 kg/m2) among

the Kadar tribe is the highest (74 per cent) followed by Kattunaika (66 per

cent), Paniya (52 per cent) and Thachanadan Moopan (50 per cent) in

Wynad district. In Kannur district, the intensity of CED is less as only 49

per cent of Paniyas, 42 per cent of Mavilas and 37 per cent of Kurichiyas

experience this deficiency.

Conclusion

An overwhelming majority of the tribal families are living below

poverty line. The economic condition of the tribes is facing a decline.

Substantial proportion of CED among females leads to hunger or severely

low level of food intake for a long time. Inaccessible and unaffordable food



is now seen leading to pervasive malnutrition and undernutrition, especially

among unacceptably large number of women and children, which has long

–term adverse consequences on human health and well being. Hence there

is a need to pay special attention to this group in improving their nutritional

status by intervening appropriate health and nutritional programmes like

nutrition education, iron supplementation both during adolescence and

during adulthood. Strategies specific to each tribal group have to be

evolved based on their level of development. Improvement in the income

of the poor and proper supply of environmental and health services are

the long term solutions to the eradication of poverty and malnutrition. Health

and Nutrition Education has to be strengthened through department of

health and ICDS, to bring awareness and behavioural change for better

health and nutrition practices to improve the nutritional status of mother

and child.

References

Bisai, S., K. Bose, A. Katun, S. Ganguli, P. Das, S. Dikshit, S. Pradhan. T.

Mishra. 2008. “Nutritional stress in Kora Mudis of two districts in West

Bengal. India: A comparative statement,” in S.K. Basu and S.D. Banik

(eds.), Enviroment Pollution.

Ghosh, R., P. Bharati. 2006. “Nutritional status of adults among Munda

and Pod populations in a peri urban area of Kolkata City, India.” Asia

Pacific Journal of Public Health, 18 (2): 12-20

Gopalan, C. 1996. Low birth weight. In: Nutrition Research in South East

Asia. 1st eds. New Delhi: ITBS Publishers and Distributors, pp. 13-31.

James, W. P. T., C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor, N. G. Norgan, B. R. Bristrian, P.

Shetty P, A, Ferro-Luzzi. 1994. “The value of arm circumference

measurements in assessing chronic energy deficiency in Third World

adults.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48: 883-894.



Kisanga, P. 1990. ACC/SCN Symposium Report: Women and Nutrition.

Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre efforts in improving the nutrition of

women in Tanzania. Nutrition Policy discussion Paper No. 6, pp. 133-143.

Kusin, J. A., S. Kardjati, U. H. Rengvist. 1994. “Maternal body mass index:

Lee, R. D. and D. C. Nieman. 2003. Nutritional Assessment. New York:

McGraw Hill .Policy Issues. New Delhi: APH Publication Corporation. (in

press).

Samuel, L.K. and P. S. S. Rao. 1992. “Socio-economic differentials in

mothers at risk based on prepregnancy weights and heights.” Indian

Journal of Medical Research, 96: 159-167.

Shetty, P. S. and W. P. T. James. 1994. Report of the Food and Agricultural

Organization: Body Mass Index: A measure of Chronic Energy

Deficiency in Adults. Food and Nutrition Paper No. 56. Rome.

World Health Organization. 1984. “The incidence of low birth weight: an

update”. Weekly Epidemiological. Record, 59: 205-11.

World Health Organization. 1995. Physical Status: the Use and

Interpretation of Anthropometry. Technical Report Series no. 854.

Geneva: World Health Organization.


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