breathing (pulmonary respiration) versus cellular respiration

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Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

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Page 1: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Page 2: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

General Equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Cellular respiration is how all eukaryotic cells gain energy, in the form of ATP, from macromolecules, such as glucose (sugar).

Page 3: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Types of Respiration

•Aerobic Respiration – cellular respiration using oxygen (O2).

•Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) – cellular respiration in the absence of O2.

•There are 2 types of Anaerobic Respiration – Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation.

Page 4: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

REDOX reactions: A series of reactions where molecules are reduced then oxidized or vice-versa, resulting in the transfer of energy.

Reduction: When a molecule gains an electron (e-) thereby reducing its charge (increasing energy).

Oxidation: When a molecule loses an electron (e-) thereby gaining a charge (decreasing energy).

 

Which variable (X or Y) is being reduced/oxidized?

 

X- + Y+ X+ + Y-

Page 5: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration consists of 3.5 steps:

1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

1.5 Prep-Step

2. Krebs Cycle or Citric acid cycle

3. Electron transport chain

Page 6: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Mitochondrial Anatomy

Page 7: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

•Occurs in the cytosol of the cell, regardless of the presence of oxygen (O2)

•Involves the splitting of a glucose (sugar) molecule into two, 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate)

•Uses 2 ATP molecules to split glucose but creates 4 ATP molecules from this splitting.

•Also reduces 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH’s

Page 8: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

1.5 Prep-Step

•Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria ONLY if oxygen (O2) is present in the mitochondrion.

•Converts the 2 pyruvates (from glycolysis) into 2 acetyl-CoA’s

•Generates 2 NADH’s & 2 CO2

Page 9: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

2. Krebs Cycle

•Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

•Turns twice for each glucose broken down in glycolysis

•Adds acetyl-CoA to a 4-carbon molecule, which is then oxidized (electrons taken away from) in multiple steps into 2CO2 per turn (or 4 CO2 per glucose molecule)

•Generates 3 NADH’s, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 per turn

Page 10: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)•Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

•Series of REDOX reactions between molecules that take electrons from NADH & FADH2 and passes them to the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR (OXYGEN!!!)

•When oxygen receives these electrons it becomes H2O

•Electrons that travel through the ETC generate energy that powers proton pumps.

Page 11: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

ETC Continued…

•Proton pumps pump H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space (IMS) which generates a chemiosmotic gradient of H+ (between the intermembrane space and the matrix)

•This gradient allows H+ to travel back (down their gradient) to the matrix through a membrane protein, ATP Synthase.

Page 12: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

ETC Continued…

•Each NADH that gives ETC electrons results in the generation of 3 ATP

•Each FADH2 that gives ETC electrons results in the generation of 2 ATP

•Energy generated (proton motive force) from H+ traveling down their gradient is used to power ATP Synthase to create ATP.

Page 13: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration
Page 14: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration
Page 15: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation and Respiration Compared

1. Both produce ATP from food, cellular respiration is aerobic while fermentation is anaerobic.

2. Both use glycolysis; have a net production of 2 ATP by substrate phosphorylation, and both used NAD+ as the oxidizing agent.

3. Respiration yields up to 19 times more ATP per glucose molecule than fermentation does.

Page 16: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Types of Fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol to regenerate the supply of NAD+. (Done by yeast)

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH +2CO2 +NAD+

Lactic acid fermentation- pyruvate is reduced to NADH to form lactate, no release of CO2.

C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + NAD+

Page 17: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

Diagram of Both Biochemical Pathways

Page 18: Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration

CR vs PS