BREAD - BREAD - WorldwideWorldwideBREAD - BREAD -

WorldwideWorldwideHS: Cultural lexicography - Language and HS: Cultural lexicography - Language and

FoodFood

Prof. Josef SchmiedProf. Josef Schmied

Definition IDefinition I(according to (according to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English The American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language, 3. ed.)Language, 3. ed.) 1.1. A staple food made from flour or meal mixed with other dry and A staple food made from flour or meal mixed with other dry and

liquid ingredients, usually combined with a leavening agent, and liquid ingredients, usually combined with a leavening agent, and kneaded, shaped into loaves, and baked.kneaded, shaped into loaves, and baked.

2.2. a) Food in general, regarded as necessary for sustaining life: “If a) Food in general, regarded as necessary for sustaining life: “If bread is the first necessity of life, recreation is a close second” bread is the first necessity of life, recreation is a close second” (Edward Bellamy). (Edward Bellamy).

b) Something that nourishes;b) Something that nourishes; sustenance: sustenance: ““My bread shall be the My bread shall be the anguish of my mind”anguish of my mind” (Edmund Spenser).(Edmund Spenser).

3.3. a) Means of support; a) Means of support; livelihood: livelihood: earn one's bread.earn one's bread.

b) b) Slang.Slang. Money. Money.

Definition IIIDefinition III(according to (according to Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary)Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary)

breadbreadamong the Jews was generally made of wheat among the Jews was generally made of wheat (Ex. 29:2; Judg. 6:19), though also sometimes of (Ex. 29:2; Judg. 6:19), though also sometimes of other grains (Gen. 14:18; Judg. 7:13). Parched other grains (Gen. 14:18; Judg. 7:13). Parched grain was sometimes used for food without any grain was sometimes used for food without any other preparation (Ruth 2:14). Bread was other preparation (Ruth 2:14). Bread was prepared by kneading in wooden bowls or prepared by kneading in wooden bowls or "kneading troughs" (Gen. 18:6; Ex. 12:34; "kneading troughs" (Gen. 18:6; Ex. 12:34; Jer.7:18). The dough was mixed with leaven and Jer.7:18). The dough was mixed with leaven and made into thin cakes, round or oval, and then made into thin cakes, round or oval, and then baked. The bread eaten at the Passover was baked. The bread eaten at the Passover was always unleavened (Ex. 12:15-20; Deut. 16:3). always unleavened (Ex. 12:15-20; Deut. 16:3). […][…]

The word bread is used figuratively in such The word bread is used figuratively in such expressions as "bread of sorrows“ (Ps. 127:2), expressions as "bread of sorrows“ (Ps. 127:2), "bread of tears" (80:5), i.e., sorrow and tears are "bread of tears" (80:5), i.e., sorrow and tears are like one's daily bread, they form so great a part like one's daily bread, they form so great a part in life. The bread of "wickedness“ (Prov. 4:17) in life. The bread of "wickedness“ (Prov. 4:17) and "of deceit" (20:17) denote in like manner and "of deceit" (20:17) denote in like manner that wickedness and deceit are a part of the that wickedness and deceit are a part of the daily life.daily life.

Definition IIIDefinition III(according to Cambridge International Dictionary of English)(according to Cambridge International Dictionary of English)

a food made from flour, water and a food made from flour, water and usually yeast mixed together and usually yeast mixed together and bakedbaked

Plural is possible: breads -> meaning Plural is possible: breads -> meaning different types of breaddifferent types of bread

Linguistic relationsLinguistic relations Homonyms:Homonyms:

bread = foodbread = food vs.vs. bread = money bread = moneyex: I needed some bread so I worked as a waiter.ex: I needed some bread so I worked as a waiter.

Idioms: Idioms: bread and water = the plainest and cheapest bread and water = the plainest and cheapest possible foodpossible food

Syntagmatic relation:Syntagmatic relation:„„Man cannot live by bread alone.“Man cannot live by bread alone.“- saying from the Bible- saying from the Bible- the needs of a person‘s spirit must be looked- the needs of a person‘s spirit must be looked

after as well as those of their bodyafter as well as those of their body

Collocations ICollocations I bread-and-butter bread-and-butter

= concerned with the things that are necessary for life= concerned with the things that are necessary for life= sent as thanks for being treated well as someone‘s = sent as thanks for being treated well as someone‘s guestguest

Bread and circusesBread and circuses= is used to refr to activities which are designed for = is used to refr to activities which are designed for keeping people happy so that they do not ask keeping people happy so that they do not ask difficultdifficult questionsquestions

take the bread out of someone‘s mouth take the bread out of someone‘s mouth = to make it impossible for s.o. to earn money, esp. by = to make it impossible for s.o. to earn money, esp. by taking their work awaytaking their work away

Collocations IICollocations II

break bread with (break bread with (pompouspompous))= to eat a meal with = to eat a meal with

know which side one‘s bread is butteredknow which side one‘s bread is buttered=to know how to make oneself liked by people in =to know how to make oneself liked by people in power or how to gain their approval; know what is power or how to gain their approval; know what is to one‘s advantageto one‘s advantage

CompoundsCompounds breadbasketbreadbasket = an important area for grain = an important area for grain

production;production;= old-fash. stomach= old-fash. stomach

bread bin/ boxbread bin/ box = a container for keeping bread fresh= a container for keeping bread fresh breadboardbreadboard = a wooden board that is used to cut = a wooden board that is used to cut

bread on bread on breadfruit breadfruit = (a tropical tree that bears) a round = (a tropical tree that bears) a round

fruit fruit that looks and feels like bread when that looks and feels like bread when baked baked

breadline breadline = being extremely poor= being extremely poor bread saucebread sauce = a mixture of milk, bread, onion, and = a mixture of milk, bread, onion, and

spices spices breadwinner breadwinner = a person in a family whose wages = a person in a family whose wages

provide what the family needs provide what the family needs to live onto live on

EtymologyEtymologyGenetic classification:Genetic classification:

Indo-European Indo-European GermanicGermanic

Old Saxon/ Old Low GermanOld Saxon/ Old Low GermanOld EnglishOld English EnglishEnglish

BREADBREAD- Old EnglishOld English- derived from the root of derived from the root of brewbrew or connected with the root of or connected with the root of breakbreak

(early uses of bread confined to (early uses of bread confined to broken piecesbroken pieces, , bitsbits of bread) of bread)- Until 12th century: Until 12th century: hlafhlaf (=loaf) -> generic name for bread (=loaf) -> generic name for bread

Lexical FieldLexical Field

Bread

baguette

naan

ciabatta

focaccia

white bread

fougasse panettone pumpernickel

chapati kvashnya

crisp bread

Bread in other languagesBread in other languages

GermanGerman BrotBrot

DutchDutch broodbrood

Swedish Swedish brödbröd

Danish Danish brødbrød

Prototype TheoryPrototype Theory

Bread

Sourdough

Whole wheat

ryewhite

baguette

crisp

pumpernickel

ciabatta

bagel

focaccia

naan

pretzel

tortillas

lavash

pitas

roti

HistoryHistory one of the oldest prepared foodsone of the oldest prepared foods dating back to the Neolithic era when cereal grains and water dating back to the Neolithic era when cereal grains and water

were mixed into a paste and cookedwere mixed into a paste and cooked in ancient Egypt bread-making became one of the most in ancient Egypt bread-making became one of the most

significant areas of food preparation, along with the making of significant areas of food preparation, along with the making of beer; both had religious significance as wellbeer; both had religious significance as well

Egyptians are believed to have invented the first closed oven for Egyptians are believed to have invented the first closed oven for use in bakinguse in baking

Bread was a primary staple of diet in much of European history, Bread was a primary staple of diet in much of European history, from at least 1000 BC into modern times. from at least 1000 BC into modern times.

Otto Frederick Rohwedder: Otto Frederick Rohwedder: father of sliced breadfather of sliced bread1912 invention of bread slicing machine1912 invention of bread slicing machine1928 invention of slicing and wrapping machine 1928 invention of slicing and wrapping machine

white bread was considered the preferred bread of the rich while white bread was considered the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark breadthe poor ate dark bread

Nowadays: dark bread associated with higher nutritional value, Nowadays: dark bread associated with higher nutritional value, white bread connected with low class standards and ignorance of white bread connected with low class standards and ignorance of nutritionnutrition

Bread and the LawBread and the Law subject of special laws almost everywheresubject of special laws almost everywhere Since medieval times, bakers were subject to regulations Since medieval times, bakers were subject to regulations

which were supposed to protect the consumerwhich were supposed to protect the consumer Medieval laws:Medieval laws:

AustriaAustria: : liable to fines, imprisonment and even corporal liable to fines, imprisonment and even corporal punishmentpunishmentTurkeyTurkey: : common to hang a baker or twocommon to hang a baker or two EgyptEgypt: : adulteration resulted in nailing the culprit by his ear to adulteration resulted in nailing the culprit by his ear to the door-post of his shopthe door-post of his shopFranceFrance: : law prevented bakers from increasing the price of bread law prevented bakers from increasing the price of bread beyond a point justified by the price of the raw materials: the price beyond a point justified by the price of the raw materials: the price was fixed every week or two was fixed every week or two EnglandEngland: : "If any default shall be found in the bread of a baker in "If any default shall be found in the bread of a baker in the city, the first time, let him be drawn upon a hurdle from the the city, the first time, let him be drawn upon a hurdle from the Guildhall to his own house through the great street where there be Guildhall to his own house through the great street where there be most people assembled, and through the streets which are most most people assembled, and through the streets which are most dirty, with the faulty loaf hanging from his neck; if a second time dirty, with the faulty loaf hanging from his neck; if a second time he shall be found committing the same offence, let him be drawn he shall be found committing the same offence, let him be drawn from the Guildhall through the great street of Cheepe to the from the Guildhall through the great street of Cheepe to the pillory, and let him be put upon the pillory, and remain there at pillory, and let him be put upon the pillory, and remain there at least one hour in the day; and the third time that such default least one hour in the day; and the third time that such default shall be found, be shall be drawn, and the oven shall be pulled shall be found, be shall be drawn, and the oven shall be pulled down, and the baker made to foreswear the trade in the city for down, and the baker made to foreswear the trade in the city for ever." ever."

Interesting FactsInteresting Facts Each American consumes, on average, 53 pounds of bread per Each American consumes, on average, 53 pounds of bread per

year. year. November is National Bread Month in the U.S. due to the November is National Bread Month in the U.S. due to the

celebration of Thanksgiving and the significance of bread in celebration of Thanksgiving and the significance of bread in American history, culture and daily diet. American history, culture and daily diet.

Napoleon gave a common bread its name when he demanded a Napoleon gave a common bread its name when he demanded a loaf of dark rye bread for his horse during the Prussian loaf of dark rye bread for his horse during the Prussian campaign. "Pain pour Nicole," he ordered, which meant "Bread campaign. "Pain pour Nicole," he ordered, which meant "Bread for Nicole," his horse. To Germanic ears, the request sounded for Nicole," his horse. To Germanic ears, the request sounded like "pumpernickel," which is the term we use today for this like "pumpernickel," which is the term we use today for this traditional loaf. traditional loaf.

In Britain, the ceremony of First Footing is traditionally observed In Britain, the ceremony of First Footing is traditionally observed in the early hours of New Year's Day. A piece of bread is left in the early hours of New Year's Day. A piece of bread is left outside a door, with a piece of coal and a silver coin, and is outside a door, with a piece of coal and a silver coin, and is supposed to bring you food, warmth and riches in the year supposed to bring you food, warmth and riches in the year ahead. ahead.

Scandinavian traditions hold that if a boy and girl eat from the Scandinavian traditions hold that if a boy and girl eat from the same loaf, they are bound to fall in love.same loaf, they are bound to fall in love.

In Russia, bread (and salt) are symbols of welcome. In Russia, bread (and salt) are symbols of welcome.

Bread SuperstitionsBread Superstitions Whoever eats the last piece of bread has to kiss the cook Whoever eats the last piece of bread has to kiss the cook It is bad luck to turn a loaf of bread upside down or cut an It is bad luck to turn a loaf of bread upside down or cut an

unbaked loaf unbaked loaf If you burn bread it means your sweetheart is angry with you If you burn bread it means your sweetheart is angry with you To prevent ghosts from calling, leave bread and coffee under a To prevent ghosts from calling, leave bread and coffee under a

house house Eating bread baked by a woman whose maiden name is the same Eating bread baked by a woman whose maiden name is the same

as her married name is a cure for many illnesses as her married name is a cure for many illnesses If all the bread is eaten, the next day will be good If all the bread is eaten, the next day will be good If you put a piece of bread in a baby's cradle, it will keep away If you put a piece of bread in a baby's cradle, it will keep away

disease disease Cutting bread in an uneven manner is a sign that you have been Cutting bread in an uneven manner is a sign that you have been

telling lies telling lies When a couple is walking down the street holding hands and an When a couple is walking down the street holding hands and an

obstacle comes between them, say "bread and butter" to keep obstacle comes between them, say "bread and butter" to keep the union until the hands meet again the union until the hands meet again

A loaf of bread should never be turned upside down after a slice A loaf of bread should never be turned upside down after a slice has been cut from it has been cut from it

Entries in Search EnginesEntries in Search Engines

SearcSearch h WordsWords

Google Google EngEng

Google Google GerGer

MSNMSN

EngEngMSNMSN

GerGer

breabreadd

15,700,000 15,700,000 230,000 230,000 12,385,154 12,385,154 196,966196,966

BrotBrot 1,390,000 1,390,000 1,190,000 1,190,000 3,488,1653,488,165 1,982,3811,982,381

There is a band called „Bread“. There is a band called „Bread“.

(www.mid-tn.com/bread)(www.mid-tn.com/bread) In St. Petersburg exists a bread museum.In St. Petersburg exists a bread museum.

(www.museum.ru/museum/bread) (www.museum.ru/museum/bread) TV-Show in Germany: „Bernd das Brot“TV-Show in Germany: „Bernd das Brot“ German Hip Hop Group: „Fettes Brot“German Hip Hop Group: „Fettes Brot“

SourcesSources Soukhanov, Anne H. (ed.) (1992):Soukhanov, Anne H. (ed.) (1992):The American Heritage Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary

of the English Languageof the English Language, 3. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin., 3. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Procter, Paul (ed.) (2001): Procter, Paul (ed.) (2001): Cambridge International Dictionary of Cambridge International Dictionary of EnglishEnglish. Cambridge: University Press.. Cambridge: University Press.

Easton's 1897 Bible DictionaryEaston's 1897 Bible Dictionary http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ebd3.htmlhttp://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ebd3.html

http://www.history-magazine.com/bread.htmlhttp://www.history-magazine.com/bread.html http://www.bread.com/http://www.bread.com/ http://breaddaily.tripod.comhttp://breaddaily.tripod.com http://www.hungrymonster.com/FoodFacts/http://www.hungrymonster.com/FoodFacts/ http://www.botham.co.uk/bread/history1.htmhttp://www.botham.co.uk/bread/history1.htm http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/links.htmlhttp://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/links.html http://breadnet.net/http://breadnet.net/