bread or fuel cimate imapct from arable land -...

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet www.slu.se

Bread or fuel– Cimate imapct from arable land

Elin Röös and Hanna Karlsson Department of Energy and Tehnology

SLU, Uppsala


Which product is most environmentally friendly?

Source: www.torebrings.se

Source: www.living green.se

Source: www.sr.se


Not only climate

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• General about climate, agriculture

and land use

• Climate impact from agriculture,

what is most important?

• Dietary habits and climate impact

• Biofuels and the relation to land use

and food production

Outline!


Climate impact from farmland Is that really something to care about?


History of food production


Global climate impact


Human land use


Global land use

• 38% of the land surface (total area) is agricultural land • 11% is arable land • 70-80% of the agricultural land is used for animal production • 33% of the arable land is used for fodder production • 50-60% of the grain produced in EU is used for feed


Land use in Sweden

Agricultural lands 8%

Forest 53%

Urban areas 3%

Other 1%

Weetlands or peatlands

8%

Natural grasslands

7%

Mountains and other land

11%

Water 9%

Arable land 86%

Pastures and ley

14%

Agriculture land

Source: Statistics Sweden (2013) and the Swedish board of

agriculture (2010)


Land use in Sweden


Plant production

Koldioxid

700 g wheat = energy for one person one day

1 square meter arable land

Climate gases Acidifying emissions etc.

Toxic substances Eutrophying substances etc.


Animal husbandry

Koldioxid


Emissions

Emissions

Koldioxid

Emissions

Emissions

50 g pork


Climate impact from plant production and animal husbandry

Carbon dioxide

Bild ko

Nitrous oxide Methane

Largest emissions but hardest to affect

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Climate impact from Swedish agriculture

Source: www.matochklimat.se

Agriculture 13%

Housing 7%

Industry 26%

Electricity and heat 13%

Transports (within

Sweden) 32%

Waste 3%

Other 6%

CO2 from organic soils

26%

CO2 and CH4 animal

husbandry 23%

CH4 and N2O from manure

6%

N2O arable land 32%

CO2 diesel and oil

12%

CO2 liming 1%

Agriculture

Total


Climate impact from global agriculture– 10-12%

Source: IPCC (2007)


Nitrous oxide emissions from arable lands

• Nitrous oxide emissions depend on amount of N in the soil, access to oxygen, SOC, temperature etc. • Large uncertainties– approx. 1% of added N • Nitrous oxide 300 times stronger GHG than carbon dioxide


Methane from animal husbandry

• Bla


Organic soils

• Bla

Sweden 28%

Finland 28%

Great Britain 15%

Norway 8%

Other 21%

Distribution of European organic soils

Source: L. Montanarella et al. (2006) The

distrbution of peatland in Europé. Mires and Peat,

vol 1.


Life cycle assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040

The environmental impact from bread

Cropping or animal husbandry

Processing and

packaging

Transports Waste management

Emissions

Energy and

materials

Use

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Climate impact per kg product

Source: LRF, 2002, LCA av sju livsmedel

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Primaryproduction

flourincludingtransport

Primaryproduction

otheringredients

Bakary Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

and cooking

g C

O2eq

/kg

BR

EA

D

GWP BREAD

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Primaryproduction

Transport Sloughtery Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

and cooking

g C

O2eq

/kg

PO

RK

GWP PORK


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Primaryproduction

Transport Dairy Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

g C

O2eq

/ kg

MIL

K

GWP MILK


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Primaryproduction

Transport Sloughtery Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

and cooking

gC

O2eq

/kg

BE

EF

GWP BEEF



Carbon dioxide from organic soils

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Vårkorn mulljord Vårkorn mineraljord

g C

O2-e

kv/k

g g

röd

a Kolförluster

Indirekta lustgasemissioner

Direkta lustgasemissioner

Handelsgödsel prod + transp

Torkning

Fältoperationer

Source: Ahlgren et al. (2009); Berglund et al. (2009)

Spring barley

organic soil

Spring barley

mineral soil

g C

O2 e

q/

kg c

rop

Soil carbon losses

Indirect nitrous oxide emissions

Direct nitrous oxide emissions

Mineral fertilizer and transport

Drying

Field operations


Climate impact of consumption

Source: Naturvårdsverket, 2008, Konsumtionens klimatpåverkan

Climate impact from Swedish consumption

Housing

Traveling

Shopping

Eating


Neccessary to change consumption habits

Allowed emissions

More efficient production

Consumption changes

2 ton/capita and year

?

CO2 from organic soils

26%

CO2 and CH2 animal husbandry

23% CH4 and N2O from manure

6%

N2O arable land 32%

CO2 diesel and oil 12%

CO2 liming 1%


Measures to reach the climate goals


Increased meat consumption

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Biofuels

The free bus to IKEA is

carbon neutral


Greenhouse gas emissions from biodiesel


The ethanol debate

Ethanol has a higher environmental impact

than petrol


The ethanol debate

Ethanol is better for the environment than

petrol


Land use change

• Direct (LUC) • Indirect (iLUC)

www.jncc.defra.gov.uk

www.actionaid.org


Indirect land use change

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Increased demand

for crop A

Decreased

demand for

crop A

Intensified

production of

crop A

Production of

crop A on

”new” land

Production of

crop A instead

of crop B

Decreased

demand for

crop B

Intensified

production of

crop B

Production of

crop B on

”new ”land

Production of

crop B instead

of crop C

And so on….

Increased demand for crop A can have many different effects. Light blue boxes

indicate direct land use change (dLUC), dark blue boxes indicates land use

changes.


Indirect land use effects

Source: JRC (2010)

Förbränning av 1 MJ diesel, 84 g CO2e/MJ


Swedish biofuels

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Reasons for adopting biofuels

• Secure energy supply • Decrease greenhouse gas emissions • Stimulate the agricultural sector

What is the effect on food security?


Energy supply


Effect on the food security


Biofuels produced from by-products

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Energy crops in Sweden

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Grain for ethanol ; 25000

Grain for CHP; 5000

Oil crops for RME; 25000

Salix for CHP; 14000

Reed canary-grass; 600

Ley for biogas; 300 Arable land use for bioenergy

in Sweden 2006 —approx.

70 000 ha or 3% of the arable

land


Energy crops in Sweden- Potential energy production

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Is organic better?

”Organic food is not more

climate friendly”

• Approx. the same climate

impact per kg product

but...

• No pesticides

• Improves the nutrient cycling

• Better animal care

• More biodiversity

Organic farming is an important initiative for a more sustainable

Agriculture, but not the whole solution to the problem!


Conventional and organic farming

Koldioxid


Conventional farming

Nitrogen from the air+ energy


Conventional and organic farming

Koldioxid


Organic farming

Recirculation of nutrients

½ m2 for green manure


Bread or fuel– Is that a relevant question?

• 70% of the arable land is used for animal production globally • 1-2% of the arable land is used for biofuels

A more relevant question would be: –Meat, fuel or organic

?


Questions

Thank you!

bread or fuel cimate imapct from arable land -...

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