BOXER CODEX

The Boxer Codex is a manuscript written c. 1595 which contains illustrations of Ethnic groups in the Philippines at the time of their initial contact with the Spaniards. Aside from a description of, and historical allusions to the Philippines and various other Far Eastern countries, it also contains seventy-five colored drawings of the inhabitants of these regions and their distinctive costumes. At least fifteen illustrations deal with the natives of the Philippine Archipelago.

It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was Luis Pérez das Mariñas, son of Governor General Gómez Pérez das Mariñas, who was killed in 1593 by Sangleys(Chinese living in the Philippines). Luis succeeded his father in office as Governor General of the Philippines. Since Spanish colonial governors were required to supply written reports on the territories they governed, it is likely that the manuscript was written under the orders of the governor.

The manuscript's earliest known owner was Lord Ilchester. The codex was among what remained in his collection when his estate, Holland House in London, suffered a direct hit during an air raid in 1942. The manuscript was auctioned in 1947 and came into the possession of Prof. Charles Ralph Boxer, an authority on the Far East. It is now owned by the Lilly Library at Indiana University.

The Boxer Codex depicts the Tagalogs, Visayans, Zambals, Cagayanes or possibly Ibanags and Negritos of the Philippines in vivid colors. The technique of the paintings suggests that the artist may have been Chinese, as does the use of Chinese paper, ink and paints.

Tagalog natives (probably alipin)

Tagalog maginoo (noble) and his wife , wearing the distinctive color of his class (blue)

Tagalog royal and his wife, wearing the distinctive color of his class (red)

Tagalog Royal couple

Visayan kadatuan (royal) and his wife, wearing the distinctive color of his class (red)

Visayan kadatuan (royal) couple

A warrior belonging the timawa or tumao (noble) class and his wife

Pintados of the visayas, showing their tattos or patok

A timawa or tumao (noble) couple, Visayan pintados

A native cagayan princess

A noble warrior from cagayan

A couple belonging to the zambal warrior class

Warriror from zambales

Zambal warriors hunting

Negritos or Aeta warriors

Other Residents of The Philippines

A warrior from the moluccas

A tartar couple

Ethnic Vietnamese couple from caupchy

Warrior with a spear and shield

A Thai (siamese) couple

Warrior with japanese swords and armor, probably from other southeast asian territories

Japanese couple of the samurai castle in yukuta

Two chinese generals in the pre-colonial philippines

A Chinese couple popularly known in the colonial philippines as '' sangleys''