boran...2 boran - god’s gift to cattlemen van die president boodskap hierdie waarheid is sekerlik...

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AAA 75 Adelson 63 Blaauwskop 29 Bloodline 33 Boon 35 Boran Afrika 6 & 7 Boran Genetics 78 Boschveld 55 Bos Optimus 77 Byrne Valley 15 Chan Té Mar IBC Chulu 13 Circle C IFC, 3, 17, 41 Clynton Collett 31 Dairy Smid 74 Diamant-V 60 ECO 76 Elandspruit OBC Embrio Plus 44 & 45 Fonteine 23 G van der Walt & A Nel 43 Heavitree 11 Heeltevrede 9 Jeras 47 Kainos 19 Kenya BCBS 71 Klein Zuurbron 73 Kromspruit 59 Lissadell 37 Masai 51 MeyBor 53 Moll’s Hoop 67 Nello 39 Nelsdam 19 Ol Pejeta 69 Palmyra 25 Rooikop 25 SandSonia 49 SHM Marketing 27 Tambaraine 20 & 21 Unistel 65 Upper Ellerslie 57 Waterberg Boran Klub 61 UITGEGEE DEUR • PUBLISHED BY: Boran Beestelersgenootskap van SA / Boran Cattle Breeders’ Society of SA Tel: +27 (0) 51 448 9347 E-pos/E-mail: [email protected] Webwerf/Website: http//www.boran.org.za Posbus/PO Box 506 Bloemfontein 9300 Die mening wat in die inhoud van hierdie joernaal uitgespreek word, is nie noodwendig die sienswyse van die Raad van dié Beestelersgenootskap nie. Dié Genootskap aanvaar nie verantwoordelikheid vir enige aansprake wat in advertensies gemaak word nie. The opinions expressed in this journal are not necessarily the views of the Council of this Cattle Breeders’ Society. This Society accepts no responsibility for claims made in advertisements. Boran inhoud • contents Boodskap van die President 2 The Grass-Fed Revolution 4 Assesment of temperament in cattle and its effect on weight gain and meat quality and other recent research on hairwhorls, coat colour, bone thickness, and fertility 10 2007 Auctions 16 2004-2007 Auctions 32 Boran Qua Vadis 36 Phase C Testing 42 Doeltreffende seleksie van vleisbeeste 46 The use of upgrading in stud breeding 54 Nuus uit Limpopo 60 Ledelys 62 adverteerders advertisers Produksie van joernaal: Charmainé Alberts Ontwerp & Bemarking Tel: +27 (0)51 821 1783 | Faks: +27 (0)51 821 1267 | Posbus 328 Brandfort 9400 | E-pos: [email protected] Ontwerp deur: Caria Vermaak & Arleen Wiese

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AAA 75Adelson 63Blaauwskop 29Bloodline 33Boon 35Boran Afrika 6 & 7Boran Genetics 78Boschveld 55Bos Optimus 77Byrne Valley 15Chan Té Mar IBCChulu 13Circle C IFC, 3, 17, 41Clynton Collett 31Dairy Smid 74Diamant-V 60ECO 76Elandspruit OBCEmbrio Plus 44 & 45Fonteine 23G van der Walt & A Nel 43Heavitree 11Heeltevrede 9Jeras 47Kainos 19Kenya BCBS 71Klein Zuurbron 73Kromspruit 59Lissadell 37Masai 51MeyBor 53Moll’s Hoop 67Nello 39Nelsdam 19Ol Pejeta 69Palmyra 25Rooikop 25SandSonia 49SHM Marketing 27Tambaraine 20 & 21Unistel 65Upper Ellerslie 57Waterberg Boran Klub 61

UITGEGEE DEUR • PUBLISHED BY:Boran Beestelersgenootskap van SA / Boran Cattle Breeders’

Society of SATel: +27 (0) 51 448 9347

E-pos/E-mail: [email protected] Webwerf/Website: http//www.boran.org.za

Posbus/PO Box 506Bloemfontein 9300

Die mening wat in die inhoud van hierdie joernaal uitgespreek word, is nie noodwendig die sienswyse van die Raad van dié Beestelersgenootskap nie.

Dié Genootskap aanvaar nie verantwoordelikheid vir enige aansprake wat in advertensies gemaak word nie.

The opinions expressed in this journal are not necessarily the views of the Council of this Cattle Breeders’ Society. This Society accepts no responsibility

for claims made in advertisements.

Boraninhoud • contentsBoodskap van die President 2

The Grass-Fed Revolution 4

Assesment of temperament in cattleand its effect on weight gain and meatquality and other recent research onhairwhorls, coat colour, bone thickness,and fertility 10

2007 Auctions 16

2004-2007 Auctions 32

Boran Qua Vadis 36

Phase C Testing 42

Doeltreffende seleksie van vleisbeeste 46

The use of upgrading in stud breeding 54

Nuus uit Limpopo 60

Ledelys 62

adverteerdersadvertisers

Produksie van joernaal:Charmainé Alberts Ontwerp & Bemarking

Tel: +27 (0)51 821 1783 | Faks: +27 (0)51 821 1267 | Posbus 328 Brandfort 9400 | E-pos: [email protected] deur: Caria Vermaak & Arleen Wiese

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van die PresidentBoodskap

Hierdie waarheid is sekerlik ook van toepassing in beesteling. Daarom is dit vir ons as Telersgenootskap ‘n vreugde om in die 2008 Joernaal vir u ‘n blik uit die verlede te gee sowel as ‘n kykie in die toekoms van die Boran. In die kort tyd wat die Boran op die toneel is in Suid-Afrika het hierdie besonderse ras sy regmatige plek ingeneem as een van die mees gesogte rasse, om verskeie redes.

Vir die telers met ‘n ware passie vir die Boran is daar die unieke eienskappe soos onder andere die vermoë om goeie liggaamskondisie te handhaaf onder moeilike omstandighede. Die lae onderhoudsbehoeftes is veral die laaste tyd in die kollig te midde van ongekende prysstyging in alle landbou insette. Die tyd het aangebreek dat beesboerdery nie net in terme van uitsette beoordeel kan word nie. ‘n Balans sal gevind moet word tussen minimale insette en optimale uitsette. Die Boran beskik oor al die eienskappe om binne hierdie raamwerk die toppresteerder te wees.

Ek wil van die geleentheid gebruik maak om telers wat hulle slegs toespits op die korttermyn geleenthede wat die huidige sterk vraag na Borane skep vriendelik versoek om steeds die verantwoordelikheid wat deel is van stoetteling nie opsy te skuif ter wille van korttermyn geldelike gewin nie. Die grootste risiko vir die Boran is die moontlikheid dat die buitengewone hoë pryse wat vir Borane betaal word daartoe kan lei dat gesonde seleksie kriteria uit die oog verloor word met negatiewe gevolge oor die langtermyn.

Vir elke Boran teler met passie vir die Boran vir wat hy is, sal daar oor die langtermyn besonderse geleenthede wees om volhoubaar winsgewend met Borane te boer. Langtermyn visie en integriteit sal persoonlik en finansieël beloon word.

Daar is genoeg bewyse in hierdie joernaal dat daar ‘n groot meerderheid toegewyde telers is wat weet waarheen hulle oppad is met die Boran. Wat ‘n voorreg om daardie besondere passie te beleef op elke Boran plaas wat ek al besoek het. Geniet hierdie gawe van God aan ons as beesboere!

“Jy weet nie waarheen jy oppad is,as jy nie weet waar jy vandaan kom nie.”

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Until he saw the light, Jon Taggart--6 ft. 5 in., jeans, white cowboy hat, Texas twang--was a rancher like any other in the southern Great Plains. He crowded his cattle onto pasture sprayed with weed kill-

ers and fertilizers. When they were half grown, he shipped them in diesel-fueled trucks to huge feedlots. There they were stuffed with corn and soy--pesticide treated, of course--and implanted with synthetic hor-mones to make them grow faster. To prevent disease, they were given antibiotics. They were trucked again to slaughterhouses, butchered and shrink-wrapped for far-flung supermarkets. “It was the chemical solu-tion to everything,” Taggart recalls.

Today his 500 steers stay home on the range. And they’re in the forefront of a back-to-the-future move-ment: 100% grass-fed beef. In the seven years since Taggart began to “pay attention to Mother Nature,” as he puts it, he has restored his 1,350 acres in Grand-view, Texas, to native tallgrass prairie, thus eliminat-ing the need for irrigation and chemicals. He rotates his cattle every few days among different fields to al-low the grass to reach its nutritional peak. And when the steers have gained enough weight, he has them slaughtered just down the road. Finally, he and his wife Wendy dry-age and butcher the meat in their store, Burgundy Boucherie. Twice weekly, they de-liver it to customers in Fort Worth and Dallas happy to pay a premium for what the Taggarts call “beef with integrity--straight from pasture to dinner plate.”

Sunday, Jun 11, 2006

Beef raised wholly on pasture, rather than grain-fed in feedlots, may be better for your health and for the planet

The Grass-Fed

Revolution By MARGOT ROOSEVELT/ GRANDVIEW

Ranchers like the Taggarts are part of a growing revolt against industrial agriculture. With more consumers questioning how their food is grown and organic fruits and vegetables exploding into a multibillion-dollar market, grass-finished meat and dairy look like the next food frontier. In the past five years, more than 1,000 U.S. ranchers have switched herds to an all-grass diet. Pure pasture-raised beef still represents less than 1% of the nation’s supply, but sales reached some $120 million last year and are expected to in-crease more than 20% a year over the next decade. Upscale groceries like Whole Foods and Trader Joe’s are ramping up grass-fed offerings, including imports from Australia and Uruguay. Last month the U.S. De-partment of Agriculture (USDA) proposed a certified grass-fed label to provide a federal standard.

Dr. Steve Atchley is one of many health-conscious carnivores fueling the trend. “I got tired of telling my patients they couldn’t eat red meat,” says the Denver cardiologist. So three years ago, he launched Mes-quite Organic Foods, which sells grass-fed beef to 74 Wild Oats stores nationwide. The company, which contracts with ranches from South Texas to the Cana-dian border, has quadrupled sales since December. Mesquite’s ground beef is 65% lower in saturated fat and its New York strips are 35% lower than conven-tional beef, as measured by the USDA. “Any feedlot-fattened animal has a much higher level of saturated fat than a forage-fed steer,” says Atchley.

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Sunday, Jun 11, 2006

It makes sense. Grass is a low-starch, high-protein fibrous food, in contrast to carbohydrate-rich, low-fiber corn and soybeans. When animals are 100% grass-fed, their meat is not only lower in saturated fats but also slightly higher in omega-3 fatty acids, the healthy fats found in salmon and flaxseed, which studies indicate may help prevent heart disease and bolster the immune system. Ground beef and milk from grass-finished cattle also have more conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which recent data suggest may help prevent breast cancer, diabetes and other ail-ments. Moreover, grass-finished meat is higher than grain-finished meat in vitamin A and vitamin E, two antioxidants thought to boost resistance to disease. “Grass-fed meat is beef with benefits,” says nu-tritionist Kate Clancy, author of a recent Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) report. UCS, a Washing-ton-based nonprofit, reviewed scores of studies and concluded that a change from grain-based feedlots back to a purely pasture-based system “would be better for the environment, animals and humans.”

Radical as that scenario may seem, it was only af-ter World War II that the U.S. began confining cattle in factory farms that can fatten 50,000 head a year on high-calorie grain. Until then, cattle grazed on grass their full lives--as they still mostly do in Eu-rope, South America, New Zealand and other beef-producing nations. The new U.S. system grew thanks to vast surpluses of government-subsidized corn and soybeans, produced with modern petroleum-based fertilizers. Traditionally, steers had taken three to four years to fatten on pasture. Today they grow to slaugh-ter size in less than two years--an efficient industrial process that has transformed beef from a luxury meal into a cheap fast food.

And feedlot beef has the taste and uniformity that U.S. consumers have come to expect. Grass-fed meat, by contrast, varies according to the breed of cattle and the pasture on which it was raised. The Na-tional Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA), which represents ranchers and feedlots, welcomes grass-finished beef as another market choice but contends that it is no healthier than grain fed. NCBA nutri-tionist Mary Young acknowledges that grass-fed beef has “slightly” more omega-3 fats than grain fed but says the amount is negligible compared with those in salmon, which has 35 times more. And while grass-fed beef has more CLA, she says, scientists have yet to determine exactly how much is needed for human health. According to the NCBA, growth hormones leave only “minuscule” traces in beef and, by law, meat cannot be sold with antibiotic residues. “All beef, no matter how it’s raised, can be part of a lean, low-fat lifestyle,” says Young, noting that there are 29 lean cuts of beef, from flank steak to tenderloin.

But feeding steers grain and supplements can cre-ate safety issues--for cattle and humans. Biologically, cattle are ruminants, exquisitely evolved to graze grass, and researchers have found that a grain diet

raises the acidity in steers’ guts. This breeds an acid-resistant form of E. coli that can spread from feces-contaminated carcasses to meat. Although USDA in-spections are supposed to detect E. coli, the system is not perfect. In 1993, 600 people in Seattle got sick and three children died after eating E. coli-- tainted hamburger. Since then, outbreaks have triggered more recalls and led to a federal recommendation that consumers cook beef thoroughly. According to USDA research, more than half of grain-fed cattle have been found to have acid-resistant E. coli in their feces; the proportion drops to 15% if they are switched to hay.

Mad-cow disease, which can jump to humans in the form of a fatal brain illness, is another concern. It’s believed to be a product of serving cattle parts to cattle. The practice was banned in the U.S. in 1997, but beef tallow is still allowed in feed (along with other “supplements” like chicken feathers)--a source of continuing controversy.

By many accounts, the grain diet contributes to one more public-health problem. Overuse of antibiotics has caused more and more bacteria to become resis-tant to treatment, a factor in the deaths of more than 60,000 Americans each year. An estimated 70% of the nation’s antibiotics are fed to livestock and poul-try to prevent illnesses and promote growth. Some 300 organizations, including the American Medical Association, have called for an end to nontherapeu-tic use of antibiotics in animal feed. The NCBA coun-ters that antibiotics are judiciously applied. But the line between necessary treatment and routine use is blurred by the fact that a grain-based diet often leads to stomach ulcers and liver abscesses in cattle--a problem that has fueled the wrath of animal-rights groups. Grass-fed steers rarely require antibiotics.

Consumers seeking to avoid chemicals have turned to certified-organic beef in recent years, but often it is merely feedlot beef that is fed pesticide-free grain. Grass-fed advocates say such beef does not offer the improved fat profile and other benefits of pas-ture-raised cattle. A fight has erupted recently over whether milk from feedlot cows can legally bear the USDA organic label. “We need to raise animals on species-appropriate diets,” says Jo Robinson, found-er of Eatwild.com a website that links consumers to some 800 grass-fed-beef ranches.

Allen Williams, an industry consultant, pegs the po-tential for grass fed at 20% of the beef market--but supply is nowhere near demand. Grass-fed beef can cost from 20% to 100% more than feedlot beef, re-flecting in part a longer growth cycle. And quality can be a problem. Bonnell’s, a Fort Worth restaurant, sells 65 Taggart steaks a week. “Our customers rave about its tenderness and nutty flavor,” says chef Jon Bonnell. But some grass-fed meat is too tough. And it’s not easy to revive the art of producing tasty pas-ture-raised beef. It requires not only rotational graz-ing but also the genes that allow animals to fatten

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naturally on grass. Bill Kurtis, a former CBS news-man, launched the Tallgrass Beef Co., which sells on the Internet. “We searched for purebred Angus with genes that date to the Mayflower,” he says.

At the Taggart ranch, the black Angus swish their tails contentedly. And the Taggarts are content too. Since they switched to pasture, they have doubled their

income. More than 1,000 customers are in their da-tabase, and they are planning a store in Dallas with grass-fed lamb, pasture-based cheese, and classes on slow-cooking grass-fed beef. Says Wendy Taggart: “People are tuning in to what I call real food.”Copyright (c) 2006 Time Inc. All rights reserved.Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

Ons nuwe logo

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Cattle that remain calm during handling in squeeze chutes have higher average daily gains than cattle that become agitated when restrained in a squeeze chute. This article will summarize some of the research the author and her students have done on temperament. Temperament was assessed on a 4 point scale while the animals were held in a squeeze chute.

1. Calm no movement2. Restless shifting3. Squirming continuous shaking of the squeeze chute4. Rearing, twisting, continuous violent struggle

EXPERIENCE VERSUS GENETICS

Both an animal’s genetics and its previous experiences with handling will affect how it will react during handling. In one study Grandin (1993) assessed the temperament of bulls when they were handled in a squeeze chute four times at 30 day intervals. The same four point rating scale was used. The temperament scores were stable over time for the calmest and the most agitated animals. Animals with middle ranking scores of 2 or 3 were more variable.

Temperament scoring will probably be more accurate for detecting ge-netic differences in animals when it is done in a novel environment. Cattle that are quietly handled every day in a squeeze chute will often

and its effect on weight gain and meat quality and other recent research on hairwhorls, coat color,

bone thickness, and fertilityTemple Grandin, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171

Assessment of temperament in cattle

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become accustomed to it and learning will cause their temperament score to decrease. Therefore if bulls are being scored for temperament it would be best to score them the first time they are handled in the squeeze chute. They should also be scored whenever they are handled. Unless they are handled very frequently in the squeeze chute, learning is less likely to affect the scores of either the most agitated or the calmest animals. Littlefield et all., 2001, found that cattle became easier to handle when they were carefully and quietly handled in a squeeze chute ev-ery day for eight days. The wildest most excitable ani-mals remained in the back of the group and were the last animals to move through the squeeze chutes.

Ranchers have observed that some cattle may be calm at the home ranch and then become highly agi-tated and crash into a fence at an auction. Animals that have flighty, excitable genetics may act calm at home where they are with familiar people, but may become highly agitated when they are suddenly driven into a novel environment such as an auction ring. Cattle with calmer genetics will usually behave in a relatively calm manner both at the home ranch and in a novel environment such as an auction. For more information on how new experiences affect behavior refer to (Grandin 1997, 1998, 2000). The genetic effects on an animal’s reactivity and agitation are more likely to be exhibited when the animal is tested in a novel unfamiliar place.

SENSITIVITY TO STIMULI AND TEMPERAMENT

Lanier et al. (2000) reported that one of the factors which is part of an animal’s temperament is sensitivi-ty to high pitched intermittent noise and rapid move-ment. Cattle were observed at cattle auctions in two different states. When each animal entered the ring it was rated for temperament. A rating of 1 stood still or walked, a rating of 2, trotted, a rating of 3 moved faster than a trot and a rating of 4 charged the fence or tried to jump out.

The cattle that flinched when the ringman swung his arm and “yipped” to take a bid were more likely to have a higher temperament score. What this means is that sensitivity to high pitched noise and rapid movement is one of the factors which comprises the temperament of an animal. Cattle that become agi-tated in an auction ring are more sensitive to certain stimuli. These animals appear to be more aware of what is going on in their environment. Observations by both the author and ranchers indicate that cattle that have the tendency to become easily agitated are the first animals to raise their heads and point their ears and eyes towards new sights and sounds.

HAIRWHORLS, PHYSICAL TRAITS, AND TEMPER-AMENT

Two studies have shown that the position of the spi-ral hairwhorl on the forehead of cattle is related to their temperament score both in the squeeze chute and in the auction ring. A total of 1500 cattle were

observed while they were being handled at a com-mercial feedlot. Cattle with a spiral hairwhorl above the eyes were more likely to become agitated in the squeeze chute than cattle with spiral hairwhorl be-low the eyes (Grandin et al., 1995). Figure 1 shows an animal with a low hairwhirl. Lanier et al. (2000) found that cattle with a hairwhorl above the eyes were also more likely to become agitated in the auc-tion ring. There were no purebred Brahman or zebu cattle in these studies. Some of the cattle were Brah-man crosses and the others were either English or European breeds. Purebred brahmans are one breed that does not have a spiral hairwhorl on the forehead. Even in the English/European cattle about 22% had no hairwhorl. Cattle with no hairwhorl also become more agitated than cattle with normal spiral whorl (Lanier et al., 2000). Lanier et al., 2002, found that fine boned cattle with slender front foreleg bones were more flighty and ran out of the squeeze chute faster than cattle with thicker foreleg bones. The fore-leg bone was 9% wider in the calmer animals. The cattle in this experiment were crossbreds of English and European beef breeds. The body weight of the animal had no effect on temperatment scores. In an-other experiment, temperament and coat coloration in Holstein dairy cows was related. Rose et al (2002), found that Holsteins with mostly white heads were more flighty. Animals with large amounts of black coloration on their heads were calmer.

TIPS ON TEMPERAMENT SELECTION

There is a need to select cattle and other animals to have a calm temperament. However over selec-tion for any single physical or behavioral trait can cause problems (Grandin, 1998). It is probably a bad idea to select for the absolute most calm animals. Doing this might cause problems. For example, the Holstein dairy cow is very calm but she is a poor mother. Over selection for the calmest might cause a loss of other beneficial traits such as mothering abil-ity or motivation to forage long distances on a pas-ture. A good approach to temperament selection is to cull the highly excitable animals that become highly agitated during handling. Cattle that kick, rear, jump fences or struggle violently during handling are dan-gerous and difficult to handle. These animals also cause other cattle in a herd to become excited. They definitely should be culled.

A good principle when selecting for temperament is to cull the animals that rate a 4 and get rid of the “crazy” cattle. One also has to be careful not to cull a good animal that becomes highly agitated because the one in front of it was rearing or struggling.

HAIRWHORLS AND FERTILITY

Cattle with abnormal asymetrical facial hairwhorls may also be less fertile. Meola et al (2002) found that Black Angus bulls with a perfect round spiral whorl on the forehead had a higher percentage of animals that passed the breeding soundness exam.

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Figure 1: Perfect spiral hairwhorl with a round epi-center that is located below the eyes. Cattle with hairwhorls above the top of the eyes are more ex-citable. Cattle with hairwhorls below the eyes are calmer. Bulls with perfect round hairwhorls with a round epicenter may be more fertile.

Figure 2: Abnormal, asymetrical hair pattern with an elongated epicenter that is longer than the width of the eyes. Bulls with abnormal hairwhorl patterns like this may be less fertile.

Bulls with an abnormal asymetrical forehead hair pattern that had an elongated epicenter that looked like a crooked line, were more likely to fail the breeding soundness exam.

Bulls were sorted into two groups. Animals with per-fect round spirals with round epicenters and bulls with a single crooked line that was longer than the width of their eyes. Eighty three percent of the bulls with perfect round spirals passed the breed-ing soundess exam and only 50% of the bulls with a long crooked line passed.References and Further Reading

Baker, J.E., Randel, R.D., and Long, C.R. Breed type and gender effects on chute exit velocity and chute temperament score in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci., 81:120 (Supl. 1) (Abstract).

Burrows, H.M. and Dillon, R.D. 1997. Relationship between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits in Bos indicus cross-breds. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 37:407-411.

Fell, L.R. Colditz, I.G., Walker, K.H., and Watson, D.L. 1999. Associations between temperament, performance, and immune function in cattle enter-ing a commercial feedlot. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 39:795-802.

Grandin, T. 1993. Behavioral agitation is persistent over time. Appl. Anim. Behaviour Sci. 36:1-9.

Grandin, T., M.J. Deesing, J.J. Struthers and A.M. Swinker. 1995. Cattle with hairwhorls above the eyes are more behaviorally agitated during restraint. Appl. Anim. Behaviour Sci. 46:117-123.

Grandin, T., 1997. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J. Anim. Sci. 75:249-257.

Grandin, T. 1998. (Editor) Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Grandin, T. 2000 (Editor) Livestock Handling and Transport, 2nd Edition, CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom.

Lanier, J.L., T. Grandin, R.D. Green, and K. McGee. 2000. The relationship between reaction to sudden intermittent movements and sounds and tem-perament. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1467-1474.

Lanier, J.L., T. Grandin. 2002. The relationship between Bos Taurus feed-lot cattle temperament and foreleg bone measurements. Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, Vol. 53:97-98.

Littlefield V., Grandin, T., and Lanier, J.L. 2001. Quiet handling of heifers reduces aversion to restraint. Journal of Animal Science, 79:277, (Supl. 1))(Abstract).

Meola, M., Grandin, T., Burns, P.D., and Mortimes, R.G. 2002. Quality of spermatozoal morphology in Angus yearling bulls may be related to hairwhorl shape. Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, 53:124-126.

Rose, S., Grandin, T., and Wailes, W.R. 2002. The relationship between Holstein head coloration and temperament. Animal Sciences Research Re-port. Colorado State University. pp. 147-148.

Voisinet, B.D., T. Grandin, S.F. O’Connor, J.D. Tatum and M.J. Deesing. 1997b.Bos indicus cross feedlot cattle with excitable temperaments have tough meat and a higher incidence of borderline dark cutters, Meat Sci. 46:367-377.

Voisinet, B.D., T. Grandin, J.D. Tatum, S.F. O’Connor and J.J. Struthers. 1997a. Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments. J. Anim. Sci. 75:892-896.

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Lot ID / Name Type Sire Dam Price1 CFH 06-675 H FE 96-75 HVT 00-01 R 65,000.002 CFH 06-446 H HVT 99-01 Z 95-19 R 48,000.003 CFH 06-484 H TLM 02-06 Z 95-19 R 26,000.004 CFH 06-658 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-26 R 65,000.004a TLM 02-01 S X 10 K6 2459 KPO 4203 R 60,000.004b TLM 02-01 S X 10 K6 2459 KPO 4203 R 60,000.005 KB 28 W B PM 14 R GF 31 R R 270,000.005a KB 28 W S X 50 PM 14 R GF 31 R R 20,000.005b KB 28 W S X 50 PM 14 R GF 31 R R 20,000.006 KB 12 B B PM 14 R KB 46 O R 70,000.006a KB 12 B S X 50 PM 14 R KB 46 O R 7,500.006b KB 12 B S X 50 PM 14 R KB 46 O R 7,500.007 GF 1130 C GF 14 G GF 80 G R 50,000.008 KB 2 X C PM 14 R GF 7 S R 95,000.009 GF 40 R C GF 17 E GF 47 E R 80,000.0010 KB 14 A B PM 05 L GF 39 T R 150,000.0010a KB 14 A S X 50 PM 05 L GF 39 T R 25,000.0010b KB 14 A S X 50 PM 05 L GF 39 T R 25,000.0011 TLM 04-578 B K6 2738 K6 2748 R 60,000.0011a TLM 04-578 S X 50 K6 2738 K6 2748 R 7,500.0011b TLM 04-578 S X 50 K6 2738 K6 2748 R 7,500.0012 TLM 06-28 H TLM 02-11 GF 16 T R 80,000.0013 TLM 06-29 H TLM 02-12 GF 145 U R 270,000.0014 TLM 06-30 H TLM 02-11 GF 16 T R 85,000.0015 TLM 05-510 B K6 2459 ZF 3675 R 75,000.0015a TLM 05-510 S X 50 K6 2459 ZF 3675 R 5,000.0015b TLM 05-510 S X 50 K6 2459 ZF 3675 R 5,000.0017 CFH 06-669 H FE 96-75 HVT 97-14 R 88,000.0018 CFH 06-652 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-76 R 23,000.0019 CFH 06-447 B HVT 97-17 Z 95-18 R 60,000.0020 CFH 06-650 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-76 R 36,000.0021 KB 11 B B PM 14 R GF 26 P R 61,000.0023 CFH 06-425 H HVT 97-17 Z 95-18 R 70,000.0024 CFH 06-430 H TLM 02-03 Z 98-76 R 51,000.0025 CFH 06-443 H HVT 99-01 Z 95-19 R 37,000.0026 CFH 06-465 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-26 R 35,000.0027 KB 10 A B PM 05 L GF 1 T R 65,000.0027a KB 10 A S X 50 PM 05 L GF 1 T R 10,000.0027b KB 10 A S X 50 PM 05 L GF 1 T R 10,000.0028 KB 15 A B PM 05 L GF 4 T R 185,000.0029 TLM 05-54 H TLM 02-11 GF 31 T R 27,000.00

2007AuctionsBy Johan van der Watt - 083 451 9120

Circle C Boran and Keta Boran Stud Auction - 9 June 2007

Guest Seller - Elandspruit Boran

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30 CI 06-0003 H TLM 02-12 KB 5 X R 130,000.0031 CI 06-0007 H TLM 02-12 KB 2 X R 140,000.0032 CFH 06-466 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 31,000.0033 CFH 06-465 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-26 R 60,000.0034 CFH 06 657 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-26 R 29,000.0035 CFH 06-666 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-26 R 40,000.0036 KB 9 A B PM 05 L GF 1 S R 85,000.0037 KB 12 A B PM 05 L GF 2 T R 47,000.0038 CFH 06-667 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-26 R 35,000.0039 CFH 06-670 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-76 R 32,000.0040 CFH 06 694 H HVT 98-14 Z 95-18 R 31,000.0041 CFH 06-697 H HVT 99-01 HVT 00-01 R 46,000.0042 TLM 05-505 B KPO 791 K6 1975 R 58,000.0043 KB 23 A B PM 14 R GF 116 U R 35,000.0044 CFH 06-698 H HVT 00-10 Z 00-22 R 80,000.0045 CFH 06-702 H TLM 02-06 Z 98-26 R 28,000.0046 CFH 06-705 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 80,000.0047 CFH 06-708 H HVT 99-01 Z 99-280 R 52,000.0048 TLM 05-512 B K6 2459 ZF 3675 R 100,000.0049 KB 19 A B PM 14 R GF 159 U R 150,000.0050 CFH 06-713 H TLM 02-06 Z 98-26 R 58,000.0051 CFH 06-743 H HVT 95-09 Z 95-18 R 38,000.0052 CFH 06-752 H TLM 02-03 Z 95-18 R 62,000.0053 CFH 06-756 H TLM 02-06 HVT 98-06 R 33,000.0054 CFH 06-763 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 28,000.0056 CFH 06-768 H TLM 02-06 HVT 98-06 R 28,000.0057 CFH 06-770 H HVT 95-09 Z 95-18 R 62,000.0060 CFH 06-807 H HVT 99-01 Z 99-280 R 34,000.0061 CFH 06-448 H HVT 99-02 HVT 97-14 R 30,000.0063 CFH 06-832 H HVT 00-10 Z 96-34 R 27,000.0064 CFH 06-879 H HVT 99-01 HVT 95-13 R 33,000.0065 CFH 06-831 H R 29,000.0067 CFH 06-707 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 51,000.0068 KB 18 A B PM 14 R GF 16 T R 72,000.0069 KB 22 A B PM 14 R GF 40 T R 70,000.0070 TLM 05-506 B KPO 791 K6 2762 R 52,000.0074 CI 07-03 EC H KPO Mar 25 Z7F 912 R 30,000.0078 CI 07-05 EC H KPO Mar 25 Z7F 912 R 34,000.0082 CI 07-16 EC H KPO Mar 25 KPO 584 R 38,000.0083 CI 07-15 EC H KPO Mar 25 KPO 584 R 25,000.0087 CI 07-18 EC H KPO Mar 25 KPO 584 R 27,000.0088 CI 07-22 EC H KPO Mar 25 K6 K2432 R 36,000.0089 CI 07-21 EC H KPO Mar 25 Z 4238 R 24,000.0090 CI 07-24 EC H KPO Mar 25 KPO 1016 R 52,000.0071 SP Animals Turnover R 4,759,000.00

Lot ID/Name Type Sire Dam Price15 HVT 00-0008 C HVT 95-21 B 95-506 R 47,500.00 18 BA 05-25 B TLM 02-01 TLM 00-12 R 60,000.00 20 CFH 05-569 B HVT 95-03 HVT 98-03 R 40,000.00 21 HVT 03-05 C HVT 98-22 HVT 96-01 R 42,500.00 22 HVT 03-011 C HVT 98-22 HVT 00-11 R 70,000.00

National Boran Auction

16 Augustus 2007

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23 HVT 04-05 B HVT 98-22 HVT 95-12 R 45,000.00 24 HVT 04-06 B HVT 98-22 HVT 01-31 R 52,500.00 25 HVT 04-18 B HVT 98-22 HVT 95-23 R 100,000.00 29 HVT 98-14 B Seg 494 45 R 60,000.00 31 CFH 05-572 B HVT 95-03 HVT 98-03 R 40,000.00 32 HVT 04-03 H HVT 98-22 HVT 00-16 R 45,000.00 33 HVT 04-04 H HVT 98-22 HVT 01-16 R 27,500.00 34 CFH 06-744 H FE 96-75 HVT 97-14 R 55,000.00 39 CFH 06-825 H HVT 00-10 Z 00-29 R 45,000.00 42 TLM 02-24 B K6 K2738 KPO 4203 R 120,000.00 42a TLM 02-24 S X 50 K6 K2738 KPO 4203 R 17,500.00 42b TLM 02-24 S X 50 K6 K2738 KPO 4203 R 18,750.00 43 HVT 00-04 B HVT 95-21 HVT 95-08 R 72,500.00 44 HVT 04-08 H HVT 98-22 HVT 99-05 R 47,500.00 45 HVT 04-09 H HVT 98-22 HVT 97-15 R 90,000.00 46 HVT 04-11 H HVT 98-22 HVT 98-12 R 105,000.00 47 N 04-03 B KPO 622 K6 K2228 R 350,000.00 47a N 04-03 S X 50 KPO 622 K6 K2228 R 40,000.00 47b N 04-03 S X 50 KPO 622 K6 K2228 R 40,000.00 50 CFH 06-912 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 55,000.00 52 HVT 04-12 H HVT 98-22 HVT 96-10 R 95,000.00 53 NAB 05-12 B KPO 493 Z7F 2834 R 27,500.00 55 GR 05-01 B KPO 493 K6 K2193 R 45,000.00 56 HVT 04-13 H HVT 98-22 HVT 01-07 R 55,000.00 57 HVT 04-17 H HVT 98-22 HVT 01-22 R 52,500.00 58 CFH 06-712 H HVT 98-14 Z 95-18 R 45,000.00 59 CFH 06-844 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 37,500.00 60 CFH 06-891 H HVT 00-10 GF 40 O R 55,000.00 62 CFH 06-842 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 45,000.00 63 CFH 07-0044 H TLM 02-08 Z 98-26 R 45,000.00 64 CFH 06-437 H HVT 98-14 TLM 02-51 R 42,500.00 65 CFH 06-731 H PM 14 R HVT 97-14 R 42,500.00 66 CFH 06-905 H HVT 00-10 Z 99-46 R 40,000.00 67 HVT 04-19 H HVT 98-22 HVT 96-06 R 210,000.00 68 HVT 04-23 H HVT 98-22 HVT 01-30 R 75,000.00 69 HVT 04-22 H HVT 98-22 HVT 95-11 R 47,500.00 70 CFH 06-433 H HVT 98-17 Z 95-18 R 55,000.00 73 CFH 06-701 H HVT 99-01 GF 40 O R 40,000.00 74 CFH 06-909 H HVT 99-01 HVT 95-13 R 40,000.00 75 CFH 06-878 H HVT 99-01 HVT 95-13 R 40,000.00 76 CFH 06-722 H TLM 02-06 Z 98-26 R 40,000.00 77 CFH 06-889 H HVT 98-14 Z 95-18 R 40,000.00 78 CFH 07-0026 H TLM 02-08 Z 96-34 R 32,500.00 79 HVT 04-24 H HVT 98-22 HVT 97-701 R 100,000.00 81 HVT 04-0029 H HVT 98-22 HVT 96-04 R 60,000.00 88 CFH 06-741 H HVT 00-10 Z 00-22 R 35,000.00 91 FN 06-0074 B TLM 02-04 FN 03-02 R 35,000.00 92 CFH 06-798 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 35,000.00 93 CFH 06-839 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 35,000.00 97 CFH 06-737 H TLM 02-03 Z 95-18 R 42,500.00 100 CFH 06-486 B TLM 02-03 Z 99-46 R 25,000.00 114 Z 06-25 H KPO Marula 25 KPO 4504 R 40,000.00 115 GR 05-02 H Giani 2812 Z7F 3013 R 50,000.00 116 Z 06-35 H K6 K3094 KPO 4442 R 60,000.00

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117 CFH 06-670 H HVT 98-14 Z 98-76 R 30,000.00 118 GR 05-03 H K6 K2670 KPO 4539 R 50,000.00 119 CFH 06-702 H TLM 02-06 Z 98-26 R 25,000.00 58 SP Animals Turnover R 3,556,250.00

Boran Genetics Stud Auction

5 September 2007

Lot ID/Name Type Sire Dam Price1 B 05-020 H B 98-801 B 95-513 R 85,000.00 2 B 04-077 H Solio 359 G K6 K2335 R 60,000.00 3 B 04-071 H Solio 359 G K6 K2258 R 80,000.00 4 B 05-013 H Solio 359 G K6 K2258 R 108,000.00 5 B 02-016 C HVT 98-814 B 99-904 R 42,000.00 6 B 02-013 C HVT 98-814 B 95-537 R 55,000.00 7 B 02-011 C HVT 98-814 B 95-513 R 52,000.00 8 B 05-018 H K6 K3094 K6 K2228 R 250,000.00 9 B 05-079 H Solio 460 T K6 K2386 R 150,000.00 10 B 03-013 H KPO 493 ADC 8444 R 200,000.00 11 B 04-003 H K6 K2997 Z7F1509 R 65,000.00 12 B 05-016 H Solio 359 G K6 K2258 R 62,000.00 13 B 05-059 H Solio 359 G ZIP 7923 R 65,000.00 14 B 05-040 H Z 96-033 B 01-102 R 40,000.00 15 B 05-084 H K6 K3094 ZIP 6782 R 85,000.00 16 B 05-042 H Z 96-033 B 98-804 R 58,000.00 17 B 05-004 H K6 K3094 K6 K2357 R 60,000.00 18 B 05-035 H Z 96-033 B 01-142 R 102,000.00 19 B 04-064 H K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 155,000.00 20 B 02-012 C HVT 98-814 B 96-605 R 50,000.00 21 B 02-017 C HVT 98-814 B 97-703 R 38,000.00 22 B 05-021 H K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 105,000.00 23 B 05-034 H Z 96-033 B 02-010 R 40,000.00 24 B 04-044 H NDA 9 K6 K2286 R 52,000.00 25 B 04-093 H B 98-801 B 00-020 R 60,000.00 26 B 03-030 H KPO 2670 Z7F 2773 R 240,000.00 28 B 03-041 C KPO 786 ADC 6312 R 48,000.00 29 B 03-027 C OTS 95-524 B 96-609 R 52,000.00 30 B 04-012 H Gianni 2812 K6 K2265 R 58,000.00 31 B 04-005 C KPO 493 Z7F 4539 R 42,000.00 32 B 04-022 C KPO 2670 Z7F 1646 R 38,000.00 33 B 04-085 H KPO 786 KPO 938 R 55,000.00 34 B 04-080 H KPO 786 KPO 938 R 105,000.00 35 B 05-044 H Z 96-033 B 96-605 R 50,000.00 36 B 05-090 H Solio 460 T K6 K2386 R 125,000.00 37 B 05-014 H KPO 786 KPO 735 R 105,000.00 38 B 04-091 H Solio 359 G KIM 39 R 50,000.00 39 B 04-056 H Solio 359 G KPO 997 R 40,000.00 40 B 04-028 C B 98-801 B 00-012 R 35,000.00 41 B 05-050 H Z 96-033 B 02-002 R 40,000.00 42 B 04-053 H Solio 359 G K6 K2258 R 70,000.00 43 B 05-069 H Solio 359 G ZIP 7923 R 28,000.00 44 B 05-094 H Solio 359 G K6 K2303 R 35,000.00 45 B 00-014 C HVT 96-18 HVT 96-16 R 68,000.00 46 B 04-069 H K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 80,000.00

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47 B 05-064 H K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 70,000.00 48 B 05-068 H Z 96-033 B 02-017 R 30,000.00 49 B 04-086 H Solio 359 G KIM 39 R 38,000.00 50 B 05-062 H Solio 359 G KPO 897 R 38,000.00 51 B 04-035 H NDA 9 Z7F 7022 R 42,000.00 52 B 03-011 H KPO 1017 Z7 F2773 R 32,000.00 53 B 01-004 C OTS 95-509 OTS 95-519 R 85,000.00 54 B 95-508 C K6 K1383 K6 K3685 R 28,000.00 59 B 05-045 B Z 96-033 B 02-011 R 20,000.00 60 B04-039 B KPO 786 ADC 8334 R 52,000.00 61 B 04-024 B KPO 786 K6 K2204 R 30,000.00 62 B 05-075 B K6 K3094 K6 K2228 R 30,000.00 63 B 05-043 B Z 96-033 B 98-811 R 28,000.00 64 B 05-051 B Z 96-033 B 02-015 R 75,000.00 65 B 04-033 B K6 K3094 Z7F 7022 R 28,000.00 66 B 05-006 B K6 K3094 Z7F 077 R 160,000.00 67 B 05-065 B K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 19,000.00 68 B 05-082 B Solio 359 G Z7F 3243 R 30,000.00 69 B 05-054 B Solio 359 G KPO 997 R 38,000.00 70 B 05-027 B Z 96-033 B 97-718 R 32,000.00 71 B 05-008 B K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 38,000.00 72 B 04-041 B KPO 786 Z7F 567 R 130,000.00 73 B 04-043 B KPO 786 K6 K2193 R 35,000.00 74 EP 04-006 B Gianni 2812 Z7F 567 R 85,000.00 75 B 04-088 B KPO 786 KPO 938 R 60,000.00 76 B 04-050 B Solio 359 G K6 K2258 R 77,000.00 77 B 05-071 B K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 32,000.00 78 B 05-067 B K6 K3094 K6 K2228 R 23,000.00 79 B 04-068 B K6 K3094 ZIP 7771 R 160,000.00 80 B 04-059 B Solio 460 T KPO 1680 R 110,000.00 81 B 04-089 B Solio 359 G KPO 938 R 45,000.00 82 B 05-100 B K6 K 2997 ADC 6829 R 35,000.00 83 B 03-040 B KPO 786 KPO 886 R 28,000.00 84 B 05-033 B Z 96-033 B 98-813 R 25,000.00 85 B 05-036 B Z 96-033 B 02-012 R 21,000.00 86 B 04-078 B Solio 460 T K6 K2303 R 28,000.00 87 B 04-073 B KPO 786 Z7F 108 R 20,000.00 88 B 04-083 B Solio 460 T KPO 71 R 40,000.00 89 B 03-035 B K6 K2670 Z7F 2773 R 95,000.00 90 B 05-023 B Z 96-033 B 01-004 R 31,000.00 91 B 05-026 B Z 96-033 B 02-003 R 24,000.00 92 B 05-083 B KPO 786 K6 K2386 R 48,000.00 93 B 05-028 B Z 96-033 B 95-527 R 39,000.00 94 B 04-084 B Solio 359 G KPO 938 R 50,000.00 95 B 05-074 B K6 K3094 K6 K2228 R 65,000.00 96 B 05-038 B Z 96-033 B 95-506 R 26,000.00 97 B 05-007 B B 01-035 R 38,000.00 98 B 04-090 B Solio 359 G KIM 39 R 40,000.00 99 B 05-046 B Solio 359 G KPO 897 R 40,000.00 100 B 05-091 B Solio 359 G Z7F 3243 R 31,000.00 95 SP Animals Turnover R 5,907,000.00

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Lot ID/Name Type Sire Dam Price79 Z 95-19 C 364 629 R 27,500.00 80 HVT 03-15 C HVT 98-14 HVT 98-06 R 30,000.00 81 Z 98-76 C Z 96-37 Z96-34 R 57,500.00 82 HVT 98-03 C HVT 95-20 HVT 95-13 R 60,000.00 83 HVT 01-34 C HVT 98-14 HVT 95-08 R 30,000.00 84 CFH 06-739 H HVT 98-14 HVT 97-14 R 25,000.00 85 CFH 06-438 H HVT 87-17 Z 95-18 R 27,500.00 86 CFH 06-835 H HVT 00-10 GF 40 O R 50,000.00 87 CFH 06-755 H HVT 98-14 Z 95-18 R 27,500.00 88 CFH 06-734 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 37,500.00 89 CFH 06-760 H HVT 95-09 Z 95-18 R 27,500.00 90 CFH 07-0007 H TLM 02-08 Z 95-18 R 25,000.00 91 CFH 06-817 H HVT 95-03 HVT 95-13 R 22,500.00 92 CFH 06-899 H HVT 98-14 Z 95-18 R 35,000.00 94 CFH 06-810 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 30,000.00 95 CFH 06-775 H HVT 98-14 HVT 97-14 R 27,500.00 96 CFH 07-0053 H TLM 02-08 Z 95-18 R 22,000.00 97 CFH 07-0027 H TLM 02-08 Z 98-26 R 30,000.00 98 CFH 07-0019 H TLM 02-08 HVT 00-01 R 30,000.00 99 CFH 06-847 H HVT 95-03 HVT 95-13 R 20,000.00 100 CFH 06-814 H PM 14 R Z 95-25 R 65,000.00 101 CFH 07-0060 H TLM 02-08 Z 99-280 R 20,000.00 102 CFH 06-833 H HVT 00-10 Z 99-280 R 30,000.00 103 CFH 07-0010 H TLM 02-08 Z 00-290 R 27,000.00 104 CFH 07-0049 H TLM 02-08 HVT 98-06 R 26,000.00 105 CFH 07-0005 H TLM 02-08 Z 00-290 R 26,000.00 106 CFH 07-0015 H TLM 02-08 Z 95-18 R 30,000.00 107 CFH 06-838 H HVT 00-10 Z 00-290 R 20,000.00 109 CFH 06-751 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 30,000.00 110 CFH 06-778 H B 03-06 B 98-11 R 20,000.00 111 CFH 06-767 H FE 96-75 Z 95-25 R 22,000.00 112 CFH 07-0012 H TLM 02-08 Z 00-22 R 30,000.00 113 CFH 07-0045 H TLM 02-08 Z 00-22 R 20,000.00 114 CFH 07-0009 H TLM 02-08 Z 96-34 R 22,500.00 116 CFH 06-850 H HVT 00-10 Z 96-34 R 30,000.00 118 CFH 07-0024 H TLM 02-08 Z 00-22 R 23,000.00 120 CFH 06-812 H HVT 95-03 HVT 98-03 R 32,500.00 121 CFH 06-816 H HVT 00-10 Z 98-76 R 22,000.00 123 CFH 07-0062 H TLM 02-08 HVT 98-06 R 21,000.00 124 CFH 07-0037 H TLM 02-08 HVT 98-06 R 30,000.00 149 CFH 05-018 B HVT 95-16 Z 00-06 R 50,000.00 150 CFH 05-623 B HVT 99-02 HVT 97-14 R 22,000.00 151 HVT 98-17 B HVT 95-21 B 95-27 R 20,000.00 152 CFH 05-561 B HVT 95-03 HVT 98-03 R 22,500.00 153 CFH 05-574 B HVT 95-03 Z 95-25 R 32,500.00 154 Keta KB 11 B B PM 14 R ZF 26 R 40,000.00 155 PM 14 R B Bar Fal A3 Lil J100 R 45,000.00 156 Z 04-61 B NDA 8 SJ 9 Mog Kim 2245 R 55,000.00 157 HVT 98-01 B HVT 95-20 HVT 95-13 R 30,000.00 158 FE 96-75 B FE 93-84 FE 93-20 R 45,000.00

Elandspruit Boran Stud Auction

18 September 2007

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160 B 03-31 B KPO 786 KPO 886 R 27,500.00 161 CFH 06-0007 B HVT 95-03 Z 00-06 R 20,000.00 162 CFH 05-559 B HVT 98-22 HVT 01-01 R 30,000.00 163 CFH 06-507 B TLM 02-03 Z 95-25 R 16,000.00 164 CFH 06-511 B TLM 02-06 Z 98-26 R 20,000.00 166 CFH 06-746 B HVT 98-14 HVT 98-06 R 18,000.00 167 CFH 06-491 B TLM 02-03 Z 99-46 R 18,000.00 168 CFH 06-494 B TLM 02-03 Z 95-25 R 18,000.00 58 SP Animals Turnover R 1,718,500.00

ABBREVIATIONS

ADC Mutara - KenyaB SP Bull (Type)B Boran Genetics - RSA (Breeder)BA Boran Africa - RSAC SP CowCFH Elandspruit Boran - RSACI Circle C BoranEC H Embryo Calf - HeiferEP Embryo Plus - RSAFE Forrester Ranch - ZimbabweFN Fonteine Boran - RSAGF Grasmere Farm - ZambiaGianni Gianni Stud / Suguroi Boran GR Gert Roux - RSAH SP HeiferHVT Heavitree Boran - RSA

Auction Circle C and Keta Boran National Boran Boran Genetics Elandspruit Boran Date 6 Jun 07 Total 16 Aug 07 Total 5 Sept 07 Total 18 Sept 07 Total Grand Total Percentage SP Bulls R 92,500 18 R 76,607 14 R 49,071 42 R 29,417 18 92 32.62%SP Cows R 75,000 3 R 53,333 3 R 48,692 13 R 41,000 5 24 8.51%SP Heifers R 55,547 42 R 53,841 41 R 80,325 40 R 28,114 35 158 56.03%SP Embryo Calves R 33,250 8 R - 0 R - 0 R - 0 8 2.84%Totals 71 58 95 58 282 Percentage 25.18% 20.57% 33.69% 20.57% SP Semen Straws R 435 620 R 581 200 R - 0 R - 0 820

K6 K Mogwooni Ranch - KenyaKB Keta Boran - SwazilandKIM Lolomarik Farm - KenyaKPO Ol Pejeta Ranch - KenyaN Eerstegeluk-Baas - RSANAB Upper Ellerslie Boran - RSANDA Ndakaini - KenyaOTS Outspan Boran - RSA PM / Lil Lilayi Farm - ZambiaS Semen X Number of strawsSolio Solio Ranch - KenyaTLM Terry Mclintock - RSA Z Hlanzeni - RSAZ7F Worogus Boran - KenyaZF / Seg Segera Ranch - KenyaZIP Kisima Farm - Kenya

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Date Lot ID/Name Type Sire Dam Price T5 Ave Price60812 5 TLM 02-12 B K6 K2459 ZF 3675 R 370,000.00 60218 6 TLM 02-01 B K6 K2459 KPO 4203 R 250,000.00 70609 48 TLM 05-512 B K6 K2459 ZF 3675 R 100,000.00 60812 7 TLM 04-507 B K6 K2459 KPO 961 R 80,000.00 70609 15 TLM 05-510 B K6 K2459 ZF 3675 R 75,000.00 R 175,000.00 70609 5 KB 28 W B PM 14 R GF 31 R R 270,000.00 70609 49 KB 19 A B PM 14 R GF 159 U R 150,000.00 70609 68 KB 18 A B PM 14 R GF 16 T R 72,000.00 60812 6 KB X 60 B PM 14 R GM 113 O R 70,000.00 70609 6 KB 12 B B PM 14 R KB 46 O R 70,000.00 R 126,400.00 70609 28 KB 15 A B PM 05 L GF 4 T R 185,000.00 70609 10 KB 14 A B PM 05 L GF 39 T R 150,000.00 70609 36 KB 9 A B PM 05 L GF 1 S R 85,000.00 60218 50 KB 18 X B PM 05 L GF 124 O R 75,000.00 70609 27 KB 10 A B PM 05 L GF 1 T R 65,000.00 R 112,000.00 70905 79 B 04-68 B K6 K3094 ZIP 7771 R 160,000.00 70905 66 B 05-06 B K6 K3094 Z7F 77 R 160,000.00 70905 95 B 05-74 B K6 K3094 K6 K2228 R 65,000.00 70905 71 B 05-08 B K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 38,000.00 70905 77 B 05-71 B K6 K3094 Z7F 108 R 32,000.00 R 91,000.00 70905 72 B 04-41 B KPO 786 Z7F 567 R 130,000.00 70905 75 B 04-88 B KPO 786 KPO 938 R 60,000.00 70905 60 B 04-39 B KPO 786 ADC 8334 R 52,000.00 60908 33 B 04-10 B KPO 786 KPO 886 R 50,000.00 70905 92 B 05-83 B KPO 786 K6 K2386 R 48,000.00 R 68,000.00 60218 11 TLM 02-11 B KPO 791 K6 K2748 R 150,000.00 70609 42 TLM 05-505 B KPO 791 K6 K1975 R 58,000.00 70609 70 TLM 05-506 B KPO 791 K6 K2762 R 52,000.00 40817 8 TLM 02-09 B KPO 791 K6 K2748 R 45,000.00 50726 8 TLM 03-13 B KPO 791 KPO 898 R 30,000.00 R 67,000.00 70816 42 TLM 02-24 B K6 K2738 KPO 4203 R 120,000.00 40817 14 TLM 02-24 B K6 K2738 KPO 4203 R 60,000.00 70609 11 TLM 04-578 B K6 K2738 K6 K2748 R 60,000.00 50726 25 TLM 02-38 B K6 K2738 KPO 4203 R 48,000.00 50726 29 TLM 03-12 B K6 K2738 KPO 4202 R 44,000.00 R 66,400.00 70905 89 B 03-35 B K6 K2670 Z7F 2773 R 95,000.00 60919 113 MHB 04-33 B K6 K2670 KPO 2430 R 40,000.00 60919 114 MHB 04-14 B K6 K2670 ZF 270 R 38,000.00 60812 26 MHB 03-07 B K6 K2670 KPO 868 R 32,000.00 60812 27 MHB 04-14 B K6 K2670 ZF 270 R 24,000.00 R 45,800.00 60218 30 TLM 04-508 B K6 K2588 K6 K2557 R 70,000.00 60812 18 TLM 04-595 B K6 K2588 K6 K2201 R 40,000.00

SP Boran Bulls - Top 5 (T5) Prodigy Bull Sales

2004-2007Auctions

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50726 31 TLM 03-04 B K6 K2588 KPO 1680 R 37,000.00 50726 21 TLM 03-60 B K6 K2588 KPO 1768 R 30,000.00 40817 2 TLM 02-20 B K6 K2588 KPO 1680 R 17,000.00 R 38,800.00 40922 17 HVT 01-03 B HVT 98-14 HVT 98-02 R 50,000.00 50726 5 HVT 02-13 B HVT 98-14 HVT 98-02 R 50,000.00 60908 38 B 01-20 B HVT 98-14 B 96-05 R 32,000.00 40922 22 HVT 01-36 B HVT 98-14 HVT 96-10 R 30,000.00 50726 23 HVT 02-09 B HVT 98-14 HVT 99-05 R 30,000.00 R 38,400.00 70816 25 HVT 04-18 B HVT 98-22 HVT 95-23 R 100,000.00 70816 24 HVT 04-06 B HVT 98-22 HVT 01-31 R 52,500.00 70816 23 HVT 04-05 B HVT 98-22 HVT 95-12 R 45,000.00 60812 11 HVT 03-10 B HVT 98-22 HVT 95-25 R 40,000.00 60812 12 HVT 03-19 B HVT 98-22 HVT 98-26 R 36,000.00 R 34,700.00 70816 20 CFH 05-569 B HVT 95-03 HVT 98-03 R 40,000.00 70816 31 CFH 05-572 B HVT 95-03 HVT 98-03 R 40,000.00 70918 153 CFH 05-574 B HVT 95-03 Z 95-25 R 32,500.00 60919 110a CFH 04-455 B HVT 95-03 Z 98-26 R 25,000.00 60919 107a CFH 05-21 B HVT 95-03 Z 97-42 R 25,000.00 R 32,500.00 50726 18 HVT 02-06 B HVT 98-01 HVT 95-23 R 35,000.00 50726 19 HVT 02-01 B HVT 98-01 HVT 95-07 R 32,000.00 40922 18 HVT 01-25 B HVT 98-01 HVT 95-06 R 30,000.00 40922 20 HVT 01-24 B HVT 98-01 HVT 98-06 R 27,500.00 60919 119 HVT 01-25 B HVT 98-01 B 95-06 R 25,000.00 R 29,900.00

2004-2007 SA Auctions - SP Boran Bulls - Less than 5 Prodigy Bull Sales Date Lot ID/Name Type Sire Dam Price 70816 47 N 04-03 B KPO 622 K6 K2228 R 350,000.00 60908 27 B 04-01 B KPO 1017 Z7F 2773 R 220,000.00 70905 80 B 04-59 B Solio 460 T KPO 1680 R 110,000.00 70905 74 EP 04-06 B Gianni 2812 Z7F 567 R 85,000.00 70905 76 B 04-50 B Solio 359 G K6 K2258 R 77,000.00 70816 43 HVT 00-04 B HVT 95-21 HVT 95-08 R 72,500.00 60218 66 KB 39 X B GF 123 M GF 177 S R 70,000.00 70609 19 CFH 06-447 B HVT 97-17 Z 95-18 R 60,000.00 60218 80 KB 19 X B NB 43 R GF 25 O R 60,000.00 70816 29 HVT 98-14 B ZF 494 45 R 60,000.00 70918 156 Z 04-61 B NDA 8 SJ 9 K6 K2245 R 55,000.00

Yster N 04 03: 2007 Highest Priced Bull B 04 01: 2006 Highest Priced Bull

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Daar behoort hoofsaaklik twee redes te wees vir die behoefte aan die propagering van ‘n nuwe ras.

Eerstens: Indien die beoogde nuwe ras nie oor unieke eienskappe beskik wat nie in bestaande rasse voorkom nie, kan daar nie regverdiging vir die nuwe ras wees nie.

Tweedens: Die telers wat begerig is om die ras in te bring, sien vir hulself bepaalde finansiële voordeel met die inbring van die nuwe ras.

Op die oog af voldoen die Boran beslis aan beide hierdie motiverings.

Dit is egter ook verder so dat, indien hierdie redes nie gevestig kan word om oor die langtermyn steeds relevant te wees nie, daar inderdaad nie regverdiging vir die vestiging van ‘n nuwe ras kan wees nie. Die bedryf gaan eenvoudig nie meer “fly by nights” akkommodeer nie.

Of hierdie bepaalde motiewe vir ‘n nuwe ras oor die langtermyn gaan geld, hang grotendeels af van die telers in wie se hande die betrokke ras gelaat word. Indien hierdie telers dit nie ernstig bedoel om oor die langtermyn dieselfde redes steeds te laat geld nie, kan daardie selfde redes die ondergang van die ras beteken (soos byvoorbeeld as ‘n groep telers slegs vir korttermyn finansiële voordeel betrokke raak).

Hoe word die aanvanklike motiverende redes, ‘n langtermyn strategie?

1. Die Telersgenootskap

“With the deregulation of the Agricultural Industry world-wide, environmental concerns, growing concern for product safety and animal welfare, and the gradual withdrawal of Government support for farm data recording activities, it is clear that Breed Associations are now operating in a new stage setting.

Breed Associations are the guardians and developers of two valuable resources: the breeds that they

BORANQuo VadisDeur Dr Pierre van Rooyen, SA Stamboek

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represent and the people who are associated with them through their common interest and enthusiasm.

Joining an expensive and exclusive club that only duplicates services that can be obtained elsewhere, will not be attractive. Breed Associations will exist, not because of what they were, but because of the service they provide in keeping their members profitable.”

(Uittreksel uit ‘n referaat by die onlangse ICAR-kongres in Europa.)

‘n Genootskap het basies drie doelwitte:

• Die Genootskap moet ‘n “tuiste” vir telers wees dus, goeie administrasie en dienslewering.

• Die byhou van rasstandaarde by die behoeftes van die mark en toesien dat dié standaarde gehandhaaf word tot uitbouing van die ras.

• Rasbevordering en promosie.

Hoe word hierdie doelwitte bereik?

1.1 Regverdiging vir die promovering van ‘n ras lê opgesluit in sy unieke eien-skappe. Hierdie eienskappe moet identifiseer word en ‘n formele teeltbeleid daargestel word om hierdie eienskappe uit te bou.

1.2 ‘n Teeltbeleid kan slegs blywende waarde hê as dit ondersteun word deur ‘n deeglike stel doelgerigte en prakties uitvoerbare minimum rasstandaarde. Hierdie rasstandaarde moet verder ondersteun word deur objektiewe eienskappe en sinvolle fenotipiese eienskappe. Doelwitte vir genetiese vordering moet gestel word, norme om dit te bereik moet bepaal en vordering gemeet word. Die teeltdoelwitte moet praktyk gerig wees: Vra die mark wat is hul behoeftes. Daar moet egter altyd gewaak word om nie in hierdie verbeteringsproses, die unieke eienskappe wat juis die bestaan van die ras regverdig, te verwater of selfs prys te gee nie. Die ras mag nie oor tyd maar net nog ‘n ras word wat “aangepas” en “gehard” is nie!

1.3 Om onder huidige toestande, met die eise wat die bedryf stel, te probeer teel sonder die prestasietoetsing van alle diere en minimum standaarde as voorwaarde vir registrasie, sal ‘n vrugtelose oefening wees. BLUP-teeltwaardes moet beskikbaar wees vir alle diere om as hulpmiddel vir seleksie gebruik te word.

Die slagspreuk: “Om te weet is om te meet” is wêreldwyd onomwonde bewys as een van die belangrikste hulpmiddels in die genetiese verbetering van diere.

Let wel: Die term “hulpmiddel” word gebruik. Prestasietoetsing is slegs ‘n evalueringsmetode om diere in ‘n rangorde te plaas vir seleksie.

‘n Genootskap of teler se teeltbeleid bepaal waar op hierdie rangorde word die lyne getrek. Prestasietoetsing kan of het nog nooit diere verander nie. Dit is die gebruikers van die inligting wat die diere verander. Weet dus wat jou doelwit is en dan gebruik jy die prestasie-inligting om daardie doel te bereik. Dit is nie andersom nie!

Weer eens, prestasiemeting is slegs ‘n hulpmiddel. Die ander hulpmiddel waarsonder vordering ook nie moontlik is nie is die visuele evaluering van die dier deur ‘n teler se kennersoog - maar ook dit moet doelgerig wees. Die regte gebruik van al hierdie hulpmiddels saam, is die sekerste manier om uiteindelik jou doelwit met diereverbetering te bereik.

Met die kompetisie tussen rasse in die bedryf, is daar nie tyd om die regte aksies “in te faseer” nie. Wees braaf en neem die regte besluite en pas hulle toe. Dié telers wat erns het met teling en regtig langtermyn bedoelings het, sal hierby inval.

1.4 Keuring moet streng en konsekwent wees. Die hele keuringsaksie moet as opleiding aan telers gesien word, maar dan moet dieselfde standaarde oral en altyd (al gaan dit ook hoe goed met die ras), geld. ‘n Inspekteur moet altyd as ambassadeur vir sy ras optree.

1.5 Dit is ‘n Telersgenootskap se taak om sy telers op te lei. Opleiding is ‘n baie belangrike taak van die Genootskap.

1.6 Kommunikasie

Ingeligte telers is meelewende en positiewe telers.

2. Die Telers

2.1 ‘n Telersgenootskap kan nie suksesvol wees sonder lojale, toegewyde telers nie.

2.2 Die telers moet as een groot familie funksioneer en mag nie jaloers op mekaar wees nie. Groepvorming moet ten alle koste beveg word. Telers moet mekaar ondersteun en bystaan.

2.3 Daar moet gereken kan word op die integriteit van telers, veral ten opsigte van die korrektheid van geboortes, ouerskappe en prestasiedata.

2.4 Die diere moet altyd in alle besluite, belangriker wees as die mens.

3. Promosie

‘n Ras wat net staatmaak op groei na binne en nuwe stoettelers werf, se groei sal vinnig afplat en dan negatiewe groei ervaar.

Telers kan maar net soveel bulle onder mekaar verkoop, en daar kan maar net soveel stoettelers wees . . . . !

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Nee, langtermyn strategie behoort te wees om die kommersiële bedryf te domineer. Hoe meer bulle aan die kommersiële bedryf verkoop kan word, hoe ‘n groter aanvraag word geskep. Dan word die stoetbedryf noodwendig gestimuleer om meer bulle beskikbaar te stel en word ‘n voortdurende groei in die stoetbedryf verseker.

Dit kan egter nie van kommersiële produsente verwag word om dieselfde pryse te betaal as wat stoettelers onder mekaar betaal nie.

Verder is die meeste kommersiële produsente vandag goed onderleg en weet wat hulle wil hê. Kommersiële produsente verlang ook geloofwaardige inligting en kan nie meer om die bos gelei word nie. Hulle koop nie meer bulle sonder prestasietoetssyfers en voldoende reproduksie inligting oor die ma, ens. nie. Telersgenootskappe wat nie deeglik hiervan kennis

neem en hulself so posisioneer dat hulle deur die kommersiële bedryf aanvaar word nie, sal nie oor die langtermyn groei nie. Die praktyk wys dit baie duidelik uit!

Die Boran is een van die rasse wat die vinnigste groei. Van 23 telers met 1030 diere in 2003 toe die Genootskap gestig is, is daar tans 120 telers met 3300 geregistreerde diere.

Dis is insigself wonderlik, maar verg groot verantwoordelikheid van die persone aan die roer om dissipline en gesonde bestuur te handhaaf. Indien daar dus met groot omsigtigheid deur Bestuur en alle telers opgetree word en met ‘n duidelike plan om ‘n verklaarde doel te bereik geteel word, het die Boran beslis die potensiaal vir ‘n groot langtermyn toekoms in Suid-Afrika.

ARTIKELS: Boran – Quo Vadis – Febr. 2008

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The term Phase C Testing is well known among beef breeders in South Africa and refers to the standardized growth tests where feed conversion ratios are also calculated. Phase C tests were initially only done at the 6 official testing centres in South Africa, but nowadays there are several private testing

centres(mainly in the Free State) where Phase C tests are run.

Wherever possible a standard ration is fed, either in meal or pellet form, depending on the type of facility. Each bull’s individual intake in measured, either at his own feed bin or using the electronic feeding systems where each bull at the feeding bin is monitored for his feed intake.

Comparisons are done mainly within breeds, but because a standard ration is fed and bulls of the same age are tested it is possible to make comparisons between breeds. The performance of each bull, that is the average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight per day of age (ADA) are compared to a ten year rolling average for these traits. From this performance, merit awards are given to each bull meeting the following standards:

Gold merit: Wean index 100+; ADG index 100+; ADA index 100+ and FCR index 107+Silver merit: Wean index 95+ ADG index 95+ ADA index 95+ and FCR index 100+Bronze merit: All indexes exceeding 90.

To date, 8 bulls have been tested at the Glen Bull Testing Station and the Boran has done exceedingly well, with ADG’s of 1730 and FCR’s as low as 4.31, an indication that the Boran will prove itself a breed with good growth and better than average FCR’s, the ideal for the feedlot.

Phase CTestingNEL 06 09

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Inteenstelling met die fisiese bestuursprosesse, behels die seleksie van die kudde gewoonlik minder direkte insetkoste en bring dit ‘n blywende verandering van die produksievermoë van die vee mee. Die gevolge van seleksie is verder ook ‘n meer toekomsgerigte aksie aangesien die seleksie van teeldiere veral die produksievermoë van toekomstige generasies beïn-vloed. Die seleksieprosesse wat gevolg word in die kudde het verder ‘n direkte invloed op die omvang en die doeltreffendheid van die fisiese bestuurspros-esse - diere met ‘n sub-optimale genetiese samestel-ling ten opsigte van die eienskappe wat produksie beïnvloed sal beswaarlik optimaal gebruik kan maak

van die fisiese bestuursinsette waaraan hulle bloot-gestel word. Seleksie is die enigste hulpmiddel wat ‘n teler het om die toekomstige produksievermoë van sy kudde en die volhoubaarheid van sy onder-neming te bestuur.

Seleksie is die sleutel tot genetiese verandering. Geen, of baie min, genetiese verandering sal plaas-vind sonder enige seleksie. Genetiese verbetering sal slegs plaasvind deur goed-gerigte en doeltref-fende seleksie. Die begin van die proses van ge-netiese verbetering is egter die daarstelling van ‘n duidelik gedefinieerde teeltdoelwit waarvolgens die seleksienorme dan geformuleer word - dit sou

Doeltreffende seleksie

VAN VLEISBEESTECharl Hunlun SA Stamboek- en Veeverbeteringsvereniging, Bloemfontein

Behalwe vir die fisiese bestuur van sy kudde, wat die bestuur van

die insette wat in die kudde gemaak word insluit, is die seleksie

van die kudde die enigste metode waarmee die vleisbeesboer

die produksievermoë van sy beeste en die winsgewindheid van sy

onderneming kan beïnvloed.

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geen doel dien om vir eienskappe te selekteer wat geen betrekking op die uiteindelike teeltideaal het nie. Die ontwikkeling en definisie van ‘n teeltdoel-wit is opsigself ‘n onderwerp wat meer tyd en ruimte verg as wat hier daaraan bestee kan word. Dit moet egter hier beklemtoon word dat geen doeltreffende seleksie kan plaasvind sonder ‘n doelwit nie.

Die genetiese verbetering van vee deur seleksie is soos ‘n tafel wat op vier bene staan - al vier die bene van die tafel is nodig en geeneen van die bene moet langer of dikker as die ander wees nie, anders gaan ons nie ‘n bruikbare tafel hê nie. Die vier bene van die tafel van seleksie is:

• seleksie op grond van stamboominligting en die gewenstheid van voorouers

• seleksie op grond van die voorkoms van die diere• seleksie op grond van die prestasie van die diere• seleksie op grond van die gewenstheid van

nageslag.

Diere-aantekening, of stamboomrekords, is die grondslag van alle veeverbeteringsaksies - geen vee-verbeteringsprogram sal slaag indien dit nie gebaseer is op ‘n weldeurdagte en betroubare aantekening-sprogram nie. Stamboom-inligting is die basis waar-op rasse en teellyne binne rasse van mekaar onder-skei word. Alhoewel stamboom-inligting deesdae nie meer tot dieselfde mate as in die verlede, doelbewus en as sulks, in die seleksieproses gebruik word om diere te selekteer nie, speel dit egter steeds ‘n baie belangrike onderliggende rol in die hele seleksiepro-ses. Selfs seleksie met behulp van prestasiemeting of visuele evaluasie is byna ondenkbaar sonder dat

betroubare rekords ten opsigte van afkoms vir al die betrokke diere beskikbaar is nie. Moderne seleksie-hulpmiddels soos teeltwaarde-evaluasie (BLUP) kan hoegenaamd nie plaasvind sonder dat betroubare stamboom-inligting beskikbaar is nie. Die nuutste ontwikkelings op die front van seleksiehulpmiddels, nl. seleksie met behulp van genetiese merkers, steun ook baie swaar op die aanwesigheid van betroubare stamboom-inligting en sal nie bruikbaar wees indien die ouerskap-inligting van alle betrokke diere nie deeglik, binne die konteks van die betrokke ras, bek-end is en betroubaar aangeteken is nie. Stamboom-inligting bied verder aan die teler die vermoë om verwantskappe in ag te neem tydens die seleksiepro-ses en sodoende inteling in die kudde te monitor en te waak teen te hoë vlakke van inteling. Die aan-tekening van ouerskappe is slegs doeltreffend indien dit op ‘n raswye basis geskied, die inligting betrou-baar is en die inligting toeganklik en bruikbaar is vir alle telers wat van teeldiere in die ras gebruik maak. Dit is dus haas ondenkbaar dat enige doeltreffende seleksieprogram kan bestaan indien daar nie ‘n doel-treffende en betroubare diere-aantekeningsprogram in plek is nie.

Seleksie op grond van voorkoms het twee belangrike aspekte. Die eerste aspek is dié van raskenmerke. Behalwe vir die verwantskappe tussen diere, is ‘n kenmerkende voorkoms die ander belangrike faktor wat rasse van mekaar onderskei. Alhoewel hierdie aspek meer te doen het met die “handelsmerk” en bemarking van ‘n ras, is dit nietemin ‘n baie belan-grike aspek wat die nodige klem in die seleksiepro-gram moet geniet. Een van die essensieële bestandele van ‘n teeltdoelwit behoort die uiteindelike verkoop-

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baarheid van die diere, en dus die winsgewindheid van die boerdery, te wees - indien ‘n dier nie die kenmerkende voorkoms van die betrokke ras het nie sal die verkoopbaarheid van die betrokke dier, en gevolglik die winsgewendheid van die ondernemi-ng, nadelig beïnvloed word.

Die funksionele doeltreffendheid van diere is ‘n ver-dere aspek van seleksie op grond van voorkoms wat baie belengrike implikasies vir ‘n teler inhou. Die kundige evaluering van die funksionele voorkoms van ‘n dier is die enigste doeltreffende manier waar-op die fisiologiese- en hormonale status van ‘n dier, en die onder-linge interaksies daar-van, in soverre dit betrekking het op die aanpasbaarheid en produksievermoë van die dier in ‘n bepaalde omgewing en produks-iestelsel, doeltreffend ge-evalueer kan word. Die eienskappe wat hierby betrokke is het almal ‘n genetiese ba-sis en kan gevolglik deur seleksie verander word. Behalwe vir die feit dat funksionele doeltreffendheid oor-erflik is, het dit ‘n baie duidelike invloed op die produksievermoë van diere en het dit dus ‘n besliste invloed op die uiteindelike sukses van die onder-neming.

Die meting van die produksievermoë van diere en die gebruik van daardie inligting in die seleksieproses is ‘n goedge-vestigde praktyk in die vleisbeesbedryf. Enkele be-langrike aspekte behoort egter beklemtoon te word:

• die deurlopende meting van produksievlakke binne die kudde-konteks het die bykomende voordeel dat dit waardevolle bestuursinligting verskaf

• konsentreer op eienskappe wat direkte betrek-king het op die teeltdoelwit

• streef na optimum waardes binne die realiteite van die produksie-omgewing, eerder as maksi-mum waardes en ektreme

• die resultate van prestasietoetsing vind slegs to-epassing op ‘n binne-kudde basis

• soos wat die geval is met stamboom-inligting, het prestasietoetsing oneindig meer waarde indien dit ‘n eenvormige, betroubare en ‘n raswye basis het.

Ten spyte van die feit dat prestasietoetsing al hoe meer op die agtergrond geskuif word deur meer moderne en doeltreffende seleksiehulpmiddels soos teeltwaarde-evaluasie (BLUP) speel dit eg-ter nog steeds ‘n onmisbare rol in enige doeltref-fende seleksieprogram:

• prestasietoetsing lewer vinniger seleksie-inligting as teeltwaarde ontledings

• prestasietoetsing verskaf seleksieparameters vir eienskappe waarvoor daar nog nie BLUP-ontled-ings gedoen word nie

• prestasietoetsing is, soos stamboom-in-ligting, die noodsaa-klike onderbou van BLUP-ontledings.

Nageslagtoetsing is tot baie onlangs beskou as ‘n onpraktiese seleksiehulpmiddel in vleisbeesteling aan-gesien die gebruik daarvan meestal min bykomende voordele vir die teler van vleis-beeste ingehou het en die koste daarvan gewoonlik baie hoog was. Nageslagtoets-ing is egter een van die mees akkurate seleksiehulpmiddels en die gebruik daar-van het in die afgelope aantal jare baie meer haalbaar geword met die jaarlikse beskik-baarstelling van BLUP-teeltwaardes vir

vleisbeeste. Een van die belangrikste voordele van teeltwaardes is dat dit op ‘n raswye basis geldig is en gevolglik die seleksie van diere uit ander kud-des ‘n haalbare realiteit maak. BLUP-teeltwaardes is verder die mees akkurate seleksie hulpmiddel wat tot die beskikking van ‘n teler is. Die voorwaardes wat geld by die gebruik van die ander seleksiehu-lpmiddels, soos akkurate meting en aantekening, deurlopende fokus op teeltdoelwitte en die strewe na optima binne die produksie-omgewing, geld net soveel by die gebruik van teeltwaardes as by die an-der seleksiehulpmiddels.

‘n Byproduk van BLUP-ontledings is die genetiese tendense vir elke eienskap op kudde- en rasvlak. Hi-erdie is baie waardevolle inligting vir enige teler - die tendense gee ‘n aanduiding van wat die genetiese vordering in elke eienskap, op kudde- en op rasvlak, is en dit stel die teler instaat om sy teeltprogram te evalueer en om die vordering in sy kudde te vergelyk met dié in die ras. Genetiese tendense is baie meer

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as net oulike grafieke. Die doelbewuste gebruik van die inligting wat daarin vervat is sal bydra tot ‘n wel-deurdagte en suksesvolle teeltprogram.

Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat die gebruik van die meeste van hierdie seleksiehulpmiddels mag lei tot verhoogde inteling, bloot omdat die voortdurende seleksie van meer gewenste diere sal meebring dat diere wat nader aan mekaar verwant is geselekteer word. Teeltvordering in enige eienskap moet getem-per word met ‘n doelbewuste poging om inteling in die kudde so laag as moontlik te hou.

Die noodsaaklike elemente van ‘n doeltreffende teeltprogram kan dus saamgevat word as:

• ‘n Duidelike en relevante teeltideaal - wat vereis die omgewing, die bedryf en jou kliënte?

• Akkurate en toeganklike ouerskaprekords van alle diere.

• Oordeelkundige en toepaslike gebruik van stam-boominligting.

• Goedgerigte seleksie op grond van visuele eiens-kappe, rasstandaarde en funksionele voorkoms.

• Noukeurige aantekening van prestasiegegewens en die oordeelkundige en tydige gebruik van bestuursinligting en seleksieparameters wat hie-ruit voortvloei.

• Gebruik raswye teeltwaardes in die seleksiepro-ses, veral vir die inkoop van diere uit ander kud-des.

• Gebruik genetiese tendense om teeltvordering te meet.

• Verkry ‘n behoorlike balans tussen die vier beskikbare seleksiehulpmiddels - die tafel moet vier stewige pote hê wat ewe lank is.

Hierdie riglyne vind ewe veel toepassing by die

stoet- sowel as die kommersiële teler - in sommige gevalle mag daar ‘n effense verskuiwing van fokus nodig wees maar al die basiese bestanddele moet teenwoordig wees vir ‘n suksesvolle seleksiepro-gram. In praktiese terme beteken dit:

• Hou altyd die teeltideaal in die oog - alle seleks-iebesluite moet teen die teeltideaal geregverdig word.

• Maak seker dat die diere wat jy inkoop afkomstig is uit ‘n kudde wat jou breë teeltdoelwitte deel.

• Streef daarna om al die elemente, na gelang van die omstandighede, na die beste van jou vermoë in jou seleksieprogram te inkorporeer.

• Maak seker dat enige teler by wie jy teeldiere aankoop al hierdie elemente ten minste so goed soos jyself nastreef en bereik. Onthou, “Talk is cheap but money buys the whisky”.

Daar is ‘n aantal noodsaaklike elemente vir die bereiking van ‘n doeltreffende seleksieprogram vir vleisbeeste. ‘n Doeltreffende program moet genet-iese vordering, ter bereiking van die teeltideaal, ver-toon, doeltreffende vloei van genetiese materiaal na die kommersiële produsente meebring en voldoende rendement vir beide die stoetteler en die kommer-siële produsent verseker. Optimale genetiese vorder-ing sal afhang van die mate waartoe die teler die beskikbare seleksiehulpmiddels gebruik om sy diere te selekteer. ‘n Positiewe vloei van genetiese mate-riaal na die kommersiële sektor sal grootliks afhang van hoe goed die teler se teeltdoelwitte die behoeft-es van die kommersiële produsent aanspreek en tot watter mate hierdie doelwitte bereik word. Sukses hierin sal gemanifesteer word deur ‘n gesonde vraag na ‘n teler se bulle en billike vergoeding daarvoor.

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Typically, when so-called commercial or unrecorded females of a specific breed-type are mated to fully registered bulls of that breed, the female progeny of that mating becomes eligible for record-ing in the Appendix Section of the stud book of that particular breed. Generally, inspection by the relevant breeders’ society is a prerequisite for the recording of such animals. The repeated mating of the progenies in the Appendix Sections of the stud book with fully registered bulls and the inspection of those progenies, lead to a process of ‘upgrading’ to fully registered status of the qualifying progeny. Each breeders’ society that allows upgrading has its own rules regarding the upgrading of animals in its stud book.

An ‘open’ stud book generally has several advantages for a breed that allows this practice:

• for new breeders upgrading is the most cost-effective way of acquiring stud animals;

• allowing upgrading in a breed directly leads to an increase in the number of breeders and breeding animals in the breed;

• upgrading provides a solution to the problem of escalating inbreeding in breeds with closed regis-tries;

• upgrading provides a means by which new genes, which did not previously exist in a population, can be introduced into the population;

• upgrading provides a means by which the genetic variability in a population can be increased;

• upgrading provides a means for maintaining moderate levels of heritability in populations where genetic diversity becomes limited;

• upgrading provides a means by which genetic maneuverability and vigour can be maintained without sacrificing additive genetic merit or breed characteristics;

• an active Appendix system will allow rapid changes in breeding direction in cases where it is de-manded by market forces.

It is estimated that open nucleus breeding systems, where the relevant traits are actively and effec-tively evaluated, provide about ten percent more genetic gain than in closed systems, as the breeding programme will benefit from the additional selection opportunities that are created and the increased variability in the population.

In practice, many breeders’ societies have a firm base of commercial or ‘grade’ breeders who only use bulls or semen of that particular breed in their herds. Many stud breeders also have substantial commercial herds of unrecorded cattle of the same breed as their stud herds. In these cases there are a substantial number of suitable females available that conforms to the requirements set for breed

The use of

IN STUD BREEDINGUpgrading

Charl Hunlun, SA Stud Book and Animal Improvement Association, Bloemfontein

Upgrading is a breeding system where the approved progeny of previously

unrecorded females with specific characteristics are used in the processes

of formal stud breeding. The process is also known as ‘open nucleus breed-

ing’. Most breeders’ societies in South Africa and around the world allow

upgrading as a means of entry into the stud books of their respective breeds.

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characteristics and performance - these females can, on inspection and approval by the breeders’ so-ciety, serve as base dams for upgrading. By mating them to fully registered bulls and by recording the birth and performance particulars of the (usually) female progeny of these base dams, this progeny is then recorded in the first Appendix (Appendix A) of the stud book of the breed. Similarly, when these Appendix A females are mated to fully registered bulls and the birth and performance particulars of the (usually) female progeny of these Appendix A dams are recorded, their progeny is recorded in the second Appendix (Appendix B) of the stud book of the breed. Generally (all) the progeny resulting from the mating of Appendix B females and fully registered bulls are considered to be purebred and are registered as such (Stud Book Proper) in the stud book of the breed.

Schematically the process can be presented as follows:

Approved base dam _ Registered purebred bull

Appendix A female _ Registered purebred bull

Appendix B female _ Registered purebred bull

Stud Book Proper animal

The ‘breed purity’ of fully registered animals that was bred through the upgrading process depends largely on the breed purity of the base dams that was used to breed the first recorded generation in the Appendix to the stud book, which in turn is a factor of how many generations of unrecorded or commercial pure breeding was practiced to beget the base dams. The relative breed purity in this regard is shown in Table 1 below. Most breeders’ societies have fairly strict rules regarding this aspect of the upgrading process. The relative breed purity of the bulls that are used in the process also plays a role in this regard.

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Table 1: The relative breed purity (percentage) of Appendix and Stud Book Proper animals in an upgrad-ing system.

Generations of commercial pure breeding 1 2 3 4Breed purity of base dam 50 75 87.5 93.75Breed purity of Appendix A 75 87.5 93.75 96.88Breed purity of Appendix B 87.5 93.75 96.88 98.44Breed purity of Stud Book Proper 93.75 96.88 98.44 99.22

Many variations on this basic procedure exist and breeders’ societies that allow upgrading in their breeds structure the rules governing the practice to suit their individual needs. Many breeders’ societies allow the use of Appendix A and B males for breeding purposes; some only allow the use of Appendix B males and then only for the breeding in commercial or grade herds; some breeders’ societies have an additional Appendix register (Appendix C) before recognising the progeny as purebred. One very basic rule however always applies - the resultant progeny is always one category higher than that of the lowest parent.

To be able to benefit from an upgrading system breeders’ societies should ensure that a few basic prin-ciples are built into their upgrading programs:

• formulate and apply suitable rules regarding the breed composition of base females;

• base females and Appendix animals should conform to the breed standards - selectively lower stan-dards may be used for base females and Appendix A animals;

• Appendix animals should be evaluated together with Stud Book Proper animals for all relevant traits;

• strive for maximum excellence in all respects in Appendix animals;

• structure the programme in such a way that it attracts as many as possible participants.

Upgrading is an age-old and well-recognised process that plays a vital role in the constant improvement of many breeds all over the world.

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Die eerste Boran klub en studiegroep is in die bekende Waterberg gebied, Limpopo provinsie gestig.Hierdie gemengde tot suurveld gebied, het alle heersende beessiektes en is veral hartwater baie straf. Beeste van hier sal maklik in enige deel van die land aanpas. Die gebied is ideaal vir wild boerdery maar moet ‘n beesboer se bestuur goed wees om hier te oorleef, wat die Boran die ideale ras maak. Grapenders gewys het iemand opgemerk dat Pres Paul Kruger al die moeilikheidmakers plase in die Waterberg gebied gegee het om te gaan swaarkry en om van hulle ontslae te raak!Die klub het afgeskop met 6 stigters lede en het sy beslag gedurende 2007 gekry onder voorsitterskap van Dr Johan Henning, nog lede het intussen aangesluit.Goeie resultate is reeds verkry met embiospoeling deur lede in ‘n poging om kuddebou te bespoedig , die goeie spangees onder die lede word geillustreer met die uitruil tussen lede van vars embrios en plasing in ontvangerkoeie.

Nuus uit Limpopo

BORAN KLUBWaterberg

Ons het ook die geleentheid aangegryp om die eerste inligtingsdag van die Genootskap te hou op 9 Februarie 2008. Adriaan Rall het ‘n ras bekendstelling gedoen vir die groot groep belangstellende beesboere wat ook uit ander provinsies opgedaag het, wat opgevolg is deur ‘n aanbieding deur Leslie Bergh van die LNR oor meting en die toepassing daarvan asook ander sprekers. Nie-Borantelers was aangenaam verras met die Boran beeste in die krale van Dr Johan Henning waar die bekendstelling verder prakties geskied het.Ons was ook gelukkig om die Genootskap se voorsitter Francois Smit as gas te kon hê.Beplanning tot 2009 is gedoen en sluit in: Die opstel van teeldoelwitte, prestasietoetsing, Ellisras skou, embrio spoelings, die bekombaarheid van goeie genetiese materiaal en voerkraal toetse t.o.v. vleismarmering en afrondbaarheid deur ‘n voerkraal eienaar wat ook ‘n Boran boer is.Kyk gerus na ons Klub advertensie hiernaas.

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ASEEL - DOCARGENTO TRADING 92 CC

C/O M.S. DOCRAT,PO BOX 5446,

LENASIA, JHB, 1820011 854 3145011 494 4286083 679 0242

[email protected]

GAUTENG | GAUTENG

FLEETWOOD HERD- FWD

FLEETWOOD FARMSPOSBUS 4580,

ATLASVILLE, 1465011 969 0012011 969 0010082 902 4226

[email protected]

GRASSMOHR - UTLOMBARD A.C.

PO BOX 389,IRENE, 0062012 667 4341012 667 4341074 102 2365

[email protected]

KETA - TLMMCLINTOCK T.L.

PO BOX 4189,HALFWAY HOUSE, 1685

011 266 7148011 266 7006083 627 5858

[email protected]

NTABA NYONI - NBORNTABA NYONI ESTATES CCC/O ALBERT VAN RENSBURG,

VICTOR STREET 36,MURRAYFIELD, 0184

012 803 1929082 403 5655

[email protected]

MARIOS - RKBROOIKOP BORANE

P/A MNR M. POTGIETER, POSBUS 753, NEWLANDS,

PRETORIA, 0049012 329 1343082 787 0222

[email protected]

THE DIAMOND-D - TDDDEDWITH E.S.M.4 KLIP STREET,

FARRARMERE, BENONI, 1501011 510 9360011 849 3585083 601 8650

[email protected]

ZIQHENYA - HLPPRETORIUS H.J.

POSBUS 158,FEATHERBROOK ESTATE,

ROODEPOORT, 1746011 794 1445086 681 9003083 326 3810

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KWAZULU-NATAL | KWAZULU-NATAL

BORAN GENETICS - BHODGSON S.E.PO BOX 1855,

ESTCOURT, 3310036 422 2585036 422 2585082 900 5182

[email protected]

BYRNE VALLEY - CVAN DER BERG B

P.O. BOX 363,RICHMOND, KZN, 3780

033 212 4777076 781 9404

[email protected]

CERI - JRCERILOG 228 CC

C/O RL & JE HOHLS,PO BOX 2271,

PIET RETIEF, 2380017 826 4660017 826 0622082 337 5836

[email protected]

Memberslist Ledelys

HEAVITREE - HVTRALFE T

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036 352 2593082 566 6776

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HLANZENI - ZHLANZENI BORANSC/O DAVE GREEN,

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036 352 4724

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PO BOX 464,LADYSMITH, 3370

083 578 [email protected]

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LISSADELL - AAARDÉ A.A.

LISSADELL FARM,P.O. BOX 282,

ESTCOURT, 3310036 352 8241082 805 3508

[email protected]

MBUTU - MECALVERLEY G.J.

P.O. BOX 78,MELMOTH,

3835035 450 7042082 409 1825

[email protected]

NHLOSANE - XGRIFFIN W.N.

P.O. BOX 41, DARGLE, 3265033 234 4159083 320 3455

[email protected]

STUCCA - FAVEEPLAAS TRUSTP/A F.L. AVELING,

POSBUS 69,PONGOLA, 3170

034 413 1783 034 413 1111082 945 7616

UPPER ELLERSLIE - NAB

BOETTIGER A.P.O. BOX 255,

WINTERTON, 3340036 468 1330083 281 2754

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MTEBENI - MTMTEBENI RANCHES (PTY) LTD

P/A G.J. BADENHORST,POSBUS 149, PONGOLA, 3170

034 414 1083034 414 1125083 2270 608

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JANNIE JOOSTE - JJJOOSTE J.

POSBUS 12553,BENDORPARK, 0699

015 263 6669082 776 8137

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LIMPOPO | LIMPOPO

DIAMANT-V - DVBPISTORIUS J.C.C.

TAAIBOS, POSBUS 185, VAALWATER, 0530

014 754 4462082 670 0792

MARONES - JHP/A DR J.C. HENNING,

POSBUS 1168,ELLISRAS, 0555

014 763 2632083 655 0185

[email protected]

TOULEIER - VDVAN DYK M.J.

POSBUS 94, VAALWATER, 0530

014 755 4356082 374 2913

WALTRI - WALVAN DER WALT W.A.

POSBUS 972, MOKOPANE, 0600

015 491 8000015 491 7476082 494 7415

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KOEDOESLOOP,POSBUS 347,

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MPUMALANGA | MPUMALANGA

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BB AGRI - HBBB AGRI BOERDERY TRUST

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DE ROODEPOORT - LES

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017 811 2305082 851 2161

ELANDSPRUIT - CFHVAN OUDTSHOORN S.W.C.

POSBUS 666,ERMELO, 2350082 881 8788082 881 8879082 376 2699

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013 656 1936013 656 2756083 267 0778

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POSBUS 189,STANDERTON, 2430

017 712 4202082 897 6064

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TALANDA - TITALANDA A.P.

WATERFALL, P.O. BOX 241,DANNHAUSER, 3080

034 393 2420082 802 8987

TOJO - PAOTOJO RANCHING CC

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POSBUS 1500,ERMELO, 2350017 819 1936082 800 4913

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017 629 3256017 629 3392082 388 0053

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RION - CPHCOETZEE P.H.POSBUS 134,

SCHAGEN, 1207013 733 3733072 799 3051

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TRIPLE A - AAAALBERTS N.F. & J.B.

SUITE MW 78, PRIVAATSAK X1838, MIDDELBURG, 1050

013 282 7064082 894 8755

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NAMIBIË | NAMIBIA

KENA - TSKENA BORAN STUDC/O AP JAMIESON,

P.O. BOX 9851, WINDHOEK0026467 3066490026467 306649

0026481 2704 [email protected]

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P.O. BOX 912,GROOTFONTEIN00264 67 24365200264 67 243652

00264 81 127 [email protected]

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0026463-293039081-128 3937

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BOS OPTIMUS - BCRBEN SPIES FAMILIE

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8770083 282 3996

Abe: 053 663 0091DrSpies: 082 800 [email protected]

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POSBUS 206,HARTSWATER, 8570

053 474 0731053 474 0901082 925 3313

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053 663 0539053 663 0091083 282 3996

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POSBUS 63, TOSCA, 8618053 932 vra 1003

082 948 [email protected]

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053 664 0173082 821 1527

[email protected], christopher@cdhbraunvieh.

co.za

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KAWAJA - FJKAWAJA BOERDERY

P/A MNR F.J. PRETORIUS,POSBUS 48,

WOLMARANSSTAD, 2630018 596 2596018 596 1396072 341 3165

NORTH WEST | NOORD-WES

BOON - FNJBOON E.H.

POSBUS 55, BOONS, 0334014 577 3883014 577 1086082 852 4581

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POSBUS 2644, BRITS, 0250012 250 2359012 250 2299082 553 1260

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POSBUS 26, DERBY, 0347014 549 2011014 549 2012083 273 8332

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POSBUS 141, DERBY, 0347014 549 2658014 549 2100083 664 0075

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BOESMANSVALLEI - TJP

THYS EN JOHMAP/A T POTGIETER,

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046 653 0929046 653 0769082 789 7086

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EASTERN CAPE | OOS-KAAP

CHAN-TE-MAR - CTMP/A G.P. BARNARD,

POSBUS 932,HUMANSDORP, 6300

042 291 0393042 291 0393083 278 2116

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P.O. BOX 143,VENTERSTAD, 9798

051 654 0545082 550 8518

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POSBUS 16,DELAREYVILLE, 2770

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LELIEKLOOF - BLTLELIEKLOOF TRUST

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015 653 1240 083 760 7851

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046 684 0705046 684 0705083 342 5913

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Many different breeds of humped Zebu cattle indigenous to Africa have been improved in recent years to become good beef producers, but few have met

with the success of the Boran cattle, which originate in the arid wastes of Kenya’s Northern Province.

This hardy animal with its characteristic white appearance has been introduced to the drier areas of the Kenya Highlands by a number of European ranchers and used as the basis for their stock.

The man generally regarded as the pioneer Boran-breeder in the European ranching country of Kenya is Mr. Gilbert Colvile, who began with Boran cattle bought from the Northern Frontier tribes around 1909.

Most of the cattle-ranching country in Kenya has sparse or erratic rainfall and there are many European-owned ranches in Laikipia, the rolling plains to the north-west of Mt. Kenya which fall away from the lush fertility of Kikuyu land towards the stony deserts of the Northern Province. Boran cattle are also suited to the similar dry conditions in parts of the Rift Valley around Naivasha and also east of Machakos, where the Highlands begin their descent to the Indian Ocean coastline.

There are many Kenya farms where Boran herds are today a common sight. Some ranchers favour grade herds built up by crossing Boran cows with exotic bulls, but there are others who have valuable herds founded entirely on Boran stock which have been improved by selection from within the breed.

In the second category as a breeder of pure Borans is Tasmanian-born W. Miles Fletcher, with several Boran herds totaling in all 3,000, grazing on 41,000 acres of pasture almost bisected by the Equator line.

This equatorial ranch, within sight of the glaciers of Mt. Kenya, consists of two properties: the smaller of 18,000 acres owned by Mr. Fletcher and the larger Suguroi (or “Red Aloe”) estate of 23,000 acres managed by him for Dr. Edith Hartley, of Mweiga, Kenya. Mr. Thad Avery, of Three Forks, previously owned the estate Montana, U.S.A.

Rainfall in the Laikipia ranching country averages around 25 inches per year, but may fall as low as ten. By a system of fenced paddocks, Mr. Fletcher has almost doubled the carrying capacity of the land and it now averages eight acres to one beast. Not one mile of fencing existed when he took over in 1927. Now there are some 200 miles of wire running through the two properties, including 25 miles of six-foot-height netting, designed to keep out wild animals.

Wild animals provide Mr. Fletcher and his neighbours in this part of East Africa with one of their major headaches. He estimates that there are 7,000 head of Thomson’s gazelle (locally known as “Tommy”) living off the precious pastures, plus herds of larger buck, including Grant’s gazelle. Now and then families of giraffe trespass on the property, striding nonchalantly across the fencing wires.

Elephant, rhino and buffalo are least considerate on their nocturnal incursions on to the ranch property from the neighbouring forests. The morning reveals havoc in the shape of many yards of smashed fencing.

Menace to his stock by carnivorous animals and reptiles, ranging from lions to puffadders, is less

STORY: Alistair Matheson • PHOTOGRAPHS: Edwin Mullis

Mr Miles Fletcher on his ranch near Nanyuki

KenyaRancher

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common than in previous years, but Mr. Fletcher still keeps a wary eye open for such dangers to his stock. The last visit by a lion was on Christmas Day, 1952, but in the 31 years he has been on this property he has shot about 40 buffalo, 30 cheetah, several leopard and rhino and hundreds of wild dogs.

But it was none of these which dealt Mr. Fletcher the cruelest blow of all his many years in Africa as cattle-rancher. One dark night in 1953 a brand of Mau Mau terrorists, led by the self-styled “General” Kimbo, sneaked to within earshot of the cedar-board farmhouse to pick out from among his 3,000 head of cattle the precious beasts forming the stud herd. In one night’s Mau Mau cattle rustling 15 years’ work was destroyed and Mr. Fletcher had to start again almost from scratch to build up the Boran breeding stock he had taken over from Mr. Colvile. With special assistance from the Government, he was able to purchase selected heifers from the Northern Province.

Looking back on the six years of the Mau Mau Emergency since its outbreak in 1952, Mr. Fletcher counts a total of 250 cattle and 1,500 sheep stolen by terrorist gangs and slaughtered for food or viciously maimed.

As a cattle-rancher and sheep-raiser on an equally large scale, Mr. Fletcher is probably unique in East Africa. Few of the sheep are his own property – most belong to the Suguroi estate which he manages, but in addition to the 3.000 Boran cattle, they represent not only a considerable investment and revenue-earner but a heavy responsibility.

The hardy Boran cattle in Kenya can fend for themselves with the aid of periodic dipping, inoculating and the provision of drinking troughs in the paddocks. Years of hard work in battling against the perverseness of Africa, the climate the wild animals not to mention the Mau Mau have brought Mr. Fletcher their reward. It is a reward of which this modest Tasmanian can be justly proud – recognition as one of Kenya’s leading stock-raisers.

As a mark of his status in the beef-producing industry he holds the office of Vice-Chairman of the Kenya Meat Commission, the semi-official board which regulates this important aspect of agriculture. He is also Chairman of the Boran Cattle Breeders’ Society of Kenya, which has some 65 members and has over 1,500 animals registered in its books.

And his achievements enable him to produce statistics such as steers under four years old “killing out” at over 600 lb. Cold dressed weight and a calving percentage of over 85.

How do conditions for cattle raising in Africa compare with Australia? Looking back on his experience in both contents, Mr. Fletcher considers that, whereas cattle in Africa are menaced by a variety of ailments such as rinderpest and numerous tick-born diseases, the ranchers in Kenya do not have to contend with the prolonged droughts.

And with indigenous animals like the Boran, their resistance is very much greater than that of Exotic breeds. Foot-and-mouth disease, which has become almost endemic in parts of East Africa, has no lasting ill-effects on such cattle and is no more serious to the Boran breed than a common cold might be to Mr. Fletcher or his fellow ranchers.

In fact those traditonal stock-raisers of East Africa, the Maza, use the one word “njarobi” both for a cold and foot-and-mouth disease.

KenyaBoran Cattle Breeders’ Society

Origins

The original Born Cattle were the property of the Boran Tribe who hail from the Abyssinian border country, though in the last half-century a consider-able number of the Boran tribesmen, with the herds to which they have given their name, have migrated into Kenya.

Typical Boran cattle are white in colour, but with black skins, noses, eartips, knees and fetlocks. There are a number of varieties, but the lighter colours tend to predominate. Striking features of the native Boran are its great heart room, and the large size of the males compared with the females.

There are certain faults in the native bred Boran as a

Yearling Boran heifers bred by Miles Fletcher in 1958

Taken from an old Kenyan BCBS brochure

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beef animal, such as a sloping rump, and a tendency to light hindquarters. Fortunately these faults are not confined to all Boran cattle and the European ranch-ers have gradually been able to eliminate them by selective breeding.

Objects of the Society

One of the primary objects of the Boran Cattle Breeders’ Society is to approve and establish a defi-nite type, particularly as “Boran” has now become understood as the name for improved Native Beef Cattle.

At present the Society is registering cattle that are passed by a Panel of Judges for the Foundation Stock and their progeny will (if passed by the Judges) be eligible for the next grade and so on, the standard being higher for each generation. At the fifth genera-tion these will be eligible for the Stud Book and this way it is hoped that the same type will be evolved throughout the Colony. For the moment the Society

is concentrating on BEEF, but it is hoped later to have a sub-section for the DAIRY type, as a proportion of these cattle are good milkers.

Herd of unimproved Boran at water, Northern FrontierDistrict in the middle 1900’s

No 3554 Twigo, born July 1963, daughter of Suguroi bull 547, then owned by Mutara Estate Lrd. Supreme Beef

Champion, Nairobi Show 1968

Criticisms answered

The usual criticism of Boran cattle is that they are slow maturing. Under desert conditions this is un-doubtedly correct, but under these same conditions no exotic breed would ever reach maturity, and it is of interest to know that in parts of North Australia Shorthorn steers kill out at 500 lbs. c.d.w. at over 5 years old. Borans under desert conditions in the Northern Frontier of Kenya are often watered only every third day.

It is of course true that under some lush pasture conditions Borans cannot compete with exotic beef breeds, but to how much of Africa do these condi-tions apply?

Steers of Laikipia ranching country, with no supple-mentary feed, have averaged 640 lbs c.d.w., and graded first at 3 years 10 months. Similarly the new “Choice” grade of beef has been achieved with young Boran cattle averaging 561 lbs c.d.w. from the low country round Emali, and it seems that the rate of maturity is steadily improving.

The great advantage of the Boran in more arid areas is their ability to hold their own during a drought, and to go ahead immediately conditions approve.

The stunted animals seen as one passes through many native reserves are Zebus, but not Borans, and their appearance is largely due to a state of perma-nent malnutrition and lack of management. It is re-markable that stunted Boran cows, if given reason-able conditions, will produce good calves.

Regular Breeding

A great advantage of these cattle is the regular breed-ing of the cows, and it is not uncommon for them to have calves at an interval of 11 months. A number of ranches have averaged better than 80% calving percentages for some years, and in a few cases the figure is over 90%. Their excellent constitutions give them a high rate of resistance to tickborne diseases, and also to the two banes of exotic cattle; breeding diseases and foot-and-mouth.

There is no doubt a great future for this breed, not only as such, but also for the establishment of breeds with a proportion of Zebu blood. In fact it was this very feature of the excellence of the progeny of Bo-ran cows crossed with exotic cattle, which kept pure Borans rather out of the picture until about 1930. Practically all the best exotic dairy and beef herds in the colony were founded on Boran blood, and it is often necessary to introduce it again when they show signs of lack of constitution.

Great failure

Professor H.R. Bisschop, in a broadcast given after his tour in Kenya said: “As to the beef potentialities of the indigenous cattle, I have been particularly struck by their balanced body build, that is, the good pro-portion of the hind to the forequarters, and by their

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even and full covering of flesh. Comparing the Bo-ran beef herds which I have seen with the Afrikaner herds in the Union, I definitely prefer the conforma-tion of the Boran.”

Herd of Boran breeding cows at Suguroi Estate in 1959, with the Aberdare mountains in the background

It should be noted that the Boran produces first-class beef, though it has been said in some quarters that the exotic breeds alone produce a beef really justify-ing the choice grade. This is, of course, and assertion without merit or fact behind it, because at Smith-field, London, the Zebu, of which the Boran is a typi-cal family member, have been ranked in the highest categories for many years.

Points of Borans

Head:

There are two types of head; the long lean head with often a convex nasal bone and forehead, and the shorter head with straighter convex profile. The latter is to be preferred as being more indicative of beef. The eyes should have prominent eyebrows and drooping eyelids. The nostrils should be large and not pinched, the muzzle broad. The head should be well carried. The polled characteristic is desirable.

Neck:

Short, strong, deep. Ears small to medium not large and droopy.

Dewlap:

Well developed with plenty of loose skin. There should not be too much loose skin on the sheath.

Brisket:

Deep, full and broad.

Shoulders:

Deep and well laid on to the ribs which should be well sprung. There should be a good depth at the girth and the animal should not be tied in behind the shoulders.

Hump:

Should be over the withers and not on the neck. It

should be well developed in bulls, and not so notice-able in cows. Types: Preference should be given to a rounded hump lying well back; a pointed or double hump is desirable.

Back:

Broad, strong and straight.

Hips:

Wide and well covered, with pin bones set well apart. Well fleshed between pin bones and root of tail.

Rump:

Should be long, with tail set reasonable high. It is most important to have a good length from tailhead to scrotum or udder. (Twist).

Thighs:

Broad and full, to carry well down to second thigh.

Legs:

Strong, with reasonable but not coarse bones. Short pasterns. Good feet set straight forward. Strong hocks, set fairly well apart. The legs should be of me-dium length.

Flanks:

Should be well let down.

Udder:

Should be well formed and not too small.

Size:

It is important, especially in bulls. Rangy animals are undesirable, as being slow maturing.

Colour:

Not brindle.

Skin:

Dark pigmentation is desirable. The hide should be loose and pliable. The hair fine and short.

Champion bull from Suguroi Estate, at this time owned by Gianni Lancia at the 1970 Nairobi Show

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