blurred lines: multiple freshwater and marine …blurred lines: multiple freshwater and marine...
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BLURREDLINES:MULTIPLEFRESHWATERANDMARINETOXINS
ATTHELAND- SEAINTERFACEMistyPeacock,
NorthwestIndianCollege
CorinneGibble,CaliforniaDept.ofFishandWildlife
DavidSenn,SanFranciscoEstuaryInstitute
JamesCloern,UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey
RaphaelKudela,UniversityofCaliforniaSantaCruz
SanFranciscoBay
CloernandJassby,2012
• USGSWaterQuality
• Twicemonthlycruisesfrom1992–present
• >20,000uniquecountsforphytoplankton
FourToxicSpeciesofConcern
Blue-GreenAlgaeKarlodinium
Karenia
Dinophysis
Pseudo-nitzschia
Alexandrium
1995 2000 2005 2010
1- 1010– 5050- 100
100- 200
>200
phytoplanktoncells/mL
.
Sutula etal.2017
Chlorophyll-ausedasaproxyforharmfulalgae
Inflectionpointofincreasedrisk>25mgm-3 ofchl a
ParticulateToxin DissolvedToxin
K Borchers / San Jose Mercury News
So,thereareharmfulalgae,whatabouttoxins?
Microcystin
DomoicAcid
ParalyticShellfishToxins
OkadaicAcidandDTX
[ng L-1]
[ng L-1]
Peacocketal.,submitted
SOC
SO
CE
SP
SUI
16
26
39
32
42
20
16
15
13
13
8
8
6
6
17
17
19
16
37
10
7
6
1
60
76
62
65
62
82
104
74
99
91
868097
18
19
0
117
17
22
29
52
20
119
116
19
62
48
274
430
323
10376
119
78
121
54
85
116
59
81
29
168
178
117
135
24
83
90
92
83
27
28
55
42
109
52
89
64
6498
101
85
146
181
65
29
31
94
1554
0
5
105
180
5
8
5
0
285
6
81
91
414
183182
152
86
143
72
103
862
1650
205
64
66183
42
545
160
148
233
168
8381948
77
59
162
79
21
31
30
30
57
138
208
44
37
44
222
173
166
413
88
113
89
1572
497
448
298
364
10
12
6
14
11
14
8
72
79
328
82
494
89
77
3
4
33
170
61
59
1
54
416
505
135513
250414232
383
353
440
573
859
618
963
990
1097
108
133
93
189
206
121
103
114
28
39
65
83
1208
33
0
104
72
99
61
79
SO
SOC
CE
SP
SUI
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Date
Seg
men
t
0-5051-100101-200201-500
501-1000
>1000
2
6
0
9
21
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
18
0
1
7
05
5
0
5
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
23
0
0
80
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
0 3
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
25
3
8
0
0
5
10
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
14
3
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
1
0
9
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
13
11
13
12
13
15
12
8
9
12
8
8 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SO
SOC
CE
SP
SUI
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Date
Seg
men
t
0-22-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
>10
SUI Suisun Bay/Delta SP San Pablo Bay CE Central Bay SOC South-Central Bay SO South Bay
Domoic Acid [ng g-1]
Micryocystin [ng g-1]
Peacocketal.,submitted
Meanwhilein2015….
Andsimultaneously….
Arethesetoxinsaccumulating? • Environmental/placedmusselsamples
• June– Sept2012,2014
• April– September2015
• EachmusseltestedforDomoic Acid,Microcystin,PST,Okadaic AcidandDTX-2
CaliforniaMussel
San Joaquin River
Sacramento River
Suisun Bay
San Pablo Bay
Central Bay
South Bay
Lower South BayBA-10
BA-40
BB-71
BC-10
BD-30
BC-61
BA-30
BD-20 BD-40
BG-20
BG-30
RTC
PP PI
BM
AI
2012 and 2014 2012 only
2015 only
San Joaquin River
Sacramento River
Suisun Bay
San Pablo Bay
Central Bay
South Bay
Lower South Bay
PS
Ts [n
g g-1
]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g g-1
]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20D
STs
[ng
g-1 ]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
LocationBA-40BB-71BC-10BC-61BD-20BD-30BD-40BG-20BG-30 T-0
Dom
oic
acid
[ng
g-1 ]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
PS
Ts [n
g g-1
]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DS
Ts [n
g g-
1 ]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
LocationBA-40BB-71BC-10BC-61BD-20BD-30BD-40BG-20BG-30 T-0
Dom
oic
acid
[ng
g-1 ]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
BA
-40
BB
-71
BC
-10
BC
-61
BD
-20
BD
-30
BD
-40
BG
-20
BG
-30
T-0
LocationBA-40BB-71BC-10BC-61BD-20BD-30BD-40BG-20BG-30 T-0
Dom
oic
acid
[ng
g-1 ]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g g-1
]0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
★
Domoic Acid=20,000ngg-1DSTs=160ngg-1
PSTs=800ngg-1 Microcystins =10ngg-1
Thesetoxinsaccumulateinthefoodweb
>20ppm
10-201-10
<1
>24µg/kg
12-242-12
<2
DomoicAcid(100% ofmusselscontaminated)
Microcystins(88% ofmusselscontaminated)
>80µg/100g
40-8010-40
<10
ParalyticShellfishToxins(59% ofmusselscontaminated)
>160ppm
100-15911-99
<10
Okadaic AcidandDTX-2(94% ofmusselscontaminated)
2012,2014RMPCagedMussels(n=20)
Dom
oic
Aci
d [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PS
T [n
g/g]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PS
T [n
g/g]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PS
T [n
g/g]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DS
T [n
g/g]
0
100
200
300
400
500
PS
T [n
g/g]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DS
T [n
g/g]
0
100
200
300
400
500
Dom
oic
Aci
d [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PS
T [n
g/g]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dom
oic
Aci
d [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Point Isabel
Domoic Acid [ng/g]
0 20 40 60 80
100
120
Domoic Acid [ng/g]
0 20 40 60 80
100
120
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g/g]
0
10
20
30
40
DS
T [n
g/g]
0
100
200
300
400
500
Dom
oic
Aci
d [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g/g]
0
10
20
30
40
Point Protrero Romberg-Tiburon Center
DS
T [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
Domoic Acid [ng/g]
0 20 40 60 80
100
120
Berkeley Marina D
omoi
c A
cid
[ng/
g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g/g]
0
100
200
300
400
Alameda Island
DS
T [n
g/g]
0
20
40
60
80
★ ★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★ ★
★ ★
★
★
★
★
★
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g/g]
0
100
200
300
400
Mic
rocy
stin
s [n
g/g]
0
100
200
300
400
★
★
★
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Sep Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Domoic Acid=20,000ngg-1DSTs=160ngg-1
PSTs=800ngg-1 Microcystins =10ngg-1
Thesetoxinsaccumulateinthefoodweb
>20ppm
10-201-10
<1
>24µg/kg
12-242-12
<2
Domoic Acid(100% ofmusselscontaminated)
Microcystins(88% ofmusselscontaminated)
>80µg/100g
40-8010-40
<10
ParalyticShellfishToxins(59% ofmusselscontaminated)
>160ppm
100-15911-99
<10
Okadaic AcidandDTX-2(94% ofmusselscontaminated)
NaturallyOccurringMussels(n=24-81)
98%
82%
59%
71%
Californiamussel
Marinebirds
Humanconsumption
Marinemammals
Whyshouldweworry?
Pseudo-nitzschiaspp.
Microcystisspp.
Dinophysisspp.
Alexandrium spp.
http://www.foragesf.com/blog/wild-kitchen/foraging-mussels
Whyshouldweworry?
SubsistenceHarvesters
Subsistenceharvestersaremorelikelytoingesthigherthanaverageamountsofshellfish
• Microcystins andDomoic Acidtoxinsarepresentnearlyallthetime inthewatercolumnForSanFranciscoBay
• Microcystins,Domoic Acid,PST,Okadaic AcidorDTX-2werepresentin99%oftheshellfishwetested,37%havingallfourtoxins
• NotjustSanFranciscoBay!Multipletoxinsalsodetectedalongtheopencoast
EvenlowtoxininthefoodwebshouldbecauseforconcernandMicrocystin,Okadaic AcidandDTXarealarming
BlurredLines:MultipleFreshwaterandMarineToxins