Presented by:

NIKHILESH.J.R

& KRISHNA RAJ.S

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• Human brain - The most valuable creation Human brain - The most valuable creation ofof God. God.

• BLUE BRAIN - The name of the world’s first BLUE BRAIN - The name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine that virtual brain. That means a machine that can function as human brain.can function as human brain.

• Main aim is to upload human brain into Main aim is to upload human brain into machine. machine.

• After the death of the body, the virtual After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man.brain will act as the man.

Contn…Contn…

•IBM is now in research to create a Virtual Brain.•The first phase of Blue Brain project started

after 15 years of systematically dissecting a

single neocortical column.•The project has focused not only on building a

model of NCC, but on developing a generic

facility.•The model of NCC consists of 10,000 3D

digitalization of real neurons.

FUNCTIONING OF BRAIN FUNCTIONING OF BRAIN Sensory Input Sensory Input Receiving input such as sound ,image, Receiving input such as sound ,image,

etcetc through sensory cell .through sensory cell .

InterpretationInterpretation Interpretation of the received input by Interpretation of the received input by

the brain by defining states of neurons the brain by defining states of neurons in the brain.in the brain.

Motor OutputMotor Output Receiving of electric responses from the Receiving of electric responses from the

brain to perform any action .brain to perform any action .

Modeling The Blue Brain

1: Modeling the neurons:-• Shape & Structure influences it’s electrical

properties.

• Neuron morphology & Electrical behavior of

the Juvenile Rat is used as the basis for the

model.

2: Modeling connections:-•Precise density & Volume of the Cell provides

essential information for constructing

cortical circuits.

•Blue Gene is used in intensive calculation to

fix the synapse locations

3: Modeling the column:-•The result of all these calculations is a

recreation at the cellular level of the NCC.

•A model of NCC was completed at the

end of 2006.

Model of NCC

Specific achievements of BBP-Phase 1

Modeling framework for automatic, on

demand construction of neural circuits : from

biological data.New simulation & calibration process :

automatically analyses the biological accuracy

& consistency of each revision of the model.Can serve as a key tool foe simulation based

research.

Blue Gene : Super Computer

•Blue Gene – Computer architecture project

designed to produce several super

computers having speeds in PFLOPS range.•4 Blue Gene Projects

Blue Gene/L Blue Gene/C Blue Gene/P Blue Gene/Q

Blue Gene/L :

•Developed through a partnership with Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

•Theoretical performance : 478 TFLOPS sustained

596 TFLOPS peak.

•It uses Lustre to access multiple file systems in the

600TB – 1PB range.

Features:•Trading the speed of processors for low power

consumption

•Duel processors per node with two working modes

•System on-chip design

•Large number of nodes

•3D torus interconnect with auxiliary networks

•Lightweight OS per node for minimum system

overhead

Architecture:

• The uploading is possible by the use of small robots known as the nanobots

• These robots are small enough to travel through out our circulatory system

• Traveling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system

• They will be able to provide an interface with computer while we still reside in our biological form

UPLOADING HUMAN BRAIN

• Nanobots could also carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete readout of the connection.

• This information, when entered into a computer, could then continue to function as us.

• Thus the data stored in the entire brain will be uploaded into the computer.

Contn…Contn…

BRAIN SIMULATIONBRAIN SIMULATION

•The electrical activity of each neuron is simulated

via supercomputers•A visual exploration of the circuit is an important

part of the analysis•As the electrical impulse travels through the column,

neurons light up and change color as they become

electrically active•All calibrating & comparing fn.s of Blue Brain

circuit : 2nd stage of Blue Brain process

INPUTINPUT

Through the natural Through the natural neurons neurons

INPUTINPUT

Through the silicon Through the silicon chip or artificial chip or artificial neurons neurons

INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

By a set of bits in the By a set of bits in the set of register set of register

INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

By different states of By different states of the neurons in the brainthe neurons in the brain

NATURAL BRAIN VS SIMULATED BRAINNATURAL BRAIN VS SIMULATED BRAIN

OUTPUTOUTPUT

Through the natural Through the natural neurons.neurons.

OUTPUTOUTPUT

Through the silicon Through the silicon chip .chip .

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

Through arithmetic and Through arithmetic and logical calculations.logical calculations.

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

Through arithmetic and Through arithmetic and logical calculation and logical calculation and artificial intelligence.artificial intelligence.

MEMORYMEMORY

Through permanent Through permanent states of neurons states of neurons

MEMORYMEMORY

Through Through Secondary Secondary memory memory

NEURON SOFTWARE•Simulation environment for modeling individual

and network of neurons.

•Developed by : Michael Hines, John W Moore &

Ted Carnivale.

•Primary scripting language used to interact is hoc.

•Supports parallelization via the MPI protocol.

•Properties of neuron membrane channels are

simulated using NMODL language.

Program to create a nerve cell

//create two sections, the body of the neuron and a very long axon

create soma, axon

soma {

//length is set to 100 micrometers

L = 100

//diameter is set to 100 micrometers

diam = 100

//insert a mechanism simulating the standard squid Hodgkin–Huxley channels

insert hh

//insert a mechanism simulating the passive membrane properties

insert pas

}

axon {

L = 5000

diam = 10

insert hh insert pas

//the axon shall be simulated using 10 compartments. By default a single compartment is used

nseg = 10

}

//connect the distal end of the soma to the proximal end of the axon

connect soma(1), axon(0)

//declare and insert a current clamp into the middle of the soma

objref stim

soma stim = new IClamp(0.5)

//define some parameters of the stimulus: delay, duration (both in ms)

and amplitude (in nA)

stim.del = 10

stim.dur = 5

stim.amp = 10

//load a default NEURON library file that defines the run routine

Load_file("stdrun.hoc")

//set the simulation to run for 50 ms

tstop = 50

//run the simulation

run()

• Remembering things without any effort.

• Making decision without the presence of a person.

• Using intelligence of a person after the death .

• Understanding the activities of animals .

• Allowing the deaf to hear via direct nerve stimulation.

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES• We become dependent upon the computer .

• Others may use technical knowledge against us.

• Another fear is found today with respect to human cloning

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT REQUIRMENT

• A Super computerA Super computer• Memory with a very large storing capacityMemory with a very large storing capacity• Processor with a very high processing power.Processor with a very high processing power.• A very wide network.A very wide network.• A program to convert the electric impulses A program to convert the electric impulses

from the brain to input from the brain to input signal, which is to be received by the signal, which is to be received by the computer and vice versa.computer and vice versa.

• very powerful Nanobots to act as the interface very powerful Nanobots to act as the interface between the natural brain and the computer.between the natural brain and the computer.

BENEFITS

1. Gathering and testing 100 years of data:

To provide a working model into which the past 100 years knowledge about the microstructure and workings of the neocortical column can be gathered and tested.

2. Cracking the neural code:

The Neural Code refers to how the brain builds objects using electrical patterns. Creating an accurate replica of the NCC which faithfully reproduces the emergent electrical dynamics of the real microcircuit, is an absolute requirement to revealing how the neocortex processes, stores and retrieves information.

3. Understanding neocortical information processing:

The power of an accurate simulation lies in the predictions that can be generated about the neocortex. Indeed, iterations between simulations and experiments are essential to build an accurate copy of the NCC.

4. A novel tool for drug discovery for brain disorders:

Understanding the functions of different elements and pathways of the NCC will provide a concrete foundation to explore the cellular and synaptic bases of a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric diseases.

5. A global facility:

A software replica of a NCC will allow researchers to explore hypotheses of brain function and dysfunction accelerating research.

6. A foundation for whole brain stimulations:

generate reduced models that retain critical functions and computational capabilities, which can be duplicated and interconnected to form neocortical brain regions. Knowledge of the NCC architecture can be transferred to facilitate reconstruction of subcortical brain regions.

7. A foundation for molecular modeling of brain function:

Will provide the first and essential step to a gradual increase in model complexity moving towards a molecular level description of the neocortex with biochemical pathways being simulated.

RESEARCH WORK• IBM developing the “Blue brain” • IBM, in partnership with scientists at IBM, in partnership with scientists at

Switzerland’s Ecole Polytechnique Switzerland’s Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne’s(EPFL) Brain and Federale De Lausanne’s(EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating the Mind Institute will begin simulating the brain’s biological systems.brain’s biological systems.

FUTURE• Information from the molecular and genetic level will

be added to the algorithms.

•The project will search for insights into how human beings think and remember.

•Scientists think that blue brain could also help to cure the Parkinson's disease.

•The brain circuitry is in a complex state of flux, the brain rewiring itself every moment of its existence. If the scientists can crack open the secret of how and why the brain does it, the knowledge could lead to new breed of supercomputers.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

•We will be able to transfer ourselves into computers at some point.

•It will bring both benefits and harm to human society .

•Eventually aim of applying terrific computer power to the simulation of an entire brain.

•Very soon this technology will be highly accepted whole over the world.

Any Questions…?

Any doubt about this slide, contact:

krishnarajsalim@gmail.com or

njr1689@gmail.com