BLOOD

BLOOD∞Is considered the “essence of life”

because the uncontrolled loss of it can result in death.

∞Also thought to define character and emotions.

∞Is a type of connective tissue, consisting of cells and cell fragments

surrounded by liquid matrix.

Functions and Composition of Blood

Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products

Transport of processed molecules Transport of regulatory molecules Regulation of pH and osmosis Maintenance of body temperature Protection against foreign

substances Clot formation

Plasma Is a pale yellow fluid that consist of

about 91% water; 7% proteins; and 2% other substances, such as ions, nutrients, gases, and waste products

The Plasma Proteins are:

Albumin Globulins

Fibrinogen

Plasma Proteins

Albumin – makes up 58% of the plasma proteins

Globulins – account for 38% of the plasma proteins

Fibrinogen – is a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of

plasma proteins

Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell production

Stem cells or hemocytoblats – stem cells differentiate to give rise to different cell lines, each of which ends with the formation of a particular type of formed element

Growth factors – development of each cell line is regulated by specific proteins

Red Blood Cell1. Red blood cells are biconcave discs containing

hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase •A hemoglobin molecule consists of four heme

and four globin molecules. The heme molecules transport oxygen. Iron is required for oxygen transport

•The globin molecules transport carbon dioxide2. Carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in

plasma (7%), bound to hemoglobin (23%), and as bicarbonate ions (70%)

3. Carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells promotes the formation the formation of bicarbonate ions

Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells•Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to proerythroblasts. Through a series of cell division and diffetiation, cells accumulate hemoglobin, lose their nuclei, and are released into the blood as reticulocytes, which become red blood cells.•In response to low blood oxygen, the kidneys produce erythroproietin, which stimulates erythropoiesis

5. Worn-out red blood cell are phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen or liver. Hemoglobin is broken down, iron and amino acids are reused, and heme becomes bilirubin that is secreted in bile.

White blood cell

1.White blood cell protect the body against microorganism and remove dead cell and debris.

2.Five types of white blood cell exist.•Neutrophils are small phagocytic cells.•Eosinophils reduce infalmmation.•Basophils release histamine and are involved with increasing the inflammatory response.•Lymphocytes are important in immunity, including the production of antibodies.•Monocytes leave the blood, enter tissues, and become large phagocytic cells called macrophages

Five types of white blood cell exist

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

Neutrophils are small phagocytic cells. Eosinophils reduce inflammation. Basophils release histamine and are

involved with increasing the inflammatory response.

Lymphocytes are important in immunity, including the production of antibodies.

Monocytes leave the blood, enter tissues, and become large phagocytic cells called macrophages

Platelets or Thrombocytes

Are cell fragments involved with preventing blood loss.

This prevention is accomplished in two ways:

1. The formation of platelet plugs, which seal holes in small vessels

2. The formation of clots, which help seal off lager wounds in the vessels

Prevention of Blood Loss

Vascular Spasm Is an immediate but temporary

constriction of blood vessel resulting from a contraction of smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel.

Platelet Plugs

1.Platelets repair minor damage to blood vessels by forming plate plugs.•In platelets adhension, platelets bind to collagen in damaged tissues.•In the platelets release reaction, platelets release chemicals that activate additional platelets.•In the platelets aggregation, platelets bind to one another to form a platelet plug.

2.Platelets also release chemicals(ADP and thromboxanes) involved with blood clotting

Blood Clotting

1.Blood clotting, of coagulation, is the formation of a clot2.Blood cltting begins with the extrinsic of intrinsic pathway.

Both pathways end with the production of activated factor X.•The extrinsic pathways begins with the release of thromboplastin from damage tissues•The intrinsic pathway begins with the activation of afctorXII

3.Activated factor X, factor V, phospholipids, and Ca form prothrombinase.

4.Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombinase.5.Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin. The

insoluble fibrin forms the clot.

Control of Clot Formation

- Anticoagulants in the blood, such as antithrombin and heparin, prevent clot formation.

Clot Retraction and fibrinolysis1. Clot retraction results from the contraction of

platelets, which pull the edges of damages tissue closer togather.

2. Serum, whish is plasma minus fibrinogen and some clotting factors, is squeezed out of the clot.

3. Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator activate plasmin, which dissolves fibrin.

Blood Grouping

1. Blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

2. In transfusion reactions, antibodies can bind to red blood cell antegens, resulting in agglutination or hemolysis of red blood cells.

WHAT’S YOUR FAVORITE COLOR??

N dIz Xtory, U wiLl kNow WhAt coLor meanS in Our Life…

Tke a DiP braetH… Inhale …Inhale..exHAle …ExhaLE… hoooHH…

Don’t v fOOledd,,

THE COLOR OF

FRIENDSHIP

Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel: all claimed that they were the best, the most important, the most useful, the favorite.

GREEN said: “Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees, leaves - without me, all animals would die. Look over the countryside and you will see that I am in the majority.”

BLUE interrupted: “You only think about the earth, but consider the sky and the sea. It is the water that is the basis of life and, drawn up by the clouds, forms the deep sea. The sky gives space and peace and serenity. Without my peace, you would all be nothing.”

YELLOW chuckled: “You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety, and warmth into the world. The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the stars are yellow. Every time you look at a sunflower, the whole world starts to smile. Without me there would be no fun.”

ORANGE started next to blow her trumpet: “I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious for I serve the needs of human life. I carry the most important vitamins. Think of carrots, pumpkins, oranges, mangoes, and pawpaws. I don’t hang around all the time, but when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any of you.”

RED could stand it no longer. He shouted out: “I am the ruler of all of you - I am blood - life’s blood! I am the color of danger and of bravery. I am willing to fight for a cause. I bring fire into the blood. Without me, the earth would be empty as the moon. I am the color of passion and of love, the red rose, the poinsettia and the poppy.” 

PURPLE rose up to his full height. He was very tall and spoke with great pomp: “I am the color of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs, and bishops have always chosen me for I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me - they listen and obey.”

Finally, INDIGO spoke, much more quietly than all the others, but with just as much determination: “Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection, twilight and deep water. You need me for balance and contrast, for prayer and inner peace.”

And so the colors went on boasting, each convinced of his or her own superiority. Their quarreling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightening - thunder rolled and boomed. Rain started to pour down relentlessly. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.

In the midst of the clamor, rain began to speak: ” You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don’t you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me.”

Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands. The rain continued: “From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky in a great bow of color as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The RAINBOW is a sign of hope for tomorrow.”

And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, and a rainbow appears in the sky, let us remember to appreciate one another.