blogging as health literacy - a survivor’s story

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1 Introduction (30 sec) Hello, I’m Rebecca Hogue. I’m a PhD Candidate in the faculty of Education at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa Canada. My PhD specialization will be in Health Professions Education although my interest is more specifically in the ways that patients develop health literacies. Although I study in Ottawa, I’m currently living in Sunnyvale California and I teach online at uMass Boston. In addition to being a PhD Candidate, I am also a breast cancer survivor and a blogger.

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 Introduction  (30  sec)  Hello,  I’m  Rebecca  Hogue.  I’m  a  PhD  Candidate  in  the  faculty  of  Education  at  the  University  of  Ottawa  in  Ottawa  Canada.  My  PhD  specialization  will  be  in  Health  Professions  Education  -­  although  my  interest  is  more  specifically  in  the  ways  that  patients  develop  health  literacies.  Although  I  study  in  Ottawa,  I’m  currently  living  in  Sunnyvale  California  and  I  teach  online  at  uMass-­Boston.  In  addition  to  being  a  PhD  Candidate,  I  am  also  a  breast  cancer  survivor  and  a  blogger.      

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 Health  Literacy  and  Illness  Blogging  (1.5  min)    Norman  &  Skinner  (2008)  define  digital  health  literacy  as  “the  ability  to  seek,  find,  understand,  and  appraise  health  information  from  electronic  sources  and  apply  the  knowledge  gained  to  addressing  or  solving  a  health  problem”  (para.  6).    Street  (1995)  highlights  that  literacy  is  not  just  learning  of  new  skills  but  also  involves  “profound  changes  in  people’s  sense  of  identity  and  then  what  they  took  to  be  the  basis  of  knowledge”  (p.31).  In  the  context  of  health  literacy,  the  patient’s  identity  and  role  shift  from  a  passive  patient  who  follows  doctor’s  orders,  to  a  patient  who  works  with  their  healthcare  team  to  come  up  with  treatment  plans  that  work.  

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The  far  majority  of  research  on  illness  blogs  has  been  done  in  the  health  sciences  and  allied  health  professions.  The  research  has  largely  focused  on  either  lack  of  medical  correctness  of  illness  blogs  or  how  blogs  can  be  mined  for  information  to  improve  healthcare.  Further,  the  research  is  completed  by  researchers  who  are  neither  bloggers  nor  patients  of  the  illnesses  they  are  studying.  It  became  clear  to  me  that  there  is  a  lack  of  research  that  looks  at  illness  blogs  from  a  patient  perspective.    The  current  literature  on  patient  blogging  defines  ‘knowledge’  in  the  context  of  medicine,  rather  than  in  the  context  of  patient  experience.  There  is  a  need  for  more  research  that  looks  into  what  ‘knowledge’  is  created  and  shared  between  patients.      

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 Methodology    (1.5  min)  I  am  conducting  an  autoethnographic  study.  My  primary  source  of  data  is  my  personal  illness  blog,  found  at  BCBecky.com.  From  early  diagnosis  through  active  treatment  and  survivorship,  I  maintained  a  detailed  account  of  my  experience  as  a  breast  cancer  survivor,  sometimes  blogging  as  many  as  three  times  per  day.  Data  analysis  involves  a  thematic  analysis  of  the  content  of  the  first  16-­months  of  my  blog.  I  am  looking  for  both  emerging  themes,  but  also  ways  in  which  I  demonstrated  my  increased  knowledge  and  advocacy  associated  with  being  a  breast  cancer  survivor.    

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I  am  retelling  my  illness  story  into  a  narrative  format  that  aligns  with  what  Bochner  &  Ellis  (2016)  call  evocative  autoethnography.  Key  themes  that  are  emerging  from  my  research  include  (1)  negotiating  identity,  (2)  exploring  body  image  changes,  (3)  making  decisions,  (4)  understanding  side  effects,  (5)  developing  coping  mechanisms,  and  (6)  negotiating  the  medical  system.  I  shall  now  share  with  you  a  few  of  my  stories  in  the  form  of  blog  posts.  I’ve  indicated  on  the  slide  image  which  themes  are  expressed  within  the  specific  post  itself.      

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 Queen  of  Wishful  Thinking  (3  minutes)  August  29,  2014  

When  it  comes  to  the  entire  surgery  process,  I  find  myself  falling  into  the  realm  of  ‘queen  of  wishful  thinking’.  I  had  convinced  myself  that  ‘flat’  was  what  I  wanted.  I  joined  a  great  supportive  Facebook  group  ‘Flat  &  Fabulous’  and  found  that  I  was  creating  a  new  vision  of  myself  that  involved  a  beautiful  flat  chest  –  but  it  also  involved  a  beautiful  flat  abdomen  with  no  extra  body  fat.  My  reality  is  that  I  shall  always  being  carrying  extra  body  fat.  I’m  in  great  physical  shape  now,  and  yet  I  still  have  40%  body  fat.  I  already  eat  right  and  get  lots  of  exercise.    

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As  I  age,  I’m  destined  to  gain  a  few  more  pounds,  not  lose  them,  and  when  you  add  in  the  early  onset  menopause  that  is  part  of  the  long-­term  treatment  for  hormone  positive  breast  cancer,  my  battle  to  keep  my  weight  from  increasing  is  all  uphill.  Realistic  expectations  of  mastectomy  without  reconstruction  with  my  body  type  means  having  a  concave  space  under  my  arms  and  on  my  chest  where  currently  I  have  fatty  breast  tissue.  Not  ‘flat’  space  there,  rather  concave  space!  Reconstruction  would  be  required  to  put  some  fat  there,  otherwise,  the  only  thing  covering  my  ribs  will  be  a  thin  layer  of  skin.    I  now  need  to  do  some  serious  reflection.    What  do  I  really  want  to  look  like  after  surgery?  Long-­term  what  do  I  want  my  body  to  be,  in  order  to  have  a  positive  body  image?  What  is  a  reasonable  lifestyle  for  me  to  maintain?    

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I  need  to  ensure  that  I’m  not  setting  up  unrealistic  expectations  of  myself.  I  can  not  expect  that  magically,  after  double-­mastectomy  surgery  that  my  body  fat  will  just  suddenly  reduce  itself.  That  I’ll  magically  be  reformed  into  this  skinny  girl  with  no  breasts  and  awesomely  toned  body  –  that  is  just  me  being  completely  unrealistic.  I’m  now  looking  at  reconstruction  options.  I’m  strongly  considering  the  procedure  that  involves  re-­allocation  of  my  own  body  tissues.  In  addition,  I’m  looking  at  immediate  reconstruction  since  I  will  have  already  completed  chemo.  The  surgeries  that  involve  using  my  own  tissue  mean  longer  surgery,  longer  hospital  stay,  plus  longer  recovery  time.  But  from  the  reading  I’ve  done  so  far,  I’m  an  ideal  candidate.  I  have  enough  extra  body  fat,  but  not  too  much.  It  will  be  interesting  to  see  what  the  plastic  surgeon  has  to  say.  I’m  in  wait  mode  for  a  few  weeks  –  while  I  recover  from  my  last  AC  chemo  and  subject  myself  to  the  first  couple  of  rounds  of  T-­chemo.  One  step  at  a  time!      

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 I’m  Scared  (1  min)  September  17,  2014  I  went  for  a  bike  ride  and  the  exercise  made  the  neuropathy  in  my  feet  worse!  Unfortunately,  my  ride  today  will  likely  be  my  last  ride  until  after  Taxol  chemo.  In  addition  to  making  the  neuropathy  worse,  my  sense  of  disorientation  is  not  ideal  when  riding.  I  feel  like  things  move  too  fast.  I  shall  miss  it,  but  alas,  it  may  be  time  to  start  looking  into  indoor  exercise  options.    

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On  Monday,  my  oncologist  mentioned  that  if  the  neuropathy  gets  too  bad,  we  will  stop  chemo  and  move  up  the  surgery  date  –  that  scares  the  heck  out  of  me.  I  have  things  planned  –  I  have  plane  tickets  booked.  I  don’t  want  to  have  to  change  my  plans  …  I  want  to  continue  to  feel  like  I  am  in  control  of  this  process  …  so  today  I’m  scared.    The  thought  of  surgery  scares  me.  I  have  given  myself  permission  to  go  into  surgery  kicking  and  screaming.  I’m  OK  with  not  being  calm  and  collected  when  I  get  rolled  into  surgery.  It  is  natural  to  not  want  to  deal  with  it.        

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 Breast  that  are  not  breasts1  (3  min)  January  27,  2015  

I  have  breasts  that  are  not  breasts.  They  look  like  breasts.  They  feel  like  breasts.  But  are  they  really  breasts?    When  I  look  down,  my  chest  appears  normal.  But,  my  nipples  no  longer  have  sensation  or  reaction.  My  chest  does  not  recognize  or  feel  its  own  boundaries.      

                                                                                               1  This  story  was  published  in  the  anthology  “Shivering  in  a  Paper  Gown”  

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Imagine  what  your  face  feels  like  after  going  to  the  dentist  for  a  filling.  You  know  your  face  is  still  there,  but  it  does  not  have  feeling.  After  breast  cancer  and  surgeries,  I  look  down  and  see  that  my  breasts  are  there.  I  touch  them  with  my  hands.  I  feel  that  they  are  warm.  But  they  are  numb—just  like  after  the  dentist.  Only,  my  body  will  never  re-­grow  nerves  there.  I  will  never  have  feeling  in  my  chest  again.    I  first  noticed  the  lack  of  sensation  when  I  was  carrying  a  box  upstairs.  The  box  was  light,  but  bulky.  When  I  held  it,  I  had  no  sense  of  where  my  body  ended.  I  could  not  tell  how  much  pressure  I  was  using  with  my  arms,  because  I  could  not  sense  the  pressure  on  my  chest.    I  was  reminded  of  it  again  when  I  did  a  chair  massage  at  the  Cancer  Center.  When  I  climbed  into  the  chair  and  leaned  forward,  I  had  to  visually  check  to  see  if  I  was  positioned  correctly.  I  did  not  have  the  sensory  cues  to  tell  me  that  I  was  leaning  against  something.    

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It  is  odd  not  having  feeling  in  my  chest.  It  seems  as  though,  for  many  of  us  breast  cancer  patients,  our  surgeons  never  mentioned  this,  and  I  have  no  recollection  of  my  surgeon  mentioning  it.  I  had  read  about  it,  so  I  thought  I  was  prepared,  but  really,  I  was  not.  While  not  having  sensation  in  my  chest  means  that  I  cannot  feel  the  horrible  wounds  as  they  heal,  it  is  still  disconcerting.  Having  had  a  flap  reconstruction  that  took  part  of  my  stomach  tissue  to  recreate  my  breasts,  my  breasts  are  truly  a  part  of  my  body,  my  blood  flows  through  them,  they  are  warm,  and  yet,  they  do  not  have  feeling.    The  impact  of  not  having  feeling  is  starting  to  settle  in.  Eight  weeks  after  surgery,  I  am  finally  allowed  to  lie  on  my  stomach.  The  first  time  I  try  it,  I  feel  very  scared.  Am  I  causing  harm?  Is  there  something  underneath,  which,  unknowingly  to  me,  might  poke  into  me?  Am  I  tearing  open  my  wound?  How  do  I  possibly  get  comfortable  when  I  cannot  feel?    

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When  I  ask  about  what  a  breast  self-­exam  looks  like  with  flap-­reconstructed  breasts,  both  my  breast  surgeon  and  my  oncologist  tell  me,  “They  are  not  breasts.”    I  have  breasts  that  are  not  breasts.        

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 When  do  I  get  to  say  I  had  breast  cancer?(2.5  min)  February  3,  2015  

Yesterday,  I  started  taking  tamoxifen.  This  is  a  medication  that  blocks  your  body’s  production  of  estrogen  –  which  is  what  was  feeding  my  cancer.    

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I  was  struggling  with  the  idea  of  tamoxifen  until  just  the  other  day.  My  mother-­in-­law  has  been  trying  to  convince  me  for  months  that  tamoxifen  isn’t  evil.  It  is  nothing  like  chemotherapy  or  surgery  –  rather  just  something  that  you  do  -­  you  take  a  pill  each  day.  But  then  she  said  something  that  helped  me  reconceptualize  it  –  she  likened  it  to  hormonal  birth  control  pills.  I  had  no  trouble  taking  hormonal  birth  control,  so  why  should  I  have  difficulty  with  tamoxifen?  For  me,  that  worked.  I  can  do  this.  In  talking  with  another  survivor  about  tamoxifen  yesterday,  her  comment  was  that  the  information  in  the  packaging  says  it  is  to  treat  ‘breast  cancer’,  but  she  doesn’t  have  breast  cancer  anymore.  My  thought  exactly.  When  do  I  get  to  start  saying  that  I  had  breast  cancer  rather  than  I  have  breast  cancer?    In  my  mind,  that  date  was  December  17,  2014  –  the  day  that  I  had  a  double  mastectomy  and  the  last  of  my  three  tumors  was  removed.  So,  I  don’t  have  breast  cancer,  I  had  it.  

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That  being  said,  I’m  still  undergoing  treatment  as  a  result  of  breast  cancer.  My  cancer  surgery  is  done.  I’ve  graduated  to  6-­month  checkups  with  my  breast  surgeon.  My  chemotherapy  is  done.  However,  my  reconstruction  is  not  yet  finished.  I  still  have  a  couple  of  gaping  wounds  that  will  definitely  require  another  surgery  to  clean  up.  I’m  weak  from  the  chemotherapy  and  the  surgery.  I’ve  lost  a  lot  of  my  muscle  mass.  I’m  working  on  getting  it  all  back,  but  recovery  is  anything  but  over.  So,  although  I’m  done  the  active  treatment  for  the  cancer,  I’m  not  done  the  treatment  as  a  result  of  the  cancer.  I  may  no  longer  have  breast  cancer,  but  it  certain  feels  like  I  do.          

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 Conclusion  (1  min)  The  current  literature  around  the  usefulness  of  illness  blogs  focuses  on  the  benefits  or  hindrances  associated  with  the  technical  medical  knowledge  that  is  transmitted  through  patient  blogging.  Healthcare  professionals  focus  on  providing  patients  with  technical  medical  knowledge.  Having  never  experienced  the  disease  themselves,  they  are  not  in  a  position  to  share  what  it  means  to  really  live  with  the  disease.    

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My  study  demonstrates,  that  when  viewed  from  a  patient  perspective,  there  is  knowledge  around  (1)  negotiating  identity,  (2)  exploring  body  image  changes,  (3)  making  decisions,  (4)  understanding  side  effects,  (5)  developing  coping  mechanisms,  and  (6)  negotiating  the  medical  system  that  is  highly  valuable  to  patients  who  are  living  with  the  illness  experience.  These  new  areas  of  knowledge  I  call  patient  health  literacies.