black pepper - fungal diseases

7/30/2019 Black Pepper - Fungal Diseases

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Quick Wilt/ Foot Rot

Phytophthora capsici

Phytophthora palmivorastrain MF4


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Symptoms

Collar infection:

Vascular discoloration

infection

Collar infection


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Wet slimy dark patch on thecollar

Rotting

Drooping & flaccidity of leaves


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Defoliation,

Breaking of stem at nodal

regions,

Witherin & shrivellin of

berries,

Heavy spike shedding

Spike shedding & defoliation


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Sudden wilting & death

of vines


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Root infection:

Starts from tenderlateral roots

Water soaked darkpatches on roots

Decaying


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Shredding of roots


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Foliar infection:

Water soaked lesions onlamina

Dark brown spots withfimbricate margin

Uniformly dark lesions onyoung leaves


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Lesions with greyishcentre & concentric

zonation on matureleaves

Defoliation

Spike shedding


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Tender stems: dark wet

spots & rotting, sporulation,later dieback symptoms

Runner shoots & cuttings:

ushoot rot

Branches: drying &defoliation


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The dead vines


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Epidemiology

Heavy rainfall & intermittent showers

High RH >90%Low temp 22 250C

Soil digging around the vine, nematodeinfestation, root mealy bug attack, etc

predispose the infection


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Management

Phytosanitation

Cultural practices:Lop the branches of supporting standards &shade trees

Prune the runner shoots / tie back themPrune off leaves & shoots to a height of 2 feet

Establish legume cover in the plantation


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Cover basin with thick dried leaf mulch

Ensure effective drainage

Keep soil digging operations to minimum duringmonsoon

Apply balanced dose of manures & fertilizers

Apply 1 Kg lime & 2 Kg neem cake/ standard/year


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Biological control:

Inoculate pepper vines with

native isolates of VAM,Trichoderma harzianumor/and Pseudomonas

fluorescensat the time ofplanting in nursery & mainfield.

Trichodermaagainst

Phytophthora


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Chemical control:

Apply Bordeaux paste at collar region up to

50cm height

Prophylactic spraying & drenching with 0.2%COC or 1% BM

During initial phase of infection drench vines

with 0.2% Potassium/ Sodium phosphonate &spray with 0.1 0.15% potassium/ sodium

phosphonate

Spray & drench using Ridomil MZ @ 2g/ L orAlliette @ 2g/L


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Rejuvenate plantation if infection is < 50%Disease resistance:

Tolerant varieties: IISR Thevam; IISR Sakthi;

hybrids involving P 1* Karimunda &* - -

Tolerant cultivars: Narayakodi, Kalluvally,

Uthirankotta, Balankotta, Neelamundi


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Related species:Piper colubrinum


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Radopholus similis

Slow wilt/ Slow Decline/Pepper Yellows

Rhizoctonia solani

Fusarium sp.

Pythium sp.


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Symptoms

Foliar yellowing

Die back of aerial stems &tip burn symptoms

Interveinal chlorosis

Flaccidity of leaves


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Root system show rootknots & necrosis

Gradual loss of vigour& productivity

Vine dies after 2 5years


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Epidemiology

Moisture stress

Malnutrition

Management

Use nematode free rooted cuttings for planting

Apply green mulch of Eupatorium odoratum@

45t/ ha


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Use less susceptible live standards like Garugapinnata, Erythrina indica

Treat with VAM/Trichoderma harzianum/Pseudomonas fluorescens/ Paecelomyceslilacinus/ Bacillus macerans

Apply 30g Phorate/ 100g Carbofuran/ vine twicea year


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Anthracnose/ Fungal Pollu

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Colletotrichum necator


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Symptoms

Leaves:

Irregular/ spherical greywhite to dark brown spots

Lesion surrounded by yellowhalo


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Leaf blight

Defoliation

Shot hole sometimesseen


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Spikes:

Black discolouration onattached portion

Spike shedding


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Berries:

Brown sunken areas

with characteristicfungal growth

Cross splitting

Mummified, turn black& hollow

Berry shedding


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On developed berries

cracks develop on berries& they split radially


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Epidemiology

Airborne fungus

Severe infestation seen immediately aftermonsoon

Mode of Spread & SurvivalSurvive in infected parts of plant & debris in soil

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inoculum: airborne conidia


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Management

Phytosanitation

Biological control:Prophylactic spray: Pseudomonas fluorescens@

20 / L

Apply talc based formulation of Trichodermaharzianum/Aspergillus niger@10g/ Kg of potting

mixture followed by 2% foliar spray twice at 15

days interval


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Chemical control:

Prophylactic spray of Bordeaux mixture 1%,

0.2% COC before flowering & at berry formation

stage.

In infected ardens s ra Bavistin/ Tilt/ Contaf/

Topas @ 0.1% at 2-3 week intervals

Spray Carbendazim / combination of

Carbendazim + Mancozeb @ 0.05%


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For combined foliar infection of Phytophthora&fungal pollu dissolve Contaf/ Tilt 1ml in 1L of

water & spray on leaves & spikes at fortnightlyinterval for 2 4 times

Disease resistance:Tolerant cultivars: Karimunda, Kottanadan


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Stump Rot/ Black Root Rot

Rosellinia bunodes


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Symptoms

Dark brown strands mixed with soil

Few plants nearby or single plant appear as if

sufferin from drou ht

Leaves wither sudden, turn brown & drop off


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Mode of spread & survival

Perpetuates mainly on collateral hosts Eg:

Grevillea robusta, Litsaea angustifolia,etc.


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Management

45cm deep trench should be made around

infected plant & cut 1 row of nearby plants

Diseased plant should be removed with root

Sprinkle COC @ 4g/ L before replanting

Add ammonium sulphate in soil after liming


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Thread Blight/ Die Back

Corticium solani

Pellicularia filamentosa

Marasmiellus scandens


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Symptoms

Whitish fungal threadstraverse along stemspreads to petioles,eaves an sp es


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Infected leaves & stemsdry up

Dried up leaves hang ininfected bush gives ablighted appearance

Infected spikes turn dark& dry up


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Mode of spread

Wind blown dried up leaves aid in spread

Management

o ect estroy severe y a ecte stemhanging leaves

Spray 1% BM twice at 3 - 4 weeks interval


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Fusarium Wilt

Fusarium solaniFusarium solaniFusarium solaniFusarium solani f.sp. piperispiperispiperispiperis

S


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Symptoms

Root rot

Flaccidity & yellowing of foliage

Plants killed within short period

M


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Management

Phytosanitation

Chemical control:Prophylactic application: soil drenching with

. .

fortnightly interval

Spray COC @ 2g/ L

Spray benomyl, carbendazim / thiobendazole @

0.5 0.6%


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Red Root Rot

Ganoderma lucidum

S


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Symptoms

Start as dirty white colour in rhizosphere

Dark red colour found laterRoot rot

Mode of spread & survivalSource & reservoir of infection: old tree stumps


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Management

At an early stage, rotten roots & strands ofmycelium should be removed & burnt

Spray root system with 0.1% copper sulphatesolution


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Sooty Mould

Capnodium sp.

S mpt m


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Symptoms

Charcoal black, grey black,velvety, crust like fungus

coating on surface of leaves,twigs & spikes

Coated leaf may fallprematurely


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Epidemiology

Severe during summer months

, ,

mealy bugs, etc invite the fungus

Management


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Management

Mould can be washed off

Control insects by spraying broad spectrum

insecticides

Spray 1% starch solution. After drying spray with

a solution of mild soap & warm water to remove

the mould


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Leaf spot

Cercospora piperita


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Symptoms

Minute dark brown to black dots in clusters onleaves

Lesions surrounded by an yellow halo

Older leaves are more affected


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Velvet blight

Septobasidium sp.

Symptoms


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Symptoms

Whitish cushiony growth laterturns to light pink/ cream

coloured on branches, spikes& leaves

Growth can be peeled off

Branches dry up

Management

Prune the affected branches


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Basal Wilt

Sclerotium rolfsii

Symptoms


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Symptoms

Infection start at the collar regionas water soaked lesions

Soft decay of collar region causegirdling of stem

Leaves become flaccid, turnyellow & fall off

Grey lesions at the base of stemcovered with white mycelium


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Leaf Rot & Blight of Rooted

Cuttings

Rhizoctonia solani

Symptoms


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Symptoms

Leaves:

Infection starts as small brownish/ dark greyspots

Dark grey patches formed later

Mature lesions appear brittle & whitish to dark

grey


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Stems:

Dark brown lesions spread upward & downward

Leaves beyond infection droop & dry up

Roots:

Root system rots gradually

Epidemiology


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p gy

Occur during April May

Warm humid conditions favour disease

Splashed soil particles cause infection


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Stem Rot

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Pythium sp.


Symptoms


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y p

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides:

Rotting starts at soil surface &

spread both upwards & downwards Affected portions turn black

Pythium sp.: Decaying starts at lower end of

cuttings spreads upwards


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Phytophthora capsici :

Tender stem tips as well as stem as stems getinfected & rot

Root infection result in sudden wilting

Epidemiology


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p gy

C.gloeosporioides:

Cloudy atmospheric condition favours disease

Pythium sp.:

Low atmos heric tem increased humidit

Frequent intermittent rains Phytophthora capsici :

Disease occur after 1st monsoon showers received


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Leaf Spot



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Symptoms

Spots on tender leaves with fimbricate margin

Leaves blighted within 2- 3 days

Older spots show concentric zonation with

whitish centre

Infected leaves drop off

In severe cases entire plant rots

Epidemiology


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Infection inoculum in the form of incipientinoculum in runner shoots

Passively infection from soil particles adhering torunner s oo s

In rapid multiplication nurseries year roundinfection occur


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Selection of area:Open elevated places with ample drainage

Disease Management in Nurseries

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Collection of planting material:Runner shoots must be collected from disease freegardens

Trailing roots on runner shoots must be removed

Wash the material in water


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Wash the material in water

Dip the cuttings in Mancozeb or any copperfungicide before planting

Preparation of nursery mixture:Sterilize the mixture using methyl bromide/ throughsolarisation

After solarisation drench with 0.2% COCThe mixture fortified with VAM/Trichoderma&Gliocladium

Disinfect the nursery area using 0.2% COC

Planting & aftercare:


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Planting should start by middle of February & over

by March end.

Fortnightly spraying & drenching of Bordeaux

mixture 1%/ Akomin 0.2%/ Metalaxyl 200 ppm/

Validamycin 0.2%


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After sprouting completed shade shall be reducedto minimum possible

Regular & systematic phytosanitation

oo e cu ngs p an e n e nursery rea y or

planting in main field are to be given a protectivespraying using Bordeaux mixture1%


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black pepper - fungal diseases

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